Mass Production of Beneficial Organisms
Invertebrates and Entomopathogens
- 2nd Edition - September 20, 2022
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Editors: Juan A. Morales-Ramos, M. Guadalupe Rojas, David I. Shapiro-Ilan
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 2 1 0 6 - 8
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 2 1 4 8 - 8
Mass Production of Beneficial Organisms: Invertebrates and Entomopathogens, Second Edition explores the latest advancements and technologies for large-scale rearing and manipu… Read more
Purchase options
Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect
Request a sales quoteMass Production of Beneficial Organisms: Invertebrates and Entomopathogens, Second Edition explores the latest advancements and technologies for large-scale rearing and manipulation of natural enemies while presenting ways of improving success rate, predictability of biological control procedures, and demonstrating their safe and effective use. Organized into three sections, Parasitoids and Predators, Pathogens, and Invertebrates for Other Applications, this second edition contains important new information on production technology of predatory mites and hymenopteran parasitoids for biological control, application of insects in the food industry and production methods of insects for feed and food, and production of bumble bees for pollination.
Beneficial organisms include not only insect predators and parasitoids, but also mite predators, nematodes, fungi, bacteria and viruses. In the past two decades, tremendous advances have been achieved in developing technology for producing these organisms. Despite that and the globally growing research and interest in biological control and biotechnology applications, commercialization of these technologies is still in progress. This is an essential reference and teaching tool for researchers in developed and developing countries working to produce “natural enemies” in biological control and integrated pest management programs.
Beneficial organisms include not only insect predators and parasitoids, but also mite predators, nematodes, fungi, bacteria and viruses. In the past two decades, tremendous advances have been achieved in developing technology for producing these organisms. Despite that and the globally growing research and interest in biological control and biotechnology applications, commercialization of these technologies is still in progress. This is an essential reference and teaching tool for researchers in developed and developing countries working to produce “natural enemies” in biological control and integrated pest management programs.
- Highlights the most advanced and current techniques for mass production of beneficial organisms and methods of evaluation and quality assessment
- Presents methods for developing artificial diets and reviews the evaluation and assurance of the quality of mass-produced arthropods
- Provides an outlook of the growing industry of insects as food and feed and describes methods for mass producing the most important insect species used as animal food and food ingredients
Biological control researchers, industry working on the production of beneficial organisms, entomologists, bioscience researchers seeking to establish culture or rearing of organisms for study and academics in the field of biotechnology
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Dedication
- List of contributors
- Preface
- Section I
- Chapter 1. Introduction
- Abstract
- 1.1 Challenges of mass-producing beneficial organisms
- 1.2 Challenges of arthropod mass production for biological control
- 1.3 Challenges of mass-producing pathogens for biological control
- 1.4 Challenges of mass-producing invertebrates for their products and ecological services
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 2. Production of coleopteran predators
- Abstract
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Foods and production of predators
- 2.3 Rearing density and production
- 2.4 Temperature and production
- 2.5 Quality control and production
- 2.6 Conclusions and recommendations
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Chapter 3. Production of heteropteran predators
- Abstract
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Foods
- 3.3 Plant materials and alternatives
- 3.4 Abiotic conditions
- 3.5 Crowding and cannibalism
- 3.6 Microorganisms
- 3.7 Breeding and colony maintenance
- 3.8 Mass-rearing systems
- 3.9 Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Chapter 4. Production of dipteran parasitoids
- Abstract
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Dipteran parasitoids as biocontrol agents
- 4.3 Aspects of dipteran parasitoid biology of special interest for production
- 4.4 Production techniques
- 4.5 Perspectives and concluding remarks
- References
- Chapter 5. Production of hymenopteran parasitoids
- Abstract
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Mass rearing of aphelinid parasitoids of the silverleaf whitefly
- 5.3 Laboratory culture
- 5.4 Outdoor field cage production
- 5.5 Large-scale greenhouse-based system
- 5.6 Final remarks
- 5.7 Production of Tamarixia radiata Watson parasitoid of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama
- 5.8 Diaphorina citri
- 5.9 Tamarixia radiata
- 5.10 Mass production
- 5.11 Host plant production
- 5.12 Production of Murraya paniculata
- 5.13 Sowing
- 5.14 Host insect production
- 5.15 Parasitoid production
- 5.16 Breeds of Tamarixia radiata established in other countries
- 5.17 Production of parasitoids of muscoid flies
- 5.18 Host production
- 5.19 Parasitoid rearing and housing
- 5.20 Production of Catolaccus grandis (Burks) parasitoid of the boll weevil
- 5.21 Final remarks and future perspective
- USDA disclaimer
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 6. Mass-production of arthropods for biological control of weeds: a global perspective
- Abstract
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Scope of mass-rearing of biological control agents of weeds
- 6.3 Critical factors in the design and use of mass-rearing protocols in biological weed control
- 6.4 Case studies on mass-rearing in biological weed control
- 6.5 Summary and conclusions
- 6.6 Recommendations
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Chapter 7. Mass production of predatory mites: state of the art and future challenges
- Abstract
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Phytoseiidae
- 7.3 System 1: both tetranychid prey mites and predatory mites are produced on plants in greenhouses
- 7.4 System 2: tetranychid prey mites are reared on plants in greenhouses. The predator is reared in climate rooms on detached leaves with prey mites
- 7.5 System 3: tetranychid prey mites are reared on plants in greenhouses. The predator is reared in a climate room on pure prey mite stages
- 7.6 System 4: predatory mites are grown on factitious food sources
- 7.7 System 5: predatory mites grown on plants or parts thereof using pollen
- 7.8 System 6: predatory mites are grown on artificial diet
- 7.9 Prey mite
- 7.10 Climate management
- 7.11 Intraspecific competition
- 7.12 Contamination management
- 7.13 Nonphytoseiid predatory mites
- 7.14 Diseases
- 7.15 Challenges and future prospects
- References
- Chapter 8. Artificial diet development for entomophagous arthropods
- Abstract
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Arthropod nutrition
- 8.3 Determining the basic diet formulation
- 8.4 Presentation
- 8.5 Diet refining
- 8.6 Future perspectives
- 8.7 Concluding remarks
- References
- Chapter 9. Concepts and methods of quality assurance for mass-reared parasitoids and predators
- Abstract
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Quality assurance in the marketplace
- 9.3 Customer involvement in quality assurance
- 9.4 Building a complete quality assurance system
- 9.5 Quality assessments of mass-reared natural enemies
- 9.6 Quality assurance and control data acquisition and analysis
- 9.7 Quality assurance system review
- 9.8 Research on quality assessment for mass-reared parasitoids and predators
- 9.9 Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Section II
- Chapter 10. Production of entomopathogenic nematodes
- Abstract
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 In vivo production
- 10.3 In vitro production—solid culture
- 10.4 In vitro production–liquid culture
- 10.5 Analysis and conclusion
- 10.6 Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 11. Mass production of entomopathogenic fungi—state of the art
- Abstract
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 Production methods for the important insect pathogenic fungi
- 11.3 Process and quality control in mass production
- 11.4 Current knowledge about the effect of cultural conditions on propagule attributes
- 11.5 The challenge in mass production of entomopathogenic fungi
- References
- Chapter 12. Commercial production of entomopathogenic bacteria
- Abstract
- 12.1 Introduction
- 12.2 Biology of commercial entomopathogens
- 12.3 Pathogenesis and pest control impact
- 12.4 Culture selection and maintenance
- 12.5 Inoculum preparation
- 12.6 Fermentation
- 12.7 Recovery and concentration steps
- 12.8 Formulation
- 12.9 Formulation standardization
- 12.10 Quality assurance methods
- 12.11 Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 13. Production of entomopathogenic viruses
- Abstract
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 In vivo production of baculovirus-based biopesticides
- 13.3 In vitro production—current status
- 13.4 Limitations to bioreactor production of baculovirus-based pesticides
- 13.5 Future research directions for bioreactor production of baculovirus-based pesticides
- 13.6 Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Chapter 14. Formulations of entomopathogens as bioinsecticides
- Abstract
- 14.1 Introduction
- 14.2 Biological considerations
- 14.3 Physical considerations
- 14.4 Additional considerations on formulation
- 14.5 Conclusions and future of biopesticide formulations
- USDA disclaimer
- References
- Chapter 15. Mass production of entomopathogens in less industrialized countries
- Abstract
- 15.1 Introduction
- 15.2 Issues and opportunities for entomopathogen uptake in less industrialized countries
- 15.3 Practical constraints for entomopathogen uptake in developing countries
- 15.4 Production of entomopathogens in less industrialized countries
- 15.5 Production of entomopathogenic fungi
- 15.6 Additional examples from other countries
- 15.7 Other systems
- 15.8 Mass production of baculoviruses
- 15.9 Other production systems
- 15.10 Generic production issues
- 15.11 Requirements for establishing biopesticide industries in less-industrialized countries
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Section III
- Chapter 16. Potential and challenges for the use of insects as feed for aquaculture
- Abstract
- 16.1 Introduction
- 16.2 Insects in aquafeeds: performances and digestibility
- 16.3 Insects and fish health
- 16.4 Challenges and future perspectives
- 16.5 Conclusions
- References
- Chapter 17. The role of insects for poultry feed: present and future perspective
- Abstract
- 17.1 Introduction
- 17.2 General nutrient composition of insects and insect-derived ingredients
- 17.3 Insects in meat bird production
- 17.4 Insects in egg layer production
- 17.5 Impact of insect-derived ingredients on behavior and welfare
- 17.6 Barriers and hurdles for use of insects in poultry diets
- 17.7 Summary and the conclusions
- References
- Chapter 18. Insects as food for insectivores
- Abstract
- 18.1 Introduction
- 18.2 Nutrient content of insects
- 18.3 Effects of insect size/life stage on nutrient composition
- 18.4 Effects of insect diet on insect nutrient composition
- 18.5 Effects of environment on insect composition
- 18.6 Nutrient requirements of insectivores including nutrient availability
- 18.7 Enhancing the nutrient composition of insects as food for insectivores
- 18.8 Other considerations
- 18.9 Conclusions
- References
- Chapter 19. Production of solitary bees for pollination in the United States
- Abstract
- 19.1 Introduction
- 19.2 The alfalfa leafcutting bee
- 19.3 The alkali bee
- 19.4 The blue orchard bee
- 19.5 Other solitary bees of interest for pollination
- 19.6 Concluding remarks
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Chapter 20. Production of bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) for pollination and research
- Abstract
- 20.1 An introduction to rearing bumblebees
- 20.2 Bumblebee lifecycle
- 20.3 Pathogens, parasites, and pests—an overview
- 20.4 Rearing facilities
- 20.5 Nutrition
- 20.6 Gyne collection and transportation
- 20.7 Installing gynes and stimulating broodiness
- 20.8 Colony care and senescence
- 20.9 Mating trials
- 20.10 Overwintering gynes
- 20.11 Closing remarks
- References
- Chapter 21. Current and potential benefits of mass earthworm culture
- Abstract
- 21.1 Introduction
- 21.2 Current applications
- 21.3 The future for mass earthworm culture
- References
- Index
- Edition: 2
- Published: September 20, 2022
- Imprint: Academic Press
- No. of pages: 640
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN: 9780128221068
- eBook ISBN: 9780128221488
JM
Juan A. Morales-Ramos
Dr. Morales’ main expertise is in mass production of arthropods, insect nutritional ecology and the
development of rearing methods and mechanization of rearing processes for beneficial arthropods.
Between 1992 and 1998, he developed mass propagation technology for the boll weevil parasitoid
Catolaccus grandis. This research earned him the USDA-ARS scientist of the year award in 2002.
During 1998 and 2004 he developed termite and ant baiting systems. This research earned him the
USDA-ARS technology transfer award and the Federal Laboratory Consortium regional excellence in
technology transfer award in 2004. Since 2004, he has developed novel rearing methods for
predatory mites and other beneficial arthropods. This included new technology for separation of
mealworm sizes for infection with entomopathogenic nematodes, novel methods for mass producing
Tenebrio molitor, mechanized methods to pack T. molitor cadavers infected with nematodes, and
mechanized methods for infecting T. molitor larvae with entomopathogenic nematodes. The work on
the in-vivo production of entomopathogenic nematodes using T. molitor earn him the National
Federal laboratory Consortium award of excellence in technology transfer in 2013. Dr. Morales-
Ramos has produced a total of 104 publications and 12 patents; his is currently the project leader of
the project titled “Mass Production of Biological Control Agents”. Dr. Morales-Ramos recently edited
the book titled “Mass production of Beneficial Organisms” published in January 2014 by Elsevier.
Affiliations and expertise
USDA-ARS, National Biological Control Laboratory, Stoneville, MS, USAMR
M. Guadalupe Rojas
Dr. Rojas’ main expertise is in insect nutrition, nutritional ecology and the development of artificial
diets for biological control agents and bait matrixes to control termites and ants. Between 1993 to
1998 she developed an artificial diet for the boll weevil parasitoid Catolaccus grandis. Between 1998
and 2004, she developed bait matrices for control of the Formosan subterranean termite and
household ants, both of which were successfully commercialized by Ensystex and FMC, and still are
sold world-wide. This work earned her the USDA-ARS technology transfer award and the Federal
Laboratory Consortium regional excellence in technology transfer award in 2004. Since 2004, she has
developed artificial diets for predatory mites and other insect predators and improved susceptibility
of Tenebrio molitor to entomopathogenic nematodes. The work on the in-vivo production of
entomopathogenic nematodes using T. molitor earned her the National Federal laboratory Consortium award of excellence in technology transfer in 2013. Dr. Rojas has produced a total of 99 publications and holds 12 patents, her current responsibilities include principal scientist on 3 different research agreements with 3 different companies including Syngenta Bioline, Kopert, and Monsanto. ”. Dr. Rojas recently co-edited the book titled “Mass production of Beneficial Organisms” published in January 2014 by Elsevier.
Affiliations and expertise
USDA-ARS, National Biological Control Laboratory, Stoneville, MS, USADS
David I. Shapiro-Ilan
Affiliations and expertise
USDA-ARS, SAA, SE Fruit and Tree Nut Research Unit, Byron, GA, USARead Mass Production of Beneficial Organisms on ScienceDirect