Materials and Components of Biosensors in Healthcare

Volume 2

1st Edition - January 27, 2025
Editors: Md Saquib Hasnain, Amit Kumar Nayak, Tejraj M. Aminabhavi
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 1 6 7 6 - 3
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 1 6 7 7 - 0

Materials and Components of Biosensors in Healthcare: Volume Two provides comprehensive coverage and a detailed examination of the various materials and components used in the de… Read more

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Materials and Components of Biosensors in Healthcare: Volume Two provides comprehensive coverage and a detailed examination of the various materials and components used in the development of biosensors. The book begins with an introduction and then discusses the biochemical, inorganic, and biopolymeric components used in biosensor assembly. It goes on to detail a range of materials such as nanoparticles, biological cellular structures, electrochemical, and electromagnetic materials and how they are used in biosensors.

Combined with Fundamentals of Biosensors in Healthcare, Volume One, and Applications of Biosensors in Healthcare, Volume Three, this trio provides holistic reference sources suitable for researchers, graduate students, postgraduates, and industry professionals involved in biosensing, biosensors, and biomedical applications.

Title of Book
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1. Biosensor materials: An introduction
1 Introduction
2 Definition and scope
2.1 Biosensors
2.2 Scope
3 Early beginnings
4 Advancements in nanotechnology
4.1 Nanoparticles-based biosensors
4.2 Polymer and biopolymer nanocomposites
4.3 Nanomaterials with a carbon base for biosensors
4.4 Novel nanomaterial-based biosensors
4.5 Cross nanomaterial-based biosensors
5 Key properties of biosensor materials
5.1 Biocompatibility
5.2 Selectivity
5.3 Sensitivity
5.4 Stability
5.5 Durability
5.6 Ease of functionalization
5.7 Ease of fabrication
5.8 Economic
6 Applications of biosensor materials
6.1 Medical
6.2 Environmental monitoring
6.3 Food safety
7 Future perspectives
7.1 Nanomaterials
7.2 Two dimensional materials
7.3 Flexible and wearable materials
7.4 Materials with several functions
7.5 Environmentally sustainable materials
7.6 Driven by machine learning and artificial intelligence materials discovery
7.7 Integration with digital technologies
8 Conclusion
Chapter 2. Inorganic components used in biosensor assemblies
1 Introduction
2 Biosensors
3 Binding of nanomaterials to biosensors
4 Inorganic materials
5 Metal nanoparticle–based biosensors
6 Biosensors based on other types of nanoparticles
7 Biosensors based on MOFs
8 Inorganic electrodes as transducers
9 Inorganic membranes
10 Electrochemical sensors
11 Conclusions
Chapter 3. Biopolymers used in biosensor assemblies
1 Introduction
2 Biopolymers
2.1 Definition
2.2 Types of biopolymers
2.2.1 Polysaccharides
2.2.2 Polypeptides
2.2.3 Polynucleotides
2.2.4 Artificial biopolymers
3 Biopolymer composites and hybridization
3.1 Nanoparticle-based biopolymer composites
3.2 Carbon-based biopolymer composites
3.3 Biopolymer composites based on oxides and other materials
3.4 Polymer-based biopolymer composites
4 Wearable sensors based on biopolymers
5 Conclusion
Chapter 4. Polymeric nanoparticles used in biosensors
1 Introduction
2 Nanoparticle
3 Nanomaterials for biosensing
3.1 Polymeric nanoparticle-assisted biosensors
4 The necessity of real-time measurements in diagnosing illnesses using various nanobiosensors
5 Modern advancement of polymeric nanoparticles enabled biosensors for rapid diagnosis
5.1 Polymers for the faster design and management of sensors
6 Categories of polymeric-based nanobiosensors
6.1 Conductive polymer nanobiosensors
6.2 Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) and nanocomposites
6.3 Polymeric nanospheres and nanocapsules
6.4 Polymeric nanofibers
6.5 Polymeric nanoparticles for imaging
6.6 Polymeric nanogels
6.7 Polymeric nanocomposite-based sensors
6.8 Polymeric nanoparticles for diagnostics
6.9 Responsive polymers
6.10 Biodegradable polymers
7 Modern advancements in healthcare systems
8 Polymer-nanocarbon materials
8.1 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
8.2 Imprinted polymer quantum dots (QDs)
8.3 Polymer gold nanoparticles
9 Current status and future directions
10 Conclusion
Chapter 5. Cellulose-based biosensors
1 Introduction
2 Nanocellulose-based biosensors
3 Bacterial cellulose biosensors
3.1 Background and main issues
3.2 Drawbacks
3.3 Immunological considerations
3.4 Applications
4 Paper-based biosensors
4.1 Why paper is considered a valuable substrate?
4.2 How is paper made?
4.3 What makes paper suitable for biosensing applications?
5 New trends in cellulose-based biosensors
6 Conclusions
Chapter 6. Metallic nanoparticles used in biosensors
1 Introduction
1.1 Synthesis of MNPs
1.2 Top-down methods
1.2.1 Mechanical milling
1.2.2 Laser ablation
1.2.3 Ion sputtering
1.3 Bottom-up methods
1.3.1 Solid-state methods
1.3.2 Liquid-state synthesis methods
1.3.3 Gas phase methods
1.3.4 Biomimetic synthesis
1.3.5 Miscellaneous synthetic methods
2 Overview of MNPs toxicity
2.1 Safety concerns: The dual nature of nanotechnology
2.2 Toxicological assessments of NPs
2.2.1 Physicochemical assessment
2.2.2 Biological assessment
2.3 Basic mechanisms of MNPs toxicity
2.4 Toxicity of commonly used MNPs
2.4.1 Zinc oxide NPs (ZnO NPs)
2.4.2 Titanium oxide NPs (TiO2 NPs)
2.4.3 Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs)
2.4.4 Gold NPs (Au NPs)
3 MNPs in biosensors
3.1 Au NPs in biosensors
3.2 Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in biosensors
3.3 Magnetic NPs in biosensors
3.4 Platinum and palladium NPs in biosensors
4 Challenges and considerations in design
5 Future prospects and concluding remarks
Chapter 7. Silver nanoparticles based biosensors: Techniques and trends
1 Introduction
1.1 Biosensor
2 Synthesis of AgNPs
3 AgNPs as biosensors
4 Conclusion
Chapter 8. Magnetic nanoparticles used in biosensors
1 Introduction
2 Biosensors and their types
2.1 Magnetic nanoparticle–based biosensors
3 Synthesis, surface functionalization, and features of MNPs
4 Current state of application of MNPs used in the biosensor sector
4.1 Detection of environmental pollutants
4.2 Early detection of cancer
4.3 Detection of infectious disease
5 Conclusion and future perspective
Chapter 9. Gold nanoparticles used in biosensors
1 Introduction
2 Small molecule functionalized gold nanoparticles as biosensors
3 Polymer-functionalized gold nanoparticles as biosensors
4 Dendrimer functionalized gold nanoparticles as biosensors
5 Protein functionalized gold nanoparticles as biosensors
6 Peptide functionalized gold nanoparticles as biosensors
7 Nucleic acid–functionalized gold nanoparticles as biosensors
8 Hybrid nanomaterials–functionalized gold nanoparticles as biosensors
9 Conclusion
Chapter 10. Iron and iron oxide nanoparticles used in biosensors
1 Introduction
1.1 Methods for nanomaterial synthesis
1.1.1 Synthesis from top-down method
1.1.2 Synthesis from bottom-up method
1.2 Nanoparticles composed of metal and metal oxides
2 Biosensors
3 Iron and iron oxide nanoparticles for biosensors
3.1 Electrochemical sensors
3.2 Optical sensors
3.3 Piezoelectric sensors
4 Conclusion
Chapter 11. Zinc and zinc oxide nanoparticles used in biosensors
1 Introduction
2 Chemistry of zinc
3 The chemistry of zinc oxide
4 Incorporation of zinc and zinc oxide into biosensor
5 Role of zinc and zinc oxide in biosensor
5.1 Enzymatic recognition
5.2 Signal amplification
5.3 Biocompatible coatings
5.4 Thin films in gas sensing biosensors
5.5 Zinc finger proteins in gene expression biosensors
5.6 Zinc-based carbon dots
5.7 Versatile semiconductor
5.8 Sensitivity to environmental changes
5.9 Tunable surface chemistry
5.10 Biocompatibility
6 Drawbacks of using zinc and zinc-based nanoparticles in biosensor
7 Future prospects
8 Conclusions
Chapter 12. Carbon nanostructures used in biosensors
1 Introduction
2 Carbon nanotubes biosensors
2.1 The structure and configuration of carbon nanotubes
2.2 Mechanism of sensing
2.2.1 Physical sensing
2.2.2 Chemical sensing
2.3 CNT-based electrochemical biosensors for medical applications
3 Graphene biosensors
3.1 Classification of graphene
3.2 Biofunctionalization of graphene
3.2.1 Noncovalent method
3.2.2 Covalent method
3.3 Graphene biosensors for detecting pathogens
3.3.1 Graphene-based fluorescent biosensors
3.3.2 Graphene-based electrochemical biosensor
3.3.3 GFET biosensors for virus detection
3.3.4 Graphene-based SPR biosensors
4 Carbon nanohorn biosensor
5 Carbon dots biosensors
6 Carbon nanofibers biosensors
7 Nanoporous carbons biosensors
7.1 FET-based biosensors
7.2 Fluorescent biosensors
7.3 Electrochemical biosensors
8 Nanostructured carbon black biosensors
9 Conclusion
Chapter 13. Carbon dots in biosensors
1 Introduction
1.1 Structure of carbon dots
1.2 Classification of carbon dots
2 Carbon dots as biosensors
3 Fluorescence property
4 Preparation of carbon dots
4.1 Top-down method
4.2 Bottom-up method
4.2.1 Microwave method
4.2.2 Hydrothermal method
4.2.3 Template-assisted method
4.3 Surface modification/doping
5 Application of carbon dots as biosensors
5.1 Carbon dots in biological detection of dopamine and ascorbic acid
5.2 FRET-based carbon dots in screening progesterone (neurotransmitter)
5.3 Complex-based (CD-Hb) biosensors for cholesterol detection
5.4 microRNA bioimaging
5.5 Carbon dots biocompatibility and cytotoxicity for cancer treatment
5.6 Carbon dots as nanotheranostics
5.7 Carbon dots in PTT and PDT-based biosensing
5.8 Carbon dots in virus treatment
6 Conclusion
Chapter 14. Graphene-based biosensor
1 Introduction
2 Materials for biosensor
2.1 Biological recognition elements
2.2 Transducer materials
2.3 Substrates
2.4 Functionalization materials
3 Graphene as a material for biosensor
4 Applied graphene-based sensor in biomedicine
5 Applied graphene-based sensor in medicine
5.1 Point-of-care diagnostics
5.2 Cancer diagnostics
5.3 Infectious disease detection
5.4 Wearable health monitoring
5.5 Drug delivery monitoring
5.6 Implantable devices
6 Applied graphene-based sensor in infectious medicine
7 Applied graphene-based sensor in clinical oncology
8 Applied graphene-based sensor in diabetic medicine
9 Conclusion
Chapter 15. Silica-based nanoparticles in biosensors
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of silica nanoparticles
2.1 Nonporous silica nanoparticles
2.1.1 Thermal method
2.1.2 Wet method
2.2 Mesoporous silica nanoparticles
2.2.1 Improved stöber synthesis
2.2.2 Liquid crystal templates
2.2.3 Evaporation-induced self-assembly method
2.2.4 One-pot synthesis
2.3 Silica-based nanoparticles as glucose sensors
2.4 Detection of small molecules
2.5 Silica nanoparticles for intracellular sensing
2.5.1 Oxygen sensing
2.5.2 pH sensing
2.5.3 Ionic species
2.6 Electrochemical sensors
2.7 Microbial biosensors
2.7.1 Silica nanoparticles as microbial biosensors
2.7.2 Application of silica nanoparticle biosensing technology to detect pathogens
2.7.3 Electrochemical biosensing
2.7.4 Fluorescence biosensing
2.7.5 SERS biosensing
2.7.6 Colorimetric biosensing
2.7.7 Optical biosensing
3 Future perspective and conclusion
Chapter 16. Metallo-organic frameworks as biosensors
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)
2.1 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal technique
2.2 Microwave synthesis
2.3 Sonochemical synthesis
2.4 Mechanochemical synthesis
2.5 Electrochemical synthesis
2.5.1 Anodic Dissolution
2.5.2 Cathodic Electrosynthesis
3 MOF as biosensors
3.1 Electrochemical sensors
3.2 Photoluminescence sensor
3.3 MoFs as carrier of sensitive elements (enzymes, DNA, antibodies, nanoparticles)
3.4 Pathogenic cell sensing
3.5 Antigen-based detection
3.6 H2O2 detection
4 Conclusion, challenges, and future outlook
Chapter 17. Nanocomposites used in biosensors
1 Introduction
2 Classification and preparation of nanocomposites
2.1 Polymer-based nanocomposites
2.1.1 Polymer–ceramic nanocomposites
2.1.2 Inorganic–organic polymer nanocomposites
2.1.3 Inorganic–organic hybrid nanocomposites
2.1.4 Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites
2.1.5 Polymer–polymer nanocomposites
2.2 Non–polymer-based nanocomposites
2.2.1 Metal–metal nanocomposites
2.2.2 Metal–ceramic nanocomposites
2.2.3 Ceramic–ceramic nanocomposites
3 Applications of nanocomposites in biosensors
3.1 Healthcare and diagnostics
3.2 Disease biomarker detection
3.2.1 Cancer
3.2.2 Cardiovascular disorders
3.2.3 Diabetics
3.3 Pathogen detection
3.3.1 Bacteria
3.3.2 Viruses
3.4 Therapeutic drug monitoring
3.5 Environmental monitoring
3.5.1 Pesticide residue detection
3.5.2 Water quality analysis
3.5.3 Air quality monitoring
3.6 Food contaminants detection
3.6.1 Sulfite and sulfide residue detection
3.6.2 Phenolic compound residue detection
3.6.3 Acrylamide residue detection
3.6.4 Other compounds
3.6.5 Quality control
4 Challenges and future perspectives
Chapter 18. Electrospun nanofibers used in biosensors
1 Introduction
2 Factors affecting electrospinning process
2.1 Effect of solution concentration and viscosity
2.2 Effect of solvent type
2.3 Effect of solution conductivity
2.4 Effect of molecular weight
2.5 Effect of applied voltage
2.6 Effect of needle to collector distance
2.7 Effect of solution flow rate
2.8 Effect of humidity and temperature
3 Properties of electrospun nanofibers
4 Chemically modified electrospun nanofibers-based biosensors
4.1 Polymer-modified nanofiber biosensors
4.2 Metal/metal oxide–modified electrospun nanofiber biosensors
4.3 Carbon nanomaterials-modified electrospun nanofiber biosensors
4.4 Clay-modified electrospun nanofiber biosensors
5 Conclusion
Chapter 19. Thin layers for biosensor applications
1 Introduction
1.1 Metal thin layer–based biosensor
2 Thin-layer metal oxides–based biosensor
3 Carbon nanomaterials–based thin-layer biosensor
4 Polymer-based thin-film biosensor
4.1 Polymer without nanofillers-based thin-film biosensor
5 Polymer with metal/metal oxide–based thin-film biosensor
6 Polymer with carbon nanomaterials–based thin-film biosensor
7 Polymer with 2D transition metal carbides–based thin-film biosensor
8 Conclusion
Chapter 20. Laser-induced graphene (LIG): Fabrication, challenges, and opportunities
1 Introduction
2 Fabrication technique involved in LIG
3 Different characterization techniques
3.1 Material selection
4 Challenges and future outlook
5 Applications of laser-induced graphene
6 Conclusion
Chapter 21. Microneedle used in biosensing
1 Introduction
2 Microneedles: An emerging technology
2.1 Types of microneedles
2.1.1 Solid microneedles
2.1.2 Hollow microneedles
2.1.3 Dissolvable/biodegradable microneedles
2.1.4 Coated microneedles
2.1.5 Hydrogel-forming microneedles
2.2 Material used for fabrication of microneedles
2.2.1 Polymer
2.2.2 Metal
2.2.3 Silicon
2.2.4 Ceramic
2.2.5 Glass
2.3 Fabrication techniques
2.3.1 Micromolding
2.3.2 Three-dimensional (3D) printing
2.3.3 Drawing lithography
3 Application of microneedles as biosensors
3.1 Biomarker detection
3.1.1 Glucose
3.1.2 Proteins-based biomarkers
3.1.3 Lactate
3.1.4 Cholesterol
3.1.5 Creatinine
3.1.6 Uric acid
3.2 Electrolytes
3.3 Drug safety
3.4 Others
4 Microneedle-based biosensors in clinical trial
5 Future perspectives and conclusions
Chapter 22. Bioconjugate materials used in biosensors
1 Introduction
2 Biosensors
3 Bioconjugation
4 Biosensors modified with biomolecules
5 DNA biosensors
5.1 DNA-specific redox indicator
6 DNA biochips
7 Other type biosensors
8 Conclusions
Chapter 23. Biological cellular structures used in biosensors
1 Introduction
2 Parts of a typical cellular biosensor
3 Immobilization strategies
4 Cell immobilization factors
4.1 Physical factors
4.2 Chemical factors
4.3 Biological factors
5 Types of immobilizations
5.1 Passive immobilization
5.2 Active immobilization
6 Basic surface modification approaches
6.1 Hydrophilicity improving
6.2 Roughness changing
6.3 Chemical coating
6.4 Microfabricated cell culture chips
6.5 Microcontact printing
6.6 Ink-jet printing
6.7 Perforated microelectrode
6.8 SAM
6.9 Microfluidic technology
7 Types of cellular structure–based biosensors
7.1 MEA sensors
7.1.1 Mechanism
7.1.2 Applications
7.2 ECIS
7.2.1 Mechanism
7.2.2 Applications
7.3 FETs
7.3.1 Types of FETs and their mechanisms
7.3.2 Applications
7.4 Light addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS)
7.4.1 Mechanism
7.4.2 Applications
7.5 Patch clamp chips
7.5.1 Mechanism
7.5.2 Applications
7.6 Affinity cell–based biosensors
7.6.1 Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)
7.6.2 Surface plasmon resonance
7.7 Microbial biosensors
7.7.1 Applications
8 Conclusion
Funding
Conflict of interest
Chapter 24. Nucleic acids used in biosensor applications for biomarker detection
1 Introduction
2 Types of nucleic acid biosensors
2.1 Electrochemical nucleic acid biosensors
2.2 Fluorescence nucleic acid biosensors
2.3 Colorimetric nucleic acid biosensors
3 Aptamers and SELEX for nucleic acid biosensors
3.1 Library selection for SELEX
3.2 Separating binders from nonbinders during SELEX
3.3 PCR for amplifying binders
3.4 Improving final aptamers
4 Immobilization strategies of aptamers for detection
5 Opportunities and challenges in commercialization of nucleic acid biosensors for clinical applications
6 Summary and outlook
Outstanding questions
Chapter 25. Lipid-based materials used in biosensors
1 Introduction
2 Mechanism of lipid-based biosensors
3 Lipid membranes as biosensors
3.1 Methods of preparation of lipid membranes used in biosensors
3.1.1 Metal-coated lipid-based bilayer membranes
3.1.2 Lipid layers secured onto a glass fiber filter
3.1.3 Polymer-supported bilayer lipid membranes
3.1.4 Polymer lipid films supported on graphene microelectrodes
3.1.5 Nanoporous lipid membranes–based biosensors fabrication
3.1.6 Polymer lipid membranes supported on zinc oxide microelectrodes
3.2 Methods for characterization of supported lipid films and interaction studies
3.3 Application of lipid membrane–derived biosensors in environment, food, and medical analysis
3.3.1 Applications of lipid membrane biosensors based on glass microfilter
3.3.2 Applications of biosensors utilizing polymeric lipid membranes in lipid film technology
3.3.3 Applications of graphene-based devices
3.3.4 Applications of biosensors employing ZnO nanoelectrodes
4 Liposomes as biosensors
4.1 Liposomes as signal transducers
4.2 Liposomes as recognition elements
5 Phospholipid polymer as biosensors
5.1 Preparation methods for phospholipid polymer synthesis
5.1.1 Surface preparation
5.1.2 Immobilization of phospholipid polymer
5.1.3 Immobilization of biomolecule
5.1.4 Blocking and stabilization
5.2 Characterization and testing of phospholipid polymer
5.3 Integration into sensor system
5.4 Calibration and validation
5.5 Applications in various fields of medicine and environment
5.5.1 Medical diagnostics
5.5.2 Phospholipid polymer substrate for enhanced performance in immunoassay system
5.5.3 Drug screening
5.5.4 Environmental monitoring
5.5.5 Food safety
5.5.6 Bioprocess monitoring
5.5.7 Neuroscience research
5.5.8 Point-of-care testing
5.5.9 Environmental remediation
5.5.10 Security and defense
6 Lipid rafts as biosensors
6.1 Detecting lipid rafts using optical techniques
6.2 Detecting lipid rafts using electrical sensors
6.3 The significance of lipid rafts in protein concentration
6.4 The significance of lipid raft in disease diagnosis
7 Conclusion
Chapter 26. Nanotechnology-based liquid crystals used in biosensors
1 Introduction
2 Nanotechnology and biosensors
3 Liquid crystals
4 Biosensors
4.1 Types of biosensors
4.2 Characteristics of biosensors
4.3 Applications of biosensors
4.3.1 Food and water monitoring
4.3.2 Medical and pharmaceutical applications
5 Liquid crystal based materials and their biosensor applications
5.1 Applications of LC-based biosensors
6 Liquid crystals in nanotechnology
7 Conclusion
Chapter 27. Electrochemical materials used in biosensors
1 Introduction
2 The evolutionary progression of electrochemical biosensors over decades
2.1 First generation
2.2 Second generation
2.3 Third generation
2.4 Fourth generation
2.5 Fifth generation
3 Electrochemical materials used in biosensors
4 Biosensor applications based on electrochemical materials
5 Challenges facing electrochemical biosensors research
6 Conclusions
Chapter 28. Electromagnetic materials used in biosensors
1 Introduction
2 Types of electromagnetic materials
2.1 Metallic materials
2.1.1 Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) electromagnetic materials
2.1.2 Silver nanoparticles electromagnetic materials
2.2 Magnetic materials
2.2.1 Optical biosensing devices
2.2.2 Colorimetric biosensing devices
2.2.3 Fluorescent biosensing devices
2.3 Carbon-build materials
2.4 Semiconductor materials
2.4.1 Silicon
2.4.2 Gallium arsenide
3 Fabrication methods for electromagnetic materials in biosensors
3.1 Thin-film deposition techniques
3.2 Nanofabrication techniques
4 Conclusion
Chapter 29. Ultrasound-assisted biosensors
1 Introduction
2 Biosensors classification
2.1 Signal transduction
2.2 Biorecognition element
3 Ultrasound waves
4 Ultrasonic transducers
4.1 Piezoelectric transducers
4.2 Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers
5 Acoustic radiation force
6 Radiation force acting on particles
7 Effects of ultrasound in biosensing
8 Challenges and future prospective
9 Conclusions
Index

Md Saquib Hasnain

Prof. (Dr.) Md Saquib Hasnain has over 13 years of research experience in the field of drug delivery and pharmaceutical formulation analyses, especially systematic development and characterization of diverse nanostructured drug delivery systems, controlled release drug delivery systems, bioenhanced drug delivery systems, nanomaterials and nanocomposites employing Quality by Design approaches and many more. Till date he has authored over 100 publications in various high impact peer-reviewed journals, more than 100 book chapters and 30 books to his credit. He is also serving as the reviewer of several prestigious journals. Overall, he has earned a highly impressive publishing and cited record. He has also participated and presented his research work at over ten conferences in India, and abroad. He was also a member of scientific societies i.e., Royal Society of Chemistry, Great Britain, International Association of Environmental and Analytical Chemistry, Switzerland and Swiss Chemical Society, Switzerland.

Affiliations and expertise

Department of Pharmacy, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India

Amit Kumar Nayak

Dr. Amit Kumar Nayak (MPharm, PhD) is working as a professor, at the Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Odisha, India. He has earned his PhD from IFTM University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. He has over 14 years of research experiences in the field of pharmaceutics, especially in the development and characterization of novel biopolymeric and nanostructured drug delivery systems. Till date, he has authored more than 138 research and review publications in various high-impact peer-reviewed journals and 135 book chapters. He has edited/authored 23 international books to his credit. Dr. Nayak has presented his research work at several conferences. He has received University Foundation Day Research Award, 2019 and 2022 by Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Odisha. Dr. Nayak is a life member of the Association of Pharmaceutical Teachers of India (APTI) and a registered pharmacist.

Affiliations and expertise

Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

Tejraj M. Aminabhavi

Tejraj M. Aminabhavi is the Director of Research at the Center for Energy and Environment , School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, India. He works in the area of membrane transport processes, molecular modeling of polymer surfaces, wastewater treatment technologies, drug delivery polymers and sustainable environmental engineering.

Affiliations and expertise

Director of Research, Center for Energy and Environment, School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, Karnataka, India

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Materials and Components of Biosensors in Healthcare

Volume 2

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Md Saquib Hasnain

Amit Kumar Nayak

Tejraj M. Aminabhavi