Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases
2-Volume Set
- 9th Edition - August 8, 2019
- Imprint: Elsevier
- Authors: John E. Bennett, Raphael Dolin, Martin J. Blaser
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 4 8 2 5 5 - 4
For four decades, physicians and other healthcare providers have trusted Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases to provide expert gu… Read more
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Request a sales quoteFor four decades, physicians and other healthcare providers have trusted Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases to provide expert guidance on the diagnosis and treatment of these complex disorders. The 9th Edition continues the tradition of excellence with newly expanded chapters, increased global coverage, and regular updates to keep you at the forefront of this vitally important field. Meticulously updated by Drs. John E. Bennett, Raphael Dolin, and Martin J. Blaser, this comprehensive, two-volume masterwork puts the latest information on challenging infectious diseases at your fingertips.
- Provides more in-depth coverage of epidemiology, etiology, pathology, microbiology, immunology, and treatment of infectious agents than any other infectious disease resource.
- Features an increased focus on antibiotic stewardship; new antivirals for influenza, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis C, hepatitis B., and immunizations; and new recommendations for vaccination against infection with pneumococci, papillomaviruses, hepatitis A, and pertussis.
- Covers newly recognized enteroviruses causing paralysis (E-A71, E-D68); emerging viral infections such as Ebola, Zika, Marburg, SARS, and MERS; and important updates on prevention and treatment of C. difficile infection, including new tests that diagnose or falsely over-diagnose infectious diseases.
- Offers fully revised content on bacterial pathogenesis, antibiotic use and toxicity, the human microbiome and its effects on health and disease, immunological mechanisms and immunodeficiency, and probiotics and alternative approaches to treatment of infectious diseases.
- Discusses up-to-date topics such as use of the new PCR panels for diagnosis of meningitis, diarrhea and pneumonia; current management of infected orthopedic implant infections; newly recognized infections transmitted by black-legged ticks in the USA: Borrelia miyamotoi and Powassan virus; infectious complications of new drugs for cancer; new drugs for resistant bacteria and mycobacteria; new guidelines for diagnosis and therapy of HIV infections; and new vaccines against herpes zoster, influenza, meningococci.
- PPID continues its tradition of including leading experts from a truly global community, including authors from Australia, Canada and countries in Europe, Asia, and South America.
- Includes regular updates online for the life of the edition.
- Features more than 1,500 high-quality, full-color photographs—with hundreds new to this edition.
- Enhanced eBook version included with purchase, which allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.
Infectious disease fellows and physicians
- Cover image
- Title Page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Contributors
- Preface to the 9th Edition
- Updates to the Book
- Updates: July 7, 2020
- Updates: July 1, 2020
- Updates: June 29, 2020
- Updates: June 25, 2020
- Updates: June 24, 2020
- Updates: June 19, 2020
- Updates: May 4, 2020
- Updates: April 16, 2020
- Updates: April 12, 2020
- Updates: March 31, 2020
- Updates: February 24, 2020
- Updates: February 19, 2020
- Updates: February 11, 2020
- Updates: February 10, 2020
- Updates: January 31, 2020
- Updates: January 1, 2020
- Updates: December 21, 2019
- Updates: December 15, 2019
- Updates: December 14, 2019
- Updates: December 3, 2019
- Updates: December 2, 2019
- Updates: November 25, 2019
- Updates: November 17, 2019
- Updates: November 7, 2020
- Volume 1
- I Basic Principles in the Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diseases
- A Microbial Pathogenesis
- 1 A Molecular Perspective of Microbial Pathogenicity
- Attributes of Microbial Pathogens
- Evolution of Bacterial Pathogenicity
- Regulation of Bacterial Pathogenicity
- Close Encounters: Pathogens as Cell Biologists
- Identification and Characterization of Virulence Genes
- Molecular Microbiology at the Bedside: Pathogen Detection, Pathogen Discovery, and Genomic Profiling
- Dedication
- References
- 2 The Human Microbiome of Local Body Sites and Their Unique Biology
- Defining the Human Microbiome
- Oral Microbiome
- Skin and Nasopharynx
- Airway and Pulmonary Microbiome
- Gastrointestinal Tract
- Vaginal Microbiome
- Group B Streptococcus
- The Human Microbiome During Pregnancy
- Summary and Future Directions
- References
- 3 Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Synbiotics
- Issues Regarding the Complexity and Variability of Probiotics
- Clinical Studies of Probiotics
- Proposed Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics
- Potential Adverse Effects of Probiotic Therapy
- Fecal Microbiota Transplant for Infectious Conditions Other Than Clostridioides Difficile Infection
- Summary and Future Directions
- Update
- Reference
- Reference
- Reference
- References
- B Host Defense Mechanisms
- 4 Innate (General or Nonspecific) Host Defense Mechanisms
- Physical and Chemical Barriers to the Entry of Microorganisms Into the Body
- Innate Immune Sensing of Invading Pathogens
- Pathogen Interference With Innate Immune Responses
- References
- 5 Adaptive Immunity
- Immunoglobulin Structure
- Effector Functions Mediated by Antibodies
- Kinetics of Antibody Production and Diagnosis of Infections
- Laboratory Measurement of Antibodies
- B-Cell Maturation and Immunoglobulin Production
- Antibody-Mediated Pathology
- Immunodeficiencies
- Therapeutic Uses of Antibodies
- References
- 6 Cell-Mediated Defense Against Infection
- T-Cell Subsets and Phenotypic Diversity
- T-Cell Memory
- T-Cell Development and Lymphoid Tissue Organization
- T-Cell Activation
- Innate Immune Recognition: Setting the Stage for T-Cell Responses
- Microbial Pathogenesis and the Cellular Immune System
- Primer on Basic Immunologic Techniques
- References
- 7 Mucosal Immunity
- Specialization of Host Responses in Mucosal Tissues
- Induction of Mucosal Immune Responses
- Role of Mucosal Immunity: Beyond the Mucosa
- Conclusions
- References
- 8 Granulocytic Phagocytes
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- References
- 9 Complement and Deficiencies
- Complement Synthesis, Catabolism, and Distribution
- Complement Activation
- Regulation of Complement Activation
- Complement Receptors
- Families of Complement Proteins
- Complement-Mediated Functions
- Microbial Interactions With the Complement System
- Complement Deficiency States
- Complement in Disease States
- Evaluation and Treatment of Complement Disorders
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 10 Human Genetics and Infection
- Magnitude of the Host Genetic Effect
- Diseases
- Specific Susceptibility and Resistance Genes
- Evolutionary Perspective
- Applications
- References
- 11 Nutrition, Immunity, and Infection
- Epidemiology of Malnutrition
- Malnutrition and Immune Function
- Specific Nutrients and Their Roles in Immunity
- Overnutrition: Obesity and Infectious Diseases
- Special Populations: Clinical Trials of Nutritional Supplementation to Reduce Infection Risk
- Host Nutritional Status and Pathogen Virulence
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 12 Evaluation of the Patient With Suspected Immunodeficiency
- Index of Suspicion
- Initial Evaluation
- Lymphocyte Immune Defects
- Phagocyte Immune Defects: Neutrophils
- Defects Affecting Phagocyte Signaling
- Phagocyte and Lymphocyte Defects Affecting Mononuclear Cells
- References
- C Epidemiology of Infectious Disease
- 13 Applied Epidemiology for the Infectious Diseases Physician
- What Is Epidemiology?
- What Can Epidemiology Tell the Infectious Disease Clinician?
- The Epidemiologic Triad Model: Agent, Host, and Environment
- The Sufficient-Component Cause Model of Epidemiology
- Other Methods to Characterize Infection Transmission
- Descriptive Epidemiology
- Analytic Epidemiology
- Experimental Studies
- Observational Studies
- Determining the Appropriate Epidemiologic Study Design
- Basic Biostatistics
- Statistical Significance
- Disease Surveillance
- Disease Prevention
- Disease Control: Quarantine and Isolation
- Outbreak Investigation Primer
- Outbreak Epidemiology
- Key Outbreak Principles
- Types of Outbreaks
- Outbreak Investigation and Response
- References
- 14 Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Threats
- Infectious Causes of Chronic Diseases
- Factors That Favor Disease Spread
- Antimicrobial Resistance
- Acute Respiratory Tract Infections
- Enteric Diseases
- Vector-Borne Diseases
- Ebola and Marburg Hemorrhagic Fevers
- Conclusion: Controlling the Threats
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 15 Bioterrorism
- Defining Biological Warfare, Bioterrorism, and Biocrimes
- History of Biological Weapons Development and Use in Warfare and Against Insurgencies
- Limiting Use of Biological Weapons: the Biological Weapons Convention
- History of Biological Weapons Use to Commit Acts of Bioterrorism
- Classifications of Biological Agents of Concern
- Addressing the Highest Priority Biological Agents
- Clinical Aspects of High-Consequence Bioterrorism Pathogens
- Bioterrorism Incidents
- Acknowledgment
- References
- D Clinical Microbiology
- 16 The Clinician and the Microbiology Laboratory
- Microorganisms Hazardous to Laboratory Workers
- Taxonomy
- Infection Prevention and Control
- Bacterial, Mycobacterial, and Fungal Identification
- Antibacterial Susceptibility Testing
- Antimicrobial Stewardship
- Specimen Selection, Collection, Transportation, and Initial Processing
- Specific Specimen Guidelines and Initial Laboratory Processing
- Acknowledgments
- Update
- References
- References
- E Antiinfective Therapy
- 17 Principles of Antiinfective Therapy
- The Antibiotic Miracle: What We Are Fighting for
- The Societal Trust of Antibiotics Must Underpin Principles of Use
- Fundamental Principles of Antibiotic Therapy
- Controversial Principles of Antibiotic Therapy
- Conclusions
- References
- 18 Molecular Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
- Molecular Genetics of Antibiotic Resistance
- Molecular Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
- Multidrug-Resistance Mechanisms Among Bacteria
- Control of Antibiotic Resistance
- References
- 19 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antiinfective Agents
- Pharmacokinetics
- Pharmacodynamics
- Conclusions
- References
- 20 Penicillins and β-Lactamase Inhibitors
- Penicillins
- Properties of Individual Penicillins
- β-Lactamase Inhibitors and Inhibitor Combinations
- References
- 21 Cephalosporins
- Chemistry
- Classification
- Mechanism of Action
- Spectrum of Activity
- Mechanisms of Resistance
- Pharmacologic Properties
- Adverse Reactions and Toxicities
- Major Clinical Uses of Cephalosporin Antibiotics
- References
- 22 Ertapenem, Imipenem, Meropenem, Doripenem, and Aztreonam
- Carbapenems
- Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
- Monobactams
- References
- 23 Antibiotic Allergy
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis and Management of Antibiotic Allergy
- Drug Allergy to Specific Antimicrobial Agents
- Antibiotic Allergy and Antimicrobial Stewardship
- Multiple Drug Intolerance Syndrome
- References
- 24 Fusidic Acid
- Structure and Mechanism of Action
- Antimicrobial Activity
- Resistance
- Administration and Dosing
- Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
- Adverse Reactions
- Clinical Uses
- References
- 25 Aminoglycosides
- Chemistry
- Mechanisms of Action
- Mechanisms of Resistance
- Antimicrobial Activity
- Clinical Pharmacology
- Clinical Indications
- Prophylaxis
- References
- 26 Tetracyclines, Glycylcyclines, and Chloramphenicol
- Tetracyclines
- Glycylcyclines
- New Drug Approvals: Eravacycline and Omadacycline
- Chloramphenicol
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 27 Rifamycins
- Structure and Mechanism of Action
- Mechanisms of Resistance
- Shared Properties of the Rifamycins
- Rifampin
- Rifabutin
- Rifapentine
- Rifaximin
- Immune-Modulating Effects of Rifampin
- Rifamycins for the Treatment of Tuberculosis
- Rifamycins for Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection
- Rifamycins for Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections
- Rifamycins for Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections
- Second-Line Indications for Rifamycins
- Novel and Future Indications for Rifampin
- Rifaximin: a Selective Gastrointestinal Rifamycin
- Rifalazil
- Rifamycins in Development
- References
- 28 Metronidazole
- History
- Mechanism of Action
- Spectrum of Activity
- Effects on the Human Microbiome
- Pharmacology
- Adverse Effects, Contraindications, and Precautions
- Mechanisms of Resistance
- Clinical Uses
- Drug Interactions and Interference With Laboratory Tests
- Other Nitroimidazole Antimicrobials
- References
- 29 Macrolides and Clindamycin
- Erythromycin
- Azithromycin and Clarithromycin
- Ketolides
- Lincomycin and Clindamycin
- Acknowledgments
- Update
- References
- References
- 30 Glycopeptides (Vancomycin and Teicoplanin) and Lipoglycopeptides (Telavancin, Oritavancin, and Dalbavancin)
- Glycopeptides
- Lipoglycopeptides
- Conclusions
- References
- 31 Daptomycin and Quinupristin-Dalfopristin
- Daptomycin
- Streptogramins
- References
- 32 Polymyxins (Polymyxin B and Colistin)
- Structure, Source, and Available Preparations
- Mechanism of Action
- Antimicrobial Activity
- Pharmacokinetics
- Pharmacodynamics
- Toxicity
- Clinical Use
- References
- 33 Linezolid, Tedizolid, and Other Oxazolidinones
- Chemical Structure
- Mechanism of Action
- Antimicrobial Activity
- Resistance
- Pharmacology
- Clinical Use
- Untoward Reactions
- Linezolid Versus Tedizolid
- Other Oxazolidinones
- Update
- Reference
- References
- 34 Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim; Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole
- Sulfonamides
- Trimethoprim
- Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole
- Iclaprim
- References
- 35 Quinolones
- Chemical Structures
- Mechanism of Action
- Mechanisms of Acquired Bacterial Resistance
- Antimicrobial Activity
- Pharmacology
- Clinical Uses
- Problems With Quinolone Resistance During Clinical Use
- Adverse Effects
- References
- 36 Unique Antibacterial Agents
- Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria
- Overall Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 37 Urinary Tract Agents
- Nitrofurantoin
- Fosfomycin
- Methenamine
- References
- 38 Topical Antibacterials
- General Uses of Topical Antibacterials
- Specific Topical Antibacterials
- References
- 39 Antimycobacterial Agents
- First-Line Antituberculous Drugs
- Alternatives to Rifampin
- Second-Line Antituberculous Drugs
- World Health Organization Antituberculosis Drug Classification for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
- Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
- Coadministration of Antituberculosis Therapy and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Medications
- Major Drugs for Treatment of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections (see Chapters 251 and 252)
- Less Frequently Used Miscellaneous Antimicrobial Agents for Treatment of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
- Drugs for Treatment of Hansen Disease (Leprosy) (see Chapter 250)
- References
- 40A Antifungal Agents
- General Features
- Available Formulations
- References
- 40B Antifungal Drugs
- Mechanisms of Triazole Resistance
- Fluconazole (Diflucan)
- Itraconazole (Sporanox) and Enhanced Bioavailability Suba-Itraconazole (Tolsura/Lozanoc)
- Voriconazole (Vfend)
- Posaconazole (Noxafil)
- Isavuconazole (Cresemba)
- Investigational Agents
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 40C Antifungal Drugs
- Structure, Mechanism of Action, and Spectrum of Activity
- Pharmacology
- Susceptibility Testing in vitro
- Echinocandin Resistance
- Clinical Indications
- New Agents: Rezafungin and Ibrexafungerp
- References
- 40D Antifungal Drugs
- Pharmacology
- Antimicrobial Activity
- Resistance
- Pharmacokinetics
- Pharmacodynamics
- Dosing, Administration, and Monitoring
- Toxicity
- References
- 41 Antimalarial Drugs
- Artemisinin Derivatives
- Artemisinin Partner Drugs
- 8-Aminoquinolines
- Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitors
- Dihydropteroate Synthetase Inhibitors
- Antibiotics With Antimalarial Activity
- Macrolides
- References
- 42 Drugs for Protozoal Infections Other Than Malaria
- Drugs for Leishmaniasis and Trypanosomiasis
- Other Drugs Rarely Used to Treat Intestinal Protozoal Infections
- References
- 43 Drugs for Helminths
- Benzimidazoles
- References
- 44 Antiviral Agents
- Mechanisms of Action of Antiviral Agents
- Modifiers of Host Defenses Against Viruses
- Determination of Sensitivity of Viruses to Antiviral Agents
- Quantitation of Virus (Virus Load)
- Resistance to Antiviral Agents
- Combinations of Antiviral Agents
- Pharmacodynamics
- References
- 45 Antiviral Drugs for Influenza and Other Respiratory Virus Infections
- Amantadine and Rimantadine
- DAS181 (Fludase)
- Favipiravir (T-705)
- Laninamivir Octanoate
- Oseltamivir
- Peramivir
- Ribavirin
- RSV604
- Zanamivir
- Polymeric Zanamivir Conjugates
- Baloxavir Marboxil
- References
- 46 Antivirals Against Herpesviruses
- Acyclovir and Valacyclovir
- Brivudin
- Cidofovir
- Docosanol
- Famciclovir and Penciclovir
- Fomivirsen
- Foscarnet
- Ganciclovir and Valganciclovir
- Idoxuridine
- Letermovir (AIC246)
- Trifluridine
- Vidarabine
- Maribavir
- Helicase-Primase Inhibitors (Amenamevir, Pritelivir)
- References
- 47 Antiviral Drugs Against Hepatitis Viruses
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- References
- 48 Miscellaneous Antiviral Agents (Interferons, Tecovirimat, Imiquimod, Pocapavir, Pleconaril)
- Interferons
- Tecovirimat
- Imiquimod and Resiquimod
- Pleconaril
- Pocapavir
- Update
- References
- References
- References
- 49 Immunomodulators
- Colony-Stimulating Factors
- Interferons
- Interleukins
- Thymic Hormones
- Immunoglobulins
- Monoclonal Antibodies
- Glucocorticosteroids
- Synthetic Compounds With Immunomodulatory Activity
- Cell-Based Immunomodulatory Therapy
- Immunomodulatory Therapy and Infectious Risks
- References
- 50 Hyperbaric Oxygen
- Physiologic Effects in Experimental Models
- Administration
- Indications
- Side Effects and Complications
- Patient Selection and Evaluation
- Cost
- Controversy
- Certification in Hyperbaric Medicine
- Conclusions
- References
- 51 Antimicrobial Stewardship
- Antimicrobial Stewardship
- Philosophy and Sociology of Antimicrobial Use
- Antimicrobial Stewardship Strategies
- Measuring Outcomes From Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs
- Antimicrobial Stewardship Program Structure and Implementation
- The Future
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 52 Designing and Interpreting Clinical Studies in Infectious Diseases
- Lexicon of Terms in Clinical Study Design and Analysis
- Overview
- History
- Defining Terms
- Choosing a Research Question and Defining Goals of a Study
- Types of Analytical Study Designs
- Comparison With a Control Group
- Selection of Study Participants
- Minimizing Error in Studies
- Baseline Comparability Between Study Groups
- Outcome Assessments
- Analysis of Study Results
- Examining the Conclusions
- References
- 53 Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy
- The History and Growth of OPAT
- Patient Selection for OPAT
- OPAT in People Who Inject Drugs
- Alternate Options for OPAT
- Use of Oral Antibiotic Therapy
- Use of Long-Acting Parenteral Agents
- Programmatic Requirements
- Infectious Diseases Provider
- OPAT Pharmacist
- Infusion Nurse Support
- Antimicrobial Stewardship
- System for Data Management and Communication
- Antimicrobial Considerations
- Drug Characteristics and Regimens
- Methods of Infusion and Drug Delivery
- Laboratory Monitoring of Antibiotic Therapy
- OPAT Program Outcome Measurement
- Readmissions
- Complications of Vascular Access Devices
- Financial Analysis of OPAT Programs
- Patient Satisfaction
- Future of OPAT
- References
- 54 Tables of Antiinfective Agent Pharmacology
- Dosage Guidelines
- Dosage Adjustment for Renal Impairment
- Dosage Adjustment for Hepatic Impairment
- Dosage Adjustment for Body Size (Obese and Underweight)
- Drug-Drug Interactions
- Suggested Readings
- II Major Clinical Syndromes
- A Fever
- 55 Temperature Regulation and the Pathogenesis of Fever
- Terminology
- Clinical Thermometry
- Thermoregulation
- The Generation of Fever
- Acute-Phase Response
- Biologic Value of Fever
- Biologic Value of Fever: the Case of Sepsis
- Biologic Value of Hypothermia
- Antipyretic Therapy: General Considerations
- Antipyretic Therapy: the Case of Sepsis
- Antipyretic Therapy: Pharmacologic Agents
- Antipyretic Therapy: Physical Methods of Antipyresis
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 56 Fever of Unknown Origin
- Terminology and Definitions
- Classic Fever of Unknown Origin
- Nosocomial (Health Care–Associated) Fever of Unknown Origin
- Neutropenic (Immune-Deficient) Fever of Unknown Origin
- HIV-Related Fever of Unknown Origin
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prognosis
- Acknowledgement
- References
- 57 The Acutely Ill Patient With Fever and Rash
- Approach to the Patient
- Pathogenesis of Rash
- Differential Diagnosis in Rash
- Neutrophilic Dermatoses, Including Sweet Syndrome
- Pathogens or Infectious Conditions Strongly Associated With Rash
- New and Emerging Infectious Diseases
- References
- B Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
- 58 The Common Cold
- Etiology
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Pathogenesis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Complications
- Therapy
- References
- 59 Pharyngitis
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Microbiology
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- References
- 60 Acute Laryngitis
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Microbiology
- Diagnosis and Therapy
- Complications
- References
- 61 Otitis Externa, Otitis Media, and Mastoiditis
- Otitis Externa
- Otitis Media
- Mastoiditis
- References
- 62 Sinusitis
- Anatomy and Physiology of the Paranasal Sinuses
- Pathogenesis
- Microbiology
- Chronic Sinusitis
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis of Sinusitis
- Therapy
- Adjunctive Treatment
- Complications
- Prevention
- References
- 63 Epiglottitis
- Epidemiology and Etiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- References
- 64 Infections of the Oral Cavity, Neck, and Head
- Microbiologic Considerations
- Pathogenetic Mechanisms
- Mucosal Immunity of the Oral Cavity
- Anatomic Considerations
- Clinical Manifestations and Management
- Diagnostic Approaches
- Therapeutic Considerations
- References
- C Pleuropulmonary and Bronchial Infections
- 65 Acute Bronchitis
- Microbial Etiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- References
- 66 Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Pathophysiology
- Treatment
- Preventions of Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- References
- 67 Acute Pneumonia
- Host Defenses and Pathogenesis
- Clinical Evaluation
- Pneumonia Syndromes
- Management and Therapy of Pneumonia
- Prevention of Pneumonia
- Update
- Reference
- Reference
- References
- References
- 68 Pleural Effusion and Empyema
- Physiology and Staging
- Noninfectious Effusion and Empyema
- Outcomes of Effusion and Empyema
- Microbiology
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- References
- 69 Bacterial Lung Abscess
- Definition
- Pathophysiology
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Presentation
- Microbiology
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- References
- 70 Chronic Pneumonia
- Causes
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Features
- Diagnostic Procedures
- Therapy
- References
- 71 Cystic Fibrosis
- Clinical Disease
- Pathogenesis of Cystic Fibrosis–Related Lung Disease
- The Cystic Fibrosis Microbiome
- Major Cystic Fibrosis Pathogens
- Treatment (Table 71.1)
- Infection Control
- Lung Transplantation
- Future Directions
- References
- D Urinary Tract Infections
- 72 Urinary Tract Infections
- Terminology
- Pathologic Characteristics
- Pathogenesis of Urinary Tract Infection
- Host Defense of the Urinary Tract
- Epidemiology and Natural History of Urinary Tract Infection
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Management of Urinary Tract Infection
- References
- E Sepsis
- 73 Sepsis and Septic Shock
- Definition
- Clinical Signs and Symptoms
- Epidemiology
- Microbiology
- Pathogenesis
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prognosis
- Future Perspectives
- References
- F Intraabdominal Infections
- 74 Peritonitis and Intraperitoneal Abscesses
- Anatomy and Physiology
- Peritonitis
- Intraperitoneal Abscesses
- References
- 75 Infections of the Liver and Biliary System (Liver Abscess, Cholangitis, Cholecystitis)
- Liver Abscess
- Infection of the Biliary System
- References
- 76 Pancreatic Infection
- Infectious Causes of Acute Pancreatitis
- Pancreatitis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
- Infection Complicating Acute Pancreatitis
- Conclusions
- References
- 77 Splenic Abscess
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Microbiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- References
- 78 Appendicitis
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Microbiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- References
- 79 Diverticulitis and Neutropenic Enterocolitis
- Diverticulitis
- Neutropenic Enterocolitis (Typhlitis)
- References
- G Cardiovascular Infections
- 80 Endocarditis and Intravascular Infections
- Infective Endocarditis
- Therapy for Infective Endocarditis
- Infective Endarteritis and Mycotic Aneurysms
- Update
- Reference
- References
- 81 Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis
- Prosthetic Valves
- Epidemiology
- Microbiology
- Pathogenesis
- Pathology
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Antimicrobial Therapy
- Surgical Intervention
- Anticoagulation Therapy
- Prevention
- Update
- Reference
- References
- 82 Infections of Nonvalvular Cardiovascular Devices
- Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices
- Left Ventricular Assist Devices
- Prosthetic Vascular Grafts
- Hemodialysis Prosthetic Vascular Grafts
- Invasive Nonsurgical Cardiologic Procedures
- Coronary Artery Stents
- Peripheral Vascular Stents
- Vascular Closure Devices
- Intraaortic Balloon Pumps
- Vena Cava Filters
- Dacron Carotid Patches
- Cardiac Suture Line Infections
- Management of Cardiac Suture Line Infections
- Closure Device Treatment of Patent Ductus Arteriosus, Atrial Septal Defect, and Ventricular Septal Defect
- References
- 83 Prevention of Infective Endocarditis
- Pathogenesis of Infective Endocarditis in the Context of Prevention
- Estimation of the Risk for Infective Endocarditis
- Potential Interventions to Prevent Endocarditis
- Evolution of Clinical Practice in Prevention of Infective Endocarditis
- Cost-Benefit and Cost-Effectiveness Analyses
- Specific Issues in Prevention of Infective Endocarditis
- New Horizons for Antibiotic Prophylaxis of Infective Endocarditis
- Conclusion
- References
- 84 Myocarditis and Pericarditis
- Myocarditis
- Pericarditis
- References
- 85 Mediastinitis
- Anatomic Considerations
- Acute Mediastinitis
- Chronic/Fibrosing Mediastinitis
- References
- H Central Nervous System Infections
- 86 Approach to the Patient With Central Nervous System Infection
- Clinical Manifestations
- Lumbar Puncture
- Neuroimaging Studies
- Management
- References
- 87 Acute Meningitis
- Defining Acute Meningitis
- Epidemiology and Etiology
- Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Initial Management of Patients With Acute Meningitis
- Antimicrobial Therapy
- Adjunctive Therapy
- Prevention
- Update
- References
- References
- 88 Chronic Meningitis
- Distinction From Other Chronic Central Nervous System Infections
- Myelitis, Myeloradiculitis, and Polyradiculitis
- Encephalitis
- Brain Abscess
- Chronic Meningitis
- Empirical Therapy for Presumed Tuberculous Meningitis
- References
- 89 Encephalitis
- Clinical Syndromes
- Autoimmune Encephalitis
- General Clinical Approach
- References
- 90 Brain Abscess
- Epidemiology and Etiology
- Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Initial Management of the Patient With Brain Abscess
- Therapy
- References
- 91 Subdural Empyema, Epidural Abscess, and Suppurative Intracranial Thrombophlebitis
- Subdural Empyema
- Epidural Abscess
- Suppurative Intracranial Thrombophlebitis
- References
- 92 Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt and Drain Infections
- Epidemiology
- Etiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Features
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- References
- I Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
- 93 Cellulitis, Necrotizing Fasciitis, and Subcutaneous Tissue Infections
- Cellulitis and Superficial Infections
- Subcutaneous Tissue Infections and Abscesses
- References
- 94 Myositis and Myonecrosis
- Pyomyositis
- Group a Streptococcal Necrotizing Myositis
- Gas Gangrene (Clostridial Myonecrosis)
- Nonclostridial (Crepitant) Myositis
- Psoas Abscess
- Other Specific Sites of Muscle Abscesses
- Myalgias
- Pleurodynia Syndromes
- Myalgias With Eosinophilia (Parasitic Myositis)
- Muscle Degeneration Associated With Infections at Other Sites
- References
- 95 Lymphadenitis and Lymphangitis
- Lymphadenitis
- Lymphangitis
- References
- J Gastrointestinal Infections and Food Poisoning
- 96 Syndromes of Enteric Infection
- Occurrence and Scope of Gastrointestinal Infections
- Occurrence and Scope of Gastrointestinal Infections in High-Income Countries
- Pathogens Associated With Gastrointestinal Infections
- Environmental Risk Factors for Gastrointestinal Infection
- Host Factors in Gastrointestinal Infection
- Microbial Factors in Gastrointestinal Infection
- Major Clinical Syndromes
- Diagnostic Approach to Enteric Infections
- Therapy for Enteric Infections
- Prevention and Control of Enteric Infections
- References
- 97 Esophagitis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Specific Etiologic Agents
- Management of Esophageal Infection
- References
- 98 Diarrhea With Little or No Fever
- Epidemiology of Acute Noninflammatory Diarrhea
- Community-Acquired Diarrhea
- Travel-Associated Diarrhea (Turista)
- Diarrhea in Institutions
- Treatment of Acute Noninflammatory Diarrhea
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 99 Acute Dysentery Syndromes (Diarrhea With Fever)
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Microbiology and Pathogenesis of the Major Causes of Acute Dysenteric Syndromes
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Other Acute Infectious/Inflammatory Processes Involving the Intestinal Tract
- Chronic Infectious/Inflammatory Processes Involving the Intestinal Tract
- References
- 100 Typhoid Fever, Paratyphoid Fever, and Typhoidal Fevers
- Enteric Fever (Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever)
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis of Enteric and Typhoidal Fevers
- Typhoidal Fever
- References
- 101 Foodborne Disease
- Clinical Manifestations and Pathogenesis
- Epidemiology
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Surveillance
- Prevention
- Update
- References
- References
- 102 Tropical Sprue and Environmental Enteric Dysfunction
- Exposures/Epidemiology
- Clinical Features
- Pathogenesis
- Intestinal Abnormalities
- Histopathology
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- References
- K Bone and Joint Infections
- 103 Infectious Arthritis of Native Joints
- Acute Bacterial Arthritis
- Viral Arthritis
- Chronic Infectious Arthritis
- Septic Bursitis
- References
- 104 Osteomyelitis
- Classification
- Lessons From Experimental Models
- General Principles
- Osteomyelitis After a Contaminated Open Fracture
- Vertebral Osteomyelitis and Spondylodiskitis
- Osteomyelitis in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus or Vascular Insufficiency
- Acute Hematogenous Osteomyelitis
- SAPHO Syndrome
- Other Forms of Osteomyelitis: Specific Hosts, Unusual Locations, or Unusual Organisms
- Summary
- References
- 105 Orthopedic Implant–Associated Infections
- Periprosthetic Joint Infection
- Internal Fixation–Associated Infection
- Prevention in Orthopedic Surgery
- References
- L Diseases of The Reproductive Organs and Sexually Transmitted Diseases
- 106 Genital Skin and Mucous Membrane Lesions
- History of Presentation
- Clinical Manifestations
- Epidemiology
- Laboratory Testing
- Therapy
- Other Management Issues
- Nonvenereal Genital Lesions
- References
- 107 Urethritis
- Examination of the Urethra
- Examination of the Urethral Specimen and Consideration of Etiologies
- Noninfectious Urethritis
- Infectious Urethritis
- Postgonococcal Urethritis
- Persistent or Recurrent Urethritis
- Asymptomatic Urethral Infection
- Urethral Syndrome and Related Diseases of Women
- Complications of Urethritis
- Therapy
- Therapy for Sexual Partners of Men With Nongonococcal Urethritis
- Reactive Arthritis
- References
- 108 Vulvovaginitis and Cervicitis
- Vaginal Secretions
- Approach to the Patient
- Trichomoniasis
- Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
- Bacterial Vaginosis
- Desquamative Inflammatory Vaginitis
- Cervicitis
- Estrogen-Deficiency Vaginitis (Genitourinary Syndrome)
- Vulvar Pain Syndrome (Formerly Vulvodynia, Vestibulodynia, Vulvar Vestibulitis, or Focal Vulvitis)
- References
- 109 Infections of the Female Pelvis
- Intrapartum, Postpartum, and Postabortal Infections
- Surgical Site Infection After Gynecologic Surgery
- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 110 Prostatitis, Epididymitis, and Orchitis
- Anatomy and Physiology of the Testes and Male Accessory Sex Organs
- Host Defenses of the Male Lower Urogenital Tract
- Prostatitis
- Epididymitis
- Orchitis
- Urologic Manifestations in Men With HIV Infection
- Semen as a Vector for HIV Infection
- Semen as a Vector for Zika Virus Infection
- References
- M Eye Infections
- 111 Introduction to Eye Infections
- Anatomy
- Types of Eye Infections
- Understanding the Ophthalmologist's Note
- Ophthalmic Glossary of Interest to the Infectious Diseases Practitioner
- Conclusion
- 112 Microbial Conjunctivitis
- Conjunctivitis
- Anatomy and Physiology
- Clinical Presentation
- Laboratory Evaluation
- Viral Conjunctivitis
- Chlamydial Conjunctivitis
- Bacterial Conjunctivitis
- Neonatal Conjunctivitis
- Parinaud Oculoglandular Conjunctivitis
- Parasitic Conjunctivitis
- Fungal Conjunctivitis
- Noninfectious Vision-Threatening Conditions Associated With Red Eye
- References
- 113 Microbial Keratitis
- Etiologic Agents and Risk Factors
- Clinical Presentation
- Laboratory Evaluation
- Bacterial Keratitis
- Chlamydial and Syphilitic Keratitis
- Viral Keratitis
- Fungal Keratitis
- Parasitic Keratitis
- Novel Therapeutics
- References
- 114 Endophthalmitis
- Categories
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Visual Outcome
- Preventing Endophthalmitis
- References
- 115 Infectious Causes of Uveitis
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Endophthalmitis Mimicking Uveitis
- Diagnosis of Infectious Uveitis
- Therapy
- References
- 116 Periocular Infections
- Eyelid Infections
- Infections of the Lacrimal System
- Preseptal Cellulitis and Orbital Infections
- References
- N Hepatitis
- 117 Viral Hepatitis
- Acute Viral Hepatitis
- Chronic Viral Hepatitis
- References
- O Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
- 118 Global Perspectives on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
- Size of the Problem
- Dynamics of the Spread of Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- Impact of Prevention and Care Programs
- Impact of the AIDS Epidemic
- Global Responses to AIDS
- References
- 119 Epidemiology and Prevention of AIDS and HIV Infection, Including Preexposure Prophylaxis and HIV Vaccine Development
- HIV and AIDS Surveillance in the United States
- HIV Infection and AIDS in Adults
- HIV/AIDS in Children
- Modes of Transmission
- HIV Infection and AIDS Outside the United States
- HIV-2
- Prevention of HIV Infection
- Counseling and HIV Antigen/Antibody Testing
- Vaccines for HIV Type 1 Infection
- References
- 120 Diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
- Background/Perspective
- Terminology and Performance Characteristics
- Specific Laboratory Methods for Detection of HIV Infection
- Serologic Techniques to Screen for HIV Antigens
- Fourth-Generation HIV Antigen-Antibody Assays
- False-Positive and False-Negative Results in Screening Tests for HIV Antibody
- Nonserologic Techniques to Screen for HIV
- HIV Supplemental and Confirmatory Assays
- Western Blotting
- Immunofluorescence
- Virologic Techniques to Detect HIV Infection
- Diagnostic Algorithms and Practical Application of HIV Detection Assays
- Specific Circumstances and Special Populations
- Regulatory Issues
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 121 The Immunology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
- HIV Entry and Dissemination
- HIV-Specific Immune Responses
- Reservoirs of HIV Infection
- Immune Dysfunction Caused by HIV Infection
- Role of Immune Activation in the Pathogenesis of HIV Infection
- Cytokines and HIV Disease: Dysregulation of Cytokine Production
- Conclusions
- References
- 122 General Clinical Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection (Including Acute Retroviral Syndrome and Oral, Cutaneous, Renal, Ocular, Metabolic, and Cardiac Diseases)
- History
- Natural History of HIV Infection
- Classification of HIV Infection
- Clinical Manifestations
- References
- 123 Pulmonary Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
- Epidemiology
- Differential Diagnosis
- Triage of Patients: Infection Control Issues
- Diagnostic Tests
- Specific Pathogens
- Treatment
- References
- 124 Gastrointestinal, Hepatobiliary, and Pancreatic Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
- Disorders of the Esophagus
- Disorders of the Stomach
- Disorders of the Biliary Tree and Gallbladder
- Disorders of the Liver
- Disorders of the Pancreas
- Disorders of the Small and Large Intestine
- References
- 125 Neurologic Diseases Caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Opportunistic Infections
- Principal Neurologic Manifestations of HIV Type 1 Infection
- Cognitive and Motor Syndromes
- Central Nervous System Mass Lesions
- Spinal Syndrome
- Peripheral Nervous System Syndromes
- Musculoskeletal Syndromes
- Seizures
- Temporal Trends and Aging in Neurologic Manifestations of HIV Infection
- References
- 126 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Women
- Epidemiology
- Transmission and Acquisition in Women and Preventive Strategies
- Reproductive Care of Women Living With HIV
- HIV and Pregnancy
- Clinical Manifestations of HIV Infection in Women
- Sex Differences in HIV Infection and Treatment Responses
- Inclusion of Women in Clinical Research
- References
- 127 Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
- Current Epidemiology of Domestic Pediatric and Adolescent HIV Infection
- Remaining Challenges in Domestic Pediatric HIV Infection
- Management of the HIV-Exposed Infant
- Adolescent HIV Infection
- Adult Complications of Perinatal HIV Infection
- References
- 128 Antiretroviral Therapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
- Antiretroviral Agents
- Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy
- Laboratory Testing During Antiretroviral Therapy
- Changing Therapy
- Special Circumstances
- Conclusions and Future Directions
- References
- 129 Management of Opportunistic Infections Associated With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
- Immunologic Monitoring
- Spectrum of Opportunistic Pathogens
- Infections Due to Pathogens That Are Not Opportunistic
- Management of Antiretroviral Therapy for Patients With Acute Opportunistic Infection
- Drug Interactions
- Prevention of Opportunistic Infections
- Management of Specific Opportunistic Infections
- References
- P Miscellaneous Syndromes
- 130 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease)
- History
- Epidemiology
- Etiology and Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Laboratory Findings
- Management
- Summary
- References
- Volume 2
- III Infectious Diseases and Their Etiologic Agents
- A Viral Diseases
- 131 Biology of Viruses and Viral Diseases
- History
- Virus Structure and Classification
- Virus-Cell Interactions
- Antiviral Drugs
- Virus-Host Interaction
- Viral Virulence Determinants
- Host Responses to Infection
- References
- i DNA Viruses
- a Poxviridae
- 132 Orthopoxviruses
- Background
- Morphology and Chemical Structure
- Pathogenesis
- Vaccinia (Smallpox Vaccine)
- Variola (Smallpox)
- Monkeypox
- Cowpox
- Newly Described Orthopoxviruses
- Orthopoxvirus Laboratory Diagnostics
- Therapy
- References
- 133 Other Poxviruses That Infect Humans
- Parapoxviruses
- Molluscum Contagiosum
- Yatapoxviruses
- References
- b Herpesviridae
- 134 Introduction to Herpesviridae
- Classification
- Genome Structure and Proteins
- Virus Replication
- Virus Latency and Reactivation
- Pathogenesis
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Syndromes
- Immunity
- Oncogenesis
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- References
- 135 Herpes Simplex Virus
- Description of Virus
- Epidemiology
- Transmission
- Pathogenesis
- Spectrum of Diseases Caused by Herpes Simplex Virus
- Orofacial Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
- Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
- Recurrent Mucocutaneous Herpes Simplex Virus Infections
- Frequency of Reactivation and Recurrence
- Herpetic Whitlow
- Herpes Gladiatorum
- Eye Infections
- Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis
- Visceral and Pulmonary Herpes Simplex Virus Infections
- Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Infection in HIV-Infected Patients
- Herpes Simplex Virus Infections in Immunocompromised Hosts Not Infected With HIV
- Neonatal Herpes
- Herpes Simplex Virus Infection in Pregnancy
- Diagnosis of Active Herpes Simplex Virus Infections
- Diagnosis of Established Herpes Simplex Virus Infections
- Overview of Therapies for Herpes Simplex Virus Infections
- Counseling and Prevention
- References
- 136 Chickenpox and Herpes Zoster (Varicella-Zoster Virus)
- Historical Overview
- Pathogen and Its Replication
- Epidemiology of Varicella-Zoster Virus Infections
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- References
- 137 Cytomegalovirus
- Microbiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis of HCMV Infections
- Therapy of HCMV Infections (see also Chapter 46)
- References
- 138 Epstein-Barr Virus (Infectious Mononucleosis, Epstein-Barr Virus–Associated Malignant Diseases, and Other Diseases)
- History
- Description of Epstein-barr Virus
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis of Infectious Mononucleosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- References
- 139 Human Herpesvirus Types 6 and 7 (Exanthem Subitum)
- Human Herpesvirus Type 6
- Human Herpesvirus Type 7
- References
- 140 Kaposi Sarcoma–Associated Herpesvirus (Human Herpesvirus 8)
- History
- Classification and Biology
- Pathogenesis
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Therapy and Prevention
- References
- 141 Herpes B Virus
- History
- Description of the Virus
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Laboratory Diagnosis After Exposure
- Postexposure Evaluation and Prophylaxis
- Diagnosis of Herpes B Virus Disease
- Therapy
- Prevention
- References
- c Adenoviridae
- 142 Adenoviruses
- Description of the Pathogen
- Interactions With the Host
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Syndromes
- Infections in Immunocompromised Patients
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Adenoviruses as Vectors for Gene Therapy and Vaccination
- References
- d Papillomaviridae
- 143 Papillomaviruses
- Virology
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention and Vaccination
- References
- 144 JC, BK, and Other Polyomaviruses
- Virology
- Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy and Other JC Virus–Associated Syndromes
- Nephropathy and Other BK Virus–Associated Diseases
- References
- e Hepadnaviridae
- 145 Hepatitis B Virus
- Overview
- Natural History and Pathogenesis of Disease
- Epidemiology of Hepatitis B
- Routes of Transmission
- Clinical Manifestations and Prognosis
- Clinical Manifestations and Natural History in Special Hosts
- Screening and Diagnosis of HBV Infection
- Management of Hepatitis B
- Management in Special Populations
- Other Management Issues in Chronic Hepatitis B
- Prevention of Hepatitis B Virus Infection
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 146 Hepatitis Delta Virus
- Hepatitis Delta Virus
- References
- f Parvoviridae
- 147 Human Parvoviruses, Including Parvovirus B19V and Human Bocaparvoviruses
- Parvovirus B19
- Virology
- Pathogenesis
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Immune Response
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention and Vaccination
- Other Human Parvoviruses
- References
- ii RNA Viruses
- a Reoviridae
- 148 Orthoreoviruses and Orbiviruses
- Orthoreoviruses
- Orbiviruses
- References
- 149 Coltiviruses (Colorado Tick Fever Virus) and Seadornaviruses
- Coltiviruses
- Seadornaviruses
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 150 Rotaviruses
- History and Overview
- Viral Structure and Replication
- Clinical Manifestations
- Pathogenesis
- Serology and Classification
- Epidemiology
- Immunity
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Immunization
- Acknowledgments
- References
- b Togaviridae
- 151 Alphaviruses (Chikungunya, Eastern Equine Encephalitis)
- History
- Mechanism of Replication
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy and Prevention
- References
- 152 Rubella Virus (German Measles)
- Epidemiology
- Transmission of Rubella
- Maintenance of Immunity to Rubella
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Vaccination Against Rubella
- References
- c Flaviviridae
- 153 Flaviviruses (Dengue, Yellow Fever, Japanese Encephalitis, West Nile Encephalitis, Usutu Encephalitis, St. Louis Encephalitis, Tick-Borne Encephalitis, Kyasanur Forest Disease, Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever, Zika)
- History
- Pathogens
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Prevention and Therapy
- Other Flavivirus Infections
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 154 Hepatitis C
- Non-a, Non-B Viral Hepatitis and Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis C Virus
- Natural History and Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations of Hepatitis C Virus Infection
- Diagnosis Laboratory Assessment of Hepatitis C Virus Infection
- Epidemiology of Hepatitis C
- Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C
- Prevention
- Hepatitis C Virus Elimination
- Acknowledgments
- References
- d Coronaviridae
- 155 Coronaviruses, Including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)
- History
- Description of the Pathogens
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Update
- References
- References
- References
- e Paramyxoviridae
- 156 Parainfluenza Viruses
- Virology
- Pathogenesis
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- References
- 157 Mumps Virus
- History
- Virology
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Pathology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Complications
- Immunology
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- References
- 158 Respiratory Syncytial Virus
- History
- Virology
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Complications
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Acknowledgments
- Update
- References
- References
- 159 Human Metapneumovirus
- Virology
- Pathogenesis and Host Response
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention
- References
- 160 Measles Virus (Rubeola)
- Description of the Pathogen
- Epidemiology
- Other Diseases Associated With Measles Virus
- Pathogenesis
- Immunity
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Prevention
- Therapy
- References
- 161 Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses
- Virology
- Emergence of Henipaviruses
- Nipah Virus
- Hendra Virus
- Menangle Virus
- References
- f Rhabdoviridae
- 162 Vesicular Stomatitis Virus and Related Vesiculoviruses (Chandipura Virus)
- Virology
- Molecular Biology
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Host Response
- Therapy
- Prevention and Vaccination
- References
- 163 Rabies (Rhabdoviruses)
- Virology
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Prevention
- Treatment
- References
- g Filoviridae
- 164 Marburg and Ebola Virus Hemorrhagic Fevers
- Virus Characterization
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Countermeasures
- References
- h Orthomyxoviridae
- 165 Influenza Viruses, Including Avian Influenza and Swine Influenza
- History
- The Viruses
- Epidemiology and Disease Impact
- Antigenic Variation
- Clinical Findings
- Pathogenesis
- Diagnosis
- Prevention
- Antiviral Agents (Also See Chapter 45)
- Update
- References
- References
- i Bunyaviridae
- 166 California Encephalitis, Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, Hantavirus Hemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome, and Bunyavirus Hemorrhagic Fevers
- Virology
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Other Bunyavirales of Concern
- Acknowledgment
- References
- j Arenaviridae
- 167 Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus, Lassa Virus, and the South American Hemorrhagic Fevers (Arenaviruses)
- Viral Characterization
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention
- References
- k Retroviridae
- 168 Human T-Cell Leukemia Viruses (HTLV-1, HTLV-2)
- Structure and Molecular Organization
- Biology
- Laboratory Detection
- Serologic Epidemiology
- Molecular Epidemiology
- Routes of Transmission
- Immunology of HTLV Infection
- Clinical Manifestations of HTLV Infections
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 169 Human Immunodeficiency Viruses
- Overview of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
- Origin and Classification of Human Retroviruses
- Viral Transmission and Life Cycle
- The Virion
- Virion Structural Proteins
- Virus-Host Interactions
- Malignancies and Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgment
- References
- l Picornaviridae
- 170 Introduction to the Human Enteroviruses and Parechoviruses
- Enteroviruses
- Parechoviruses
- References
- 171 Poliovirus
- History
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Risk Factors
- Differential Diagnosis
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Prognosis
- Therapy
- Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome
- Poliovirus Immunization
- Poliomyelitis in Developing Nations and Global Eradication
- References
- 172 Coxsackieviruses, Echoviruses, and Numbered Enteroviruses (EV-A71, EVD-68, EVD-70)
- Central Nervous System Infections
- Exanthems
- Acute Respiratory Disease (EV-D68)
- Myositis
- Myopericarditis
- Coxsackievirus and Echovirus Disease in the Newborn
- Chronic Meningoencephalitis in Agammaglobulinemic and Other Immunocompromised Patients
- Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis
- Illnesses in Which the Etiologic Role of Enteroviruses Is Minor or Poorly Defined
- Enterovirus A71 Infections
- References
- 173 Parechoviruses
- Historical Background
- Virology
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Undifferentiated Febrile Illness/Sepsis Syndrome
- Central Nervous System Infections
- Gastrointestinal Disease
- Miscellaneous Clinical Associations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy and Prevention
- References
- 174 Hepatitis A Virus
- History
- Classification and Physicochemical and Biologic Properties of Hepatitis a Virus
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Manifestations
- Therapy and General Management
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Immunity
- Prevention
- Recommendations for Prevention
- Directions for the Future
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 175 Rhinovirus
- Virology
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Transmission
- Clinical Manifestations of Common Cold
- Complications
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Vaccines
- Acknowledgment
- References
- iii Caliciviridae and Other Gastrointestinal
- 176 Noroviruses and Sapoviruses (Caliciviruses)
- History
- Virology
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Immune Response
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- References
- 177 Astroviruses and Picobirnaviruses
- Astroviruses
- Picobirnaviruses
- References
- iv Unclassified Viruses
- 178 Hepatitis E Virus
- A Brief History
- Genetics
- Natural History of Hepatitis E
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnostic Evaluation
- Therapeutic Strategies
- Prevention
- References
- B Prion Diseases
- 179 Prions and Prion Disease of the Central Nervous System (Transmissible Neurodegenerative Diseases)
- Brief History of Prion Disease Research
- Molecular Biology and Pathophysiology of Prion Diseases
- Human Prion Diseases
- Laboratory Diagnosis of Prion Disease
- Prion Disease Therapy
- References
- C Chlamydial Diseases
- 180 Chlamydia trachomatis (Trachoma and Urogenital Infections)
- Chlamydial Biology
- Antigenic and Genetic Diversity
- Pathogenesis
- Immunity
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Prevention Strategies
- References
- 181 Psittacosis (Due to Chlamydia psittaci)
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations and Differential Diagnostic Considerations
- Laboratory Findings
- Pathologic Findings
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- References
- 182 Chlamydia pneumoniae
- History
- Microbiology
- Laboratory Testing for Chlamydia pneumoniae
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Therapy
- Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chronic Disease in Humans
- References
- D Mycoplasma Diseases
- 183 Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Atypical Pneumonia
- History
- Microbiology
- Epidemiology
- Immunology and Resistance
- Pathology
- Disease Syndromes
- Dermatologic Syndromes
- Cardiac Syndromes
- Neurologic Syndromes
- Musculoskeletal, Renal, and Hematologic Syndromes
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention
- References
- 184 Genital Mycoplasmas
- Taxonomy and Microbiology
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- References
- E Rickettsioses, Ehrlichioses, and Anaplasmoses
- 185 Introduction to Rickettsioses, Ehrlichioses, and Anaplasmoses
- Bacteriology
- History and Emerging Diseases
- Pathophysiology
- Genetics
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Findings
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Remaining Questions and Perspectives
- References
- 186 Rickettsia rickettsii and Other Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Other Spotted Fevers)
- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
- Other Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses
- References
- 187 Rickettsia akari (Rickettsialpox)
- Etiology
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- References
- 188 Coxiella burnetii (Q Fever)
- Pathogen
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Self-Limited Febrile Illness
- Pneumonia
- Endocarditis
- Hepatitis
- Neurologic Manifestations
- Q Fever in the Immunocompromised Host
- Other Manifestations of Q Fever
- Prevention
- References
- 189 Rickettsia prowazekii (Epidemic or Louse-Borne Typhus)
- Microbiology
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention
- References
- 190 Rickettsia typhi (Murine Typhus)
- Microbiology
- Epidemiology
- Pathology and Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment and Prevention
- References
- 191 Orientia tsutsugamushi (Scrub Typhus)
- History
- Definition
- Ecology and Epidemiology
- Microbiology
- Diagnosis
- Immune Response
- Therapy
- Prevention
- References
- 192 Ehrlichia chaffeensis (Human Monocytotropic Ehrlichiosis), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Human Granulocytotropic Anaplasmosis), and Other Anaplasmataceae
- Etiology
- Pathogenesis and Pathology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Treatment and Prevention
- Candidatus Neoehrlichia Mikurensis Human Infections
- Prevention of Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis
- Sennetsu Neorickettsiosis
- References
- F Bacterial Diseases
- 193 Introduction to Bacteria and Bacterial Diseases
- Classification of Bacteria
- Variation in Bacterial Infections
- Polymorphism and Bacterial Infection
- Bacteria as “New” Causes for “Old” Diseases
- Bacterial Evolution
- Bacteria as Therapeutics
- References
- i Gram-Positive Cocci
- 194 Staphylococcus aureus (Including Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome)
- The Microorganism
- Molecular Diagnosis
- Pathogenesis
- Antibiotic Resistance
- Clinical Aspects and Epidemiology
- Clinical Syndromes
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 195 Staphylococcus epidermidis and Other Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci
- Microbiology and Ecology
- Antibiotic Resistance
- Molecular Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Epidemiology and Clinical Syndromes
- Patient Populations at Increased Risk of Infection With Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci
- Non–Staphylococcus epidermidis Species of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci
- Other Species of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci
- Novel Therapeutic Options for Infections Due to Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci
- References
- 196 Classification of Streptococci
- References
- 197 Streptococcus pyogenes
- History
- Description of the Pathogen
- Streptococcal Pharyngitis
- Streptococcal Pyoderma
- Invasive Streptococcal Infections of Skin and Soft Tissues
- Bacteremia
- Other Streptococcal Infections
- Update
- Reference
- Reference
- References
- 198 Nonsuppurative Poststreptococcal Sequelae
- Rheumatic Fever
- Glomerulonephritis
- Additional Reading
- References
- 199 Streptococcus pneumoniae
- History
- Microbiology
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenetic Mechanisms
- Factors That Predispose to Pneumococcal Infection
- Clinical Syndromes
- Antibiotic Susceptibility and Resistance
- Therapy
- Prevention of Pneumococcal Infections
- References
- 200 Enterococcus Species, Streptococcus gallolyticus Group, and Leuconostoc Species
- Historical Background
- Microbiology and Taxonomy
- Colonization, Virulence, and Genomics
- Epidemiology of Enterococcal Infections
- Clinical Manifestations of Enterococcal Disease
- Therapy and Antimicrobial Resistance
- Streptococcus Gallolyticus (Bovis) Group
- Leuconostoc Species
- References
- 201 Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococci)
- Historical Perspective
- Description
- Epidemiology and Transmission
- Pathogenetic Mechanisms
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention
- References
- 202 Viridans Streptococci, Nutritionally Variant Streptococci, and Groups C and G Streptococci
- Overview
- Microbiology
- Epidemiology
- Virulence
- Clinical Manifestations
- Therapy: Viridans Streptococci
- Groups C and G Streptococci
- Group G Streptococci
- References
- 203 Streptococcus anginosus Group
- Epidemiology
- Microbiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Presentations
- Therapy
- References
- ii Gram-Positive Bacilli
- 204 Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Diphtheria)
- History
- The Pathogen
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- References
- 205 Other Coryneform Bacteria, Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, and Rhodococci
- Coryneform Bacteria Other Than Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Rhodococci
- References
- 206 Listeria monocytogenes
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Microbiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention
- References
- 207 Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax)
- Epidemiology
- Microbiology
- Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Anthrax as an Agent of Bioterrorism
- Anthrax Countermeasures
- References
- 208 Bacillus Species and Related Genera Other Than Bacillus anthracis
- Microbiology
- Epidemiology
- Pseudoinfection and Contamination
- Commercial Uses of Bacillus Species
- Adherence Properties
- Clinical Manifestations
- Prevention
- Therapy
- References
- 209 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
- Microbiology
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy and Prevention
- References
- 210 Whipple Disease
- Etiology
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Pathology
- Clinical Features and Diagnosis
- Therapy and Prognosis
- References
- iii Gram-Negative Cocci
- 211 Neisseria meningitidis
- Definition and History
- Microbiology
- Biology and Pathogenesis
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations and Pathophysiology
- Complement Deficiency and Meningococcal Disease (See also Chapter 9)
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention
- References
- References
- 212 Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonorrhea)
- The Organism
- Pathobiology of Gonococcal Infection
- The Human Immune Response to Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention and Control
- References
- 213 Moraxella catarrhalis, Kingella, and Other Gram-Negative Cocci
- Moraxella Catarrhalis
- Other Neisseria
- Other Moraxella
- Kingella
- References
- iv Gram-Negative Bacilli
- 214 Vibrio cholerae
- Classification and Genomics
- Pathogenicity
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Immune Responses
- Prevention and Vaccines
- References
- 215 Other Pathogenic Vibrios
- Vibrio parahaemolyticus
- Vibrio vulnificus
- Vibrio alginolyticus
- Halophilic Vibrios
- Nonhalophilic Vibrios: Non-O1/O139 Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio mimicus
- References
- 216 Campylobacter jejuni and Related Species
- Microbiology
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Pathologic Characteristics
- Immunology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prognosis
- Prevention
- References
- 217 Helicobacter pylori and Other Gastric Helicobacter Species
- Microbiology
- Epidemiology
- Pathology and Pathogenesis
- Clinical Consequences Associated With H. pylori Colonization
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Other Gastric Helicobacters
- References
- 218 Enterobacteriaceae
- General Properties
- Specific Organisms
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 219 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Other Pseudomonas Species
- Microbiology
- Virulence Factors
- Epidemiology
- Antimicrobial Resistance
- Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections
- Infections Caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Pseudomonas Species Other Than P. aeruginosa of Major Clinical Significance
- Novel Therapeutic Strategies Against P. aeruginosa Infections
- Update
- Reference
- Reference
- References
- 220 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Burkholderia cepacia Complex
- Microbiology
- Pathogenesis
- Epidemiology and at-Risk Populations
- Clinical Manifestations
- Therapy
- Prevention Strategies, Immunization, and Immunotherapy
- References
- 221 Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei
- Melioidosis
- Glanders
- References
- 222 Acinetobacter Species
- Epidemiology
- Diagnosis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Pathogenesis and Antimicrobial Resistance
- Treatment
- Prevention
- References
- 223 Salmonella Species
- Classification and Taxonomy
- The Genome
- Microbiology
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Immunization Against Salmonella
- Therapy
- References
- 224 Bacillary Dysentery
- Microbiology
- Pathogenesis
- Epidemiology
- Diagnosis
- Control
- References
- 225 Haemophilus Species, Including H. influenzae and H. ducreyi (Chancroid)
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Haemophilus ducreyi
- Other Haemophilus Species
- References
- 226 Brucellosis (Brucella Species)
- History
- Microbiology
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Immune Response
- Clinical Manifestations
- Complications
- Hematologic Complications
- Cutaneous Lesions
- Ocular Lesions
- Pregnancy
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention
- References
- 227 Francisella tularensis (Tularemia)
- History
- Microbiology
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Complications and Outcome
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- References
- 228 Pasteurella Species
- Description of the Pathogen
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Therapy, Prevention, and Prognosis
- References
- 229A Plague (Yersinia pestis)
- History
- Microbiology
- Epidemiology
- Natural Cycles
- Transmission to Humans
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Laboratory Findings
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Bioterrorism
- Mass Prophylaxis
- Occupational Exposure
- Environmental Persistence
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 229B Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
- Microbiology
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Postinfectious Complications
- Pathogenesis
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 230 Bordetella pertussis
- History
- Description of Pathogen
- Pathogenesis
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Presentation
- Complications
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Future Directions
- References
- 231 Rat-Bite Fever
- Streptobacillus Moniliformis
- Spirillum Minus
- References
- 232 Legionnaires’ Disease and Pontiac Fever
- History
- The Etiologic Agent
- Microbial Ecology
- Pathogenesis
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Presentation
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy and Response to Therapy
- Prevention
- References
- 233 Capnocytophaga
- Taxonomy
- Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations
- Epidemiology
- Diagnosis and Laboratory Identification
- Therapy
- Prevention
- References
- 234 Bartonella, Including Cat-Scratch Disease
- Background and Classification of Bartonella Species
- Epidemiology of the Common Human-Pathogenic Bartonella Species
- Clinical Manifestations of the Common Human Pathogenic Bartonella Species: B. Bacilliformis, B. Henselae, and B. Quintana (Table 234.2)
- Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis Associated With Bartonella Infections
- Laboratory Diagnosis of Bartonella Infections
- Treatment and Prevention of Bartonella Infections
- References
- 235 Klebsiella granulomatis (Donovanosis, Granuloma Inguinale)
- Biology of Causative Organism
- Geographic Distribution and Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 236 Other Gram-Negative and Gram-Variable Bacilli
- Glucose Fermenters
- Glucose Nonfermenters or Weak Fermenters
- References
- v Spirochetes
- 237 Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)
- History
- Etiology
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Pathologic Features
- Natural Course of Untreated Syphilis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction
- Immunity
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 238 Endemic Treponematoses
- Microbiology
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- References
- 239 Leptospira Species (Leptospirosis)
- History
- Etiology
- Epidemiology and Transmission
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- References
- 240 Relapsing Fever Caused by Borrelia Species
- Organism
- Epidemiology and Transmission
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- References
- 241 Lyme Disease (Lyme Borreliosis) Due to Borrelia burgdorferi
- Causative Organism
- Vector of Transmission and Animal Hosts
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Characteristics
- Post–Lyme Disease Symptoms or Syndrome
- Congenital Infection
- Coinfection
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Update
- Reference
- Reference
- Reference
- References
- vi Anaerobic Bacteria
- 242 Anaerobic Infections
- Definition of an Anaerobe
- Anaerobes in the Normal Human Microbiota
- The Microbiome in Health and Disease
- Etiology and Microbiology of Anaerobic Clinical Infections
- Clinical Syndromes Caused by Anaerobes
- Pathogenesis of Anaerobic Infections
- Diagnosis of Anaerobic Infections
- Treatment of Anaerobic Infections and Antibiotic Resistance
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 243 Clostridioides difficile (Formerly Clostridium difficile) Infection
- Historical Overview
- Pathogenesis
- Epidemiology
- Clinical and Pathologic Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Conclusions
- References
- 244 Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)
- History
- Epidemiology
- Microbiology of Clostridium Tetani
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- References
- 245 Botulism (Clostridium botulinum)
- History of Botulism
- Epidemiology
- Microbiology of Clostridium Botulinum
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- References
- 246 Diseases Caused by Clostridium
- Characteristics of Clostridium Species
- Major Infections and Intoxications
- Other Clostridial Infections
- References
- 247 Bacteroides, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, and Fusobacterium Species (and Other Medically Important Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli)
- Overview
- History
- Microbiology
- Symbiosis and Mutualism in Immunity and Metabolism
- Infections
- Recent Associations of Gram-Negative Anaerobic Rods and Disease
- Therapy
- References
- 248 Anaerobic Cocci and Anaerobic Gram-Positive Nonsporulating Bacilli
- Taxonomy
- Gram-Positive Anaerobic Cocci
- Gram-Negative Anaerobic Cocci
- Gram-Positive Anaerobic Nonsporulating Rods
- Microbiologic Aspects
- Treatment
- References
- vii Mycobacterial Diseases
- 249 Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- History
- Microbiology
- Epidemiology
- Immunology
- Tuberculin Skin Test
- Dosage
- Pathogenesis
- Chronic Pulmonary Tuberculosis
- Pulmonary Tuberculosis
- Therapy
- Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis
- Update
- Reference
- References
- 250 Leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae)
- History and Society
- Epidemiology
- Microbiology
- Mechanisms of Immunity
- Clinical Manifestations of Leprosy
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnostic Testing
- Treatment of Leprosy
- Prevention of Leprosy
- Pathologic Immune Reactions of Leprosy
- References
- 251 Mycobacterium avium Complex
- Epidemiology
- Pathogen: Classification and Microbiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment and Prevention
- References
- 252 Infections Caused by Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Other Than Mycobacterium avium Complex
- Overview
- Pulmonary Disease
- Lymphadenitis
- Localized Cutaneous, Joint, and Soft Tissue Infections
- Skin/Soft Tissue
- Infection of Tendon Sheaths, Bones, Bursae, and Joints
- Disseminated Disease
- Catheter-Related Infections
- Miscellaneous Infections
- Laboratory Aspects
- References
- viii Higher Bacterial Diseases
- 253 Nocardia Species
- Classification
- Ecology and Epidemiology
- Pathology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Management
- References
- 254 Agents of Actinomycosis
- Etiologic Agents
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Pathology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- References
- G Mycoses
- 255 Introduction to Mycoses
- Changes in How Fungi Are Identified
- Common Features of Pathogenic Fungi
- Diagnosis of Mycoses
- Microscopic Appearance of Fungi
- Serologic Diagnosis
- Epidemiology
- References
- 256 Candida Species
- Pathogen
- Epidemiology and Ecology
- Pathogenesis and Immunology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Treatment and Prophylaxis
- References
- 257 Aspergillus Species
- Mycology
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenicity and Host Defenses
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnosis and Antifungal Resistance
- Therapy (Table 257.4)
- Prevention and Prophylaxis
- References
- 258 Agents of Mucormycosis and Entomophthoramycosis
- Etiology
- Pathogenesis (Fig. 258.3)
- Clinical Manifestations of Mucormycosis
- Pulmonary Mucormycosis in Less Severely Immunocompromised Patients
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Entomophthoramycosis
- References
- 259 Sporothrix schenckii
- Mycology
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Syndromes
- Clinical Manifestations of Sporotrichosis in the HIV-Infected Patient
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prognosis
- References
- 260 Agents of Chromoblastomycosis
- Etiologic Agents
- Epidemiology
- Pathology and Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- References
- 261 Agents of Mycetoma
- Etiologic Agents
- Epidemiology
- Pathology and Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- References
- 262 Cryptococcosis (Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii)
- History
- Mycology
- Ecology
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenicity
- Host Responses
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Management
- Prognosis
- Prevention
- References
- 263 Histoplasma capsulatum (Histoplasmosis)
- History
- Ecology and Epidemiology
- Mycology
- Pathogenesis
- Pulmonary Histoplasmosis
- Chronic Pulmonary Histoplasmosis
- Progressive Disseminated Histoplasmosis
- Ocular Histoplasmosis
- African Histoplasmosis
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- References
- 264 Blastomycosis
- History
- Mycology
- Geographic Distribution and Ecology
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis, Virulence, and Host Defense
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 265 Coccidioidomycosis (Coccidioides Species)
- Mycology
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Control
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Prevention
- References
- 266 Dermatophytosis (Ringworm) and Other Superficial Mycoses
- Dermatophytosis
- Neoscytalidium Infections
- Other Forms of Onychomycosis
- Pityriasis Versicolor
- Other Malassezia Infections
- Tinea Nigra
- White Piedra
- Black Piedra
- References
- 267 Paracoccidioidomycosis
- Description of the Pathogen
- Ecology and Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and the Immune Response
- Clinical Manifestations
- Characteristics of the Lesions
- Paracoccidioidomycosis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Patients
- Paracoccidioidomycosis and Cancer
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- References
- 268 Uncommon Fungi and Related Species
- Scedosporium Apiospermum (Pseudallescheria Boydii) Species Complex
- Lomentospora (Formerly Scedosporium) Prolificans
- Dark-Walled Fungi and Agents of Phaeohyphomycosis
- Fusarium Spp.
- Other Opportunistic Molds
- Trichosporon Spp.
- Malassezia Furfur
- Other Uncommon Yeasts
- Talaromyces (Formerly Penicillium) Marneffei
- Lacazia Loboi
- Agents of Adiaspiromycosis (Emmonsia Spp.)
- Emergomyces Africanus and Other Emergomyces Species
- Prototheca Spp.
- Pythium Spp.
- Rhinosporidium Seeberi
- Summary
- References
- 269 Pneumocystis Species
- Pathogen
- Epidemiology
- Pathology and Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Granulomatous Pneumocystosis
- Course and Prognosis
- Treatment
- Prevention
- References
- 270 Microsporidiosis
- General Characteristics
- Phylogeny of the Microsporidia
- Epidemiology
- Immunology
- Pathology and Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- References
- H Protozoal Diseases
- 271 Introduction to Protozoal Diseases
- References
- 272 Entamoeba Species, Including Amebic Colitis and Liver Abscess
- Organism
- Pathogenesis
- Immune Response and Immunity
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- References
- 273 Free-Living Amebae
- Organisms
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Pathologic Findings
- Clinical Manifestations
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention
- Resources
- References
- 274 Malaria (Plasmodium Species)
- The Malaria Problem
- Plasmodium and Its Life Cycle
- Pathophysiology
- Genetic Resistance to Malaria
- Acquired Immunity and Antigenic Variation
- Epidemiology of Malaria
- Distribution of Drug Resistance
- Antimalarial Drugs: Mechanisms of Action and Resistance
- Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of Malaria
- Distinguishing Malaria From Other Illnesses With Similar Clinical Presentations
- Therapy (see also Chapter 41)
- Prevention
- References
- 275 Leishmania Species
- Overview and General Principles
- Visceral Leishmaniasis
- Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
- Mucosal Leishmaniasis
- Prevention
- References
- 276 Trypanosoma Species (American Trypanosomiasis, Chagas Disease)
- Chagas Disease
- References
- 277 Agents of African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness)
- Parasites and Their Transmission
- Pathogenesis and Pathology
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Course
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- References
- 278 Toxoplasma gondii
- Etiology
- Organism Stages
- Transmission and Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Immunity
- Genetic Susceptibility
- Pathology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention and Prophylaxis
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 279 Giardia lamblia
- Description of the Pathogen
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Immune Response
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- References
- 280 Trichomonas vaginalis
- Taxonomy
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Complications
- References
- 281 Babesia Species
- Epidemiology
- Microbiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Pathogenesis
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 282 Cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium Species)
- The Parasites
- Epidemiology
- Pathology and Pathogenesis
- Host Response and Immunity
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Prevention
- References
- 283 Cyclospora cayetanensis, Cystoisospora belli, Sarcocystis Species, Balantidium coli, and Blastocystis Species
- Coccidia Other Than Cryptosporidia
- Balantidium coli
- Blastocystis Species
- Acknowledgment
- References
- I Diseases Due to Toxic Algae
- 284 Human Illness Associated With Harmful Algal Blooms
- Ciguatera Fish Poisoning
- Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning
- Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning
- Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning
- Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning
- Azaspiracid Shellfish Poisoning
- Cyanobacteria Exposure Syndromes, including Lyngbya
- Pfiesteria-Associated Syndrome
- References
- J Diseases Due to Helminths
- 285 Introduction to Helminth Infections
- Biology of Helminths
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Host-Parasite Relationship
- Diagnosis of Helminth Infections
- Treatment of Helminth Infections
- Prevention and Control
- References
- 286 Intestinal Nematodes (Roundworms)
- Intestinal Nematodes
- Ascaris Lumbricoides
- Enterobius Vermicularis
- Hookworms
- Strongyloides Stercoralis
- Trichuris Trichiura
- References
- 287 Tissue Nematodes, Including Trichinellosis, Dracunculiasis, Filariasis, Loiasis, and Onchocerciasis
- Trichinellosis
- Haycocknema Perplexum Infection
- Dracunculiasis
- Filariases
- References
- 288 Trematodes (Schistosomes and Liver, Intestinal, and Lung Flukes)
- Schistosomes
- Liver Flukes
- Intestinal Flukes
- Lung Flukes
- Prevention of Foodborne Fluke Infections
- References
- 289 Tapeworms (Cestodes)
- Cestode Biology
- Intestinal Tapeworms
- Other Species Causing Tapeworm Infection in Humans
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Invasive Cestode Infections
- Prevention
- References
- 290 Visceral Larva Migrans and Other Uncommon Helminth Infections
- Visceral Larva Migrans (Toxocariasis)
- Ocular Larva Migrans
- Baylisascariasis
- Anisakiasis
- Eosinophilic Meningitis
- Gnathostomiasis
- Abdominal Angiostrongyliasis
- Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis
- Dirofilariasis
- Capillariasis
- Swimmer's Itch
- References
- K Ectoparasitic Diseases
- 291 Introduction to Ectoparasitic Diseases
- Taxonomy of Ectoparasites
- Epidemiology of Ectoparasitic Diseases
- Mechanisms of Ectoparasite-Borne Diseases and Injuries
- Conclusions
- References
- 292 Lice (Pediculosis)
- Epidemiology
- Diagnosis
- Clinical Manifestations and Differential Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- References
- 293 Scabies
- Epidemiology
- Transmission
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Conclusion
- References
- 294 Myiasis and Tungiasis
- Myiasis
- Flea Infestations
- Tungiasis
- References
- 295 Mites, Including Chiggers
- Mite Taxonomy and Ecology
- Epidemiology and Outcomes of Mite Infestations
- Diagnosis and Management of Mite Infections
- Prevention of Mite Infections and Mite-Transmitted Infectious Diseases
- Conclusion
- References
- 296 Ticks, Including Tick Paralysis
- Tick Biology, Behavior, and Taxonomy
- Epidemiology of Tick-Borne Infectious Diseases
- Tick-Borne Bacterial Infections
- Tick-Borne Protozoal Infections
- Tick-Borne Viral Infections
- Tick Paralysis
- Red Meat Allergy After Tick Bites
- Tick-Transmitted Coinfections
- Prevention and Control of Tick-Borne Infectious Diseases and Paralytic Poisonings
- Conclusions
- References
- L Diseases of Unknown Etiology
- 297 Kawasaki Disease
- Epidemiology
- Etiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Pathology
- Genetics
- Therapy
- Cardiovascular Involvement
- Long-Term Outcome
- References
- IV Special Problems
- A Nosocomial Infections
- 298 Infection Prevention and Control in the Health Care Setting
- Pathogen Transmission in the Hospital
- Transmission-Based Infection-Control Precautions
- Device-Related Infections
- Surveillance
- Outbreak Investigation
- Occupational Medicine
- Emerging Infectious Diseases
- References
- 299 Disinfection, Sterilization, and Control of Hospital Waste
- Definition of Terms
- Rational Approach to Disinfection and Sterilization
- Disinfection of Health Care Equipment and Surfaces
- Sterilization
- Disinfection
- Control of Hospital Waste
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 300 Infections Caused by Percutaneous Intravascular Devices
- Pathogenesis
- Epidemiology
- Microbiology
- Diagnosis
- Device-Specific Issues
- Prevention of Device-Associated Bacteremia
- References
- 301 Nosocomial Pneumonia
- Health Care–Associated Pneumonia
- Epidemiology
- Morbidity and Mortality
- Pathophysiology
- Risk Factors
- Diagnosis
- Summary and Recommendations for Clinical Diagnosis
- Microbiology
- Treatment
- Prevention
- Ventilator-Assisted Pneumonia as A Quality Metric
- References
- 302 Health Care–Associated Urinary Tract Infections
- Definitions
- Epidemiology
- Microbiology
- Pathogenesis
- Diagnosis
- Prevention
- Health Care–Associated Asymptomatic Bacteriuria
- Management of Health Care–Associated Urinary Tract Infection
- Fungal Urinary Tract Infection
- Summary
- References
- 303 Health Care–Acquired Hepatitis
- Historical Background
- Current Epidemiology of Health Care–Associated Hepatitis B and C Outbreaks in the United States
- References
- 304 Transfusion- and Transplantation-Transmitted Infections
- Transfusion-Associated Infections
- Scope of Blood Transfusion
- Bloodborne Pathogens
- Bacterial Pathogens
- Other Agents Transmitted Through Blood Components
- Infectious Diseases Transmitted Through Transplantation of Solid Organs and Other Tissues
- References
- B Infections in Special Hosts
- 305 Infections in the Immunocompromised Host
- Components of Host Defense
- Fever and the Inflammatory Response
- Infections by Site
- Sequence of Infections
- Role of Molecular Diagnostics in Infections in the Immunocompromised Host
- Conclusion
- References
- 306 Prophylaxis and Empirical Therapy of Infection in Cancer Patients
- Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Infections in Cancer Patients
- Etiology
- Prevention of Infections in Cancer Patients
- Treatment of Complications in Neutropenic Cancer Patients
- Other Treatments
- Conclusions
- References
- 307 Infections in Recipients of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants
- Basic Transplantation Techniques
- Clinical Syndromes Unique to the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Recipient
- Patterns of Immunosuppression at Different Times After Myeloablative HSCT
- Immunodeficiency After Nonmyeloablative HSCT
- Measures to Reduce Risks for Infection
- Natural History of Individual Infections After HSCT
- Methods of Immune System Reconstitution After HSCT
- References
- 308 Infections in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients
- Fundamentals of Immunosuppressive Therapy
- Pretransplant Evaluation for Infections
- Time of Occurrence of Infections After Transplantation
- Unique Characteristics of Infections in Different Types of Transplants
- Specific Sites and Types of Infection
- Specific Problems of Viral Infections
- Donor-Transmitted Infections (See Chapter 304)
- Approach to Fever in the Transplant Recipient
- Vaccination in Organ Transplant Candidates and Recipients
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 309 Infections in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury
- Factors That Predispose to Infection
- Challenges in Evaluating Patients for Infection
- Urinary Tract Infection
- Pneumonia
- Infection of Pressure Sores
- Osteomyelitis
- Bloodstream Infection
- Intraabdominal Infection
- Multiresistant Organisms in the Spinal Cord Injury Setting
- References
- 310 Infections in Older Adults
- Predisposition of Older Adults to Infection
- Presentation of Infection in Seniors
- Antibiotic Management in Seniors
- Age-Related Differences in Specific Clinical Syndromes
- Immunization of Older Adults
- Travel Recommendations for Older Adults
- References
- 311 Infections in Asplenic Patients
- Anatomy of the Spleen
- Function of the Spleen
- Types of Asplenia
- Assessment for Splenic Function
- Clinical Presentation of Sepsis Secondary to Asplenia
- Microbial Agents Causing Postsplenectomy Sepsis
- Diagnosis of Postsplenectomy Sepsis
- Management of Postsplenectomy Sepsis
- Prevention of Postsplenectomy Sepsis
- References
- 312 Infections in Injection Drug Users
- Host Defenses
- Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
- Bone and Joint Infections
- Bacteremia and Infective Endocarditis
- Noncardiac Vascular Infections
- Pulmonary Infections
- Hepatitis
- Splenic Abscess
- Central Nervous System Infections
- Ocular Infections
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases
- References
- 313 Surgical Site Infections and Antimicrobial Prophylaxis
- Historical Background
- Principles of Surgical Site Infection Prevention
- Prevention of Surgical Site Infections
- References
- C Surgical- and Trauma-Related Infections
- 314 Burns
- Burn Injury
- Types of Injuries Admitted to Burn Centers
- Epidemiology
- Microbiology
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention
- Conclusions
- References
- 315 Bites
- Animal Bites
- Management of Animal Bites
- Venomous Snakebites
- Lip Wounds and Paronychia
- Human Bites
- Management of Human Bites
- Clenched-Fist Injuries
- References
- D Immunization
- 316 Immunization
- Immunologic Basis of Vaccination
- Components of the Immune Response
- Mobilization of the Adaptive Immune Response
- Unanticipated Responses
- Temporal Course of the Immune Response
- Measurement of the Immune Response
- Vaccine Development
- Currently Available Immunizing Agents
- Use of Vaccines
- References
- E Zoonoses
- 317 Zoonoses
- One Health Initiative
- Mechanisms of Transmission
- Factors in the Emergence of Zoonotic Diseases
- Prediction and Early Detection of Emerging and Reemerging Zoonotic Diseases
- Zoonotic Diseases
- Infections Associated With Wildlife
- Diseases Associated With Agricultural and Other Domestic Animals
- Conclusions
- References
- F Protection of Travelers
- 318 Protection of Travelers
- Epidemiology of Travel-Related Illness
- Immunization
- Malaria Chemoprophylaxis
- Dengue
- Traveler's Diarrhea
- Key Preventive Behaviors
- Noninfectious Travel Problems
- Traveling Adults With Special Needs
- References
- 319 Infections in Returning Travelers
- Fever
- Diarrhea in Travelers
- Skin Problems
- Eosinophilia
- Screening for Asymptomatic Infection
- References
- Index
- Edition: 9
- Published: August 8, 2019
- Imprint: Elsevier
- No. of pages: 4176
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN: 9780323482554
JB
John E. Bennett
John E. Bennett, MD, Adjunct Professor of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine; Bethesda, Maryland
Affiliations and expertise
Adjunct Professor of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MarylandRD
Raphael Dolin
Raphael Dolin, MD, Maxwell Finland Professor of Medicine (Microbiology & Molecular Genetics), Harvard Medical School; Attending Physician, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Affiliations and expertise
Maxwell Finland Professor of Medicine (Microbiology & Molecular Genetics), Harvard Medical School; Attending Physician, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MassachusettsMB
Martin J. Blaser
Martin J. Blaser, MD, Henry Rutgers Chair of the Human Microbiome, Professor of Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine – RWJMS, Director, Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey.
Affiliations and expertise
Henry Rutgers Chair of the Human Microbiome, Professor of Medicine and Microbiology - RWJNS, Director, Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA