Management, Body Systems, and Case Studies in COVID-19

1st Edition - June 15, 2024
Imprint: Academic Press
Editors: Rajkumar Rajendram, Victor R Preedy, Vinood Patel, Colin R. Martin
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 8 7 0 3 - 2
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 8 7 0 4 - 9

Management, Body Systems, and Case Studies in COVID-19 describes the assessment and treatment of patients infected with the novel coronavirus that causes the varied symptoms of COV… Read more

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Management, Body Systems, and Case Studies in COVID-19 describes the assessment and treatment of patients infected with the novel coronavirus that causes the varied symptoms of COVID-19. Detailing this multisystem disease and the organs and tissues affected, this volume features chapters on several body systems. Conditions affecting the respiratory, hematological, hepatobiliary, renal, gastrointestinal, nervous, musculoskeletal, and cardiovascular systems are addressed. The fundamental role of telemedicine during the pandemic is also discussed. This volume is relevant for all clinicians and scientists working to ensure the best outcomes for patients with COVID-19.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Section A: Introductory chapters and setting the scene
Chapter 1 Hand hygiene strategies
Abstract
Introduction
Soaps
Hand sanitizers
Comparison between soaps and hand sanitizers
Impact of COVID-19 on hand hygiene
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 2 Approved vaccines for the COVID-19 pandemic: Linking in future perspectives
Abstract
Introduction
Rapid COVID-19 vaccine development
Current and most common COVID-19 Vaccines
Vaccination strategies to fight against variants of concern
Alternative routes of vaccine administration
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 3 Molecular methods for SARS-CoV-2 variant detection
Abstract
Introduction
Sequencing methods for detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants
PCR-based methods for detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants
CRISPR-Cas-based detection
Protein-based variant SARS-CoV-2 detection
Conclusions and perspectives
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Section B: Management
Chapter 4 Systematic patient assessment for acute respiratory tract ailments (SPARTA): A simple tool to improve outcomes from COVID-19 and other pulmonary diseases
Abstract
Introduction
Collaborative approach to quality improvement, training, and patient safety
The challenge of following guidelines during an evolving pandemic
Focusing on cognitive aids to reduce errors in patient assessment and diagnosis
Development of the SPARTA proforma
Important features of the SPARTA proforma
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Conclusion
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 5 Point of care ultrasound for coronavirus disease 2019: The multiorgan approach to COVID-19
Abstract
Introduction
Pulmonary pathology in COVID-19
Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and pneumonia
Triage
PoCUS protocols and scoring systems for pulmonary pathology in COVID-19
PoCUS for the cardiovascular complications of COVID-19
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Conclusions
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 6 COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: Characteristics and guidelines
Abstract
Introduction
SARS-CoV-2 and the gastrointestinal tract
COVID-19 gastrointestinal symptoms
Risk of COVID-19 in inflammatory bowel disease
Outcomes of COVID-19 in IBD
Effect of IBD medications on COVID-19 outcomes
Management of IBD during the COVID-19 pandemic
Endoscopy during the COVID-19 pandemic and postpandemic period
SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with IBD
Policies and procedures in IBD
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 7 Management of COVID-19 and clinical nutrition
Abstract
Introduction
Nutrition of the COVID-19 nondysphagic patient
Artificial nutrition of the COVID-19 patient
Microbiota and COVID-19
Use of probiotics in the critical patient
The possible risks of probiotics in nutrition
Conclusions
Role of vitamins and minerals in the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection
Evidence supporting the importance of vitamin D in nutrition
Vitamin C, zinc in COVID-19 patient
Conclusions
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 8 The management of head and neck cancer in COVID-19
Abstract
Introduction
Consultation care
Diagnostic tests
Surgical prioritization criteria
Treatment options
Conclusions
Summary points
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Minidictionary of terms
References
Chapter 9 The COVID-19 pandemic: Inventory management and allocation of personal protective equipment
Abstract
Introduction
An unprecedented global challenge
Ethical principles for scarce resource distribution in pandemics
Ethical allocation of personal protective equipment
Public Health Guidelines on PPE allocation
Grassroot initiative strategies
Recommendations for distribution and inventory management
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 10 Clinical management in the COVID-19 pandemic: Rheumatic disease
Abstract
Introduction
Methods, policies, and procedures
General recommendation for RD patients to prevent COVID-19
Applications to other areas
Conclusion
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 11 Managing migraines during the COVID-19 pandemic: An Italian experience
Abstract
Introduction
Procedures
Conclusions
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 12 Managing acute ischemic stroke in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic
Abstract
Introduction
COVID-19 infection and acute ischemic stroke
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on AIS presentation and management
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on endovascular thrombectomy of AIS
EVT protocols during the COVID-19 pandemic
Variations in EVT practices during the COVID-19 pandemic
Impact of the pandemic on the stroke clinician
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on acute stroke care in low- and middle-income countries
Lessons learned and future directions
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 13 Impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on patients with hypertension
Abstract
Introduction
Policies and procedures
COVID-19 pandemic and social stress
COVID-19 as a special disaster for hypertension
Changes in blood pressure during the COVID-19 pandemic
Stress score and blood pressure
COVID-19 pandemic and BP in the world
COVID-19 pandemic and access to medical care
Prevention of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events during the COVID-19 pandemic
Applications to other areas
Conclusion
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 14 Neurosurgical trauma management during COVID-19 restrictions
Abstract
Introduction
Changes in neurosurgical trauma: An overview
Neurosurgical trauma in Santa Clara County
Impact on neurosurgical trauma domestically
Global impact of COVID-19 on neurosurgical trauma
Other trends in neurosurgical trauma during COVID-19
Limitations of retrospective single-center reviews
Conclusion
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 15 The COVID-19 pandemic and management of weight gain: Implications for obesity
Abstract
Introduction
Obesity as a risk factor for severe disease
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on obesity
Importance of treating obesity
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on current medical practice
Conclusion
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 16 COVID-19 and the management of heart failure using telemedicine
Abstract
Introduction
Telemedicine and telemonitoring in heart failure
Recent telemedicine and telemonitoring trials
COVID-19 and heart failure clinics
Conclusion
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Section C: Guidelines for different treatment clinics
Chapter 17 Guidelines for breast imaging in the COVID-19 pandemic
Abstract
Introduction
Breast imaging guidelines
Breast imaging during pandemic
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 18 Vaccine-induced (immune) thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT): Diagnosis, guidelines, and reporting
Abstract
Introduction
VITT vs TTS
VITT vs HITT—Similar but different
Immunological detection of anti-PF4 antibodies in VITT (vs HITT)
Functional testing for platelet activation in VITT (vs HITT)
Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of VITT (or HITT)
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Acknowledgments/sources of funding
Conflicts of interest
References
Chapter 19 Lung cancer in the era of COVID-19
Abstract
Introduction
Risk factors in NSCLC patients
Risks and benefits
Surgical approach
Treatment delay and consequences
International experiences
Conclusion
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 20 Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children/pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome: Clinical guidelines
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology and case definitions
Clinical presentation
Addressing other etiologies in the differential
Criteria for hospitalization
Treatment
Hospital course
Discharge and follow-up
Summary points
References
Section D: Impact on the respiratory system
Chapter 21 Ground-glass nodules in the lungs of COVID-19 patients
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
GGN/GGO and mortality
Evolution after acute phase of COVID-19 and GGO/GGN
Need for differential diagnosis of GGN/GGO from COVID-19 and lung cancer?
“GGO TNM” and differences between GGOs from COVID-19 and lung cancer
Diagnostic difficulties and CXR vs. chest CT scan
Confirmation of CXR results by chest CT scan and pragmatism of CXR
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 22 Cardiothoracic imaging in patients affected by COVID-19
Abstract
Introduction
Management of COVID-19 infection in radiology department
Thoracic imaging in SARS-COV-2
Cardiovascular imaging in SARS-COV-2 disease
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 23 Bronchial epithelial cells in cystic fibrosis: What happens in SARS-CoV-2 infection?
Abstract
Introduction
Cystic fibrosis
Bronchial epithelial cells in normal and cystic fibrosis tissues
SARS-CoV-2 infection impact in bronchial epithelial cells
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 24 Biomechanics and mechanobiology of the lung parenchyma following SARS-CoV-2 infection
Abstract
Introduction
Biomechanics of the non-COVID-19 respiratory system
Biomechanics of the COVID-19 respiratory system
The lung’s P-V curve in COVID-19
Lung mechanobiology in COVID-19
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 25 Long noncoding RNA profiling in respiratory specimens from COVID-19 patients
Abstract
Introduction
Respiratory samples
The noncoding transcriptome
Long noncoding RNAs
Long noncoding RNAs and COVID-19
Conclusions
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 26 COVID-19 and acute pulmonary embolism
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology of acute pulmonary embolism in COVID-19 patients
Diagnosis of acute PE in COVID-19 patients
Prognostic biomarkers
Anticoagulation
Systemic thrombolysis
Percutaneous treatments
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 27 The usefulness of the alveolar-arteriolar gradient during the COVID-19 pandemic
Abstract
Acknowledgment
Introduction
PaO2/FiO2
D(A-a)O2 or alveolar-arterial gradient
PaO2/FiO2 was early used to identify patients with severe COVID-19
D(A-a)O2 and its use among COVID-19 patients
Conclusion
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Section E: Effects on cardiovascular and hematological systems
Chapter 28 Cardiac manifestations of COVID-19: An overview
Abstract
Introduction
Cardiac manifestations of COVID-19
Cardiac complications of COVID-19
Cardiac effects of COVID-19 treatments
Cardiac effects of COVID-19 vaccines
Long-term effects of COVID-19
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Disclosures
References
Chapter 29 Limb ischemia and COVID-19
Abstract
Epidemiology and etiopathogenesis
Clinical presentation
Diagnosis
Operative techniques
Follow-up
Mini dictionary of terms
Summary points
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
References
Chapter 30 Thrombosis and coagulopathy in COVID-19: A current narrative
Abstract
Introduction
Pathophysiology of coagulopathy in COVID-19
Venous thromboembolism in COVID-19
Arterial thrombosis in COVID-19
Anticoagulant use in COVID-19 patients
Conclusions and future directions
Policies and procedures
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 31 COVID-19 myocarditis: Features of echocardiography
Abstract
Introduction
Role of transthoracic echocardiography in COVID-19 myocarditis
Two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography and other techniques
Speckle tracking echocardiography and myocardial work
Role of transthoracic echocardiography in right ventricle dysfunction
Involvement of right ventricle in COVID-19 patients
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 32 COVID-19 lockdown and impact on arrhythmias
Abstract
Introduction
COVID-19 lockdown and cardiac arrhythmias
Conclusions
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 33 Cardiometabolic disease and COVID-19: A new narrative
Abstract
Introduction
Impact of cardiometabolic disease on COVID-19
Management consideration of COVID-19
Vaccination consideration of COVID-19
Impact of COVID-19 on cardiometabolic health
Policies and procedures
Application to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 34 Postrecovery COVID-19 and interlinking diabetes and cardiovascular events
Abstract
Introduction
Post-COVID-19 epidemiological studies
COVID-19 and diabetes
Recovery from COVID-19 and incident new cases of cardiovascular diseases in diabetes
Relation between gender and risk of cardiovascular events in diabetes
Post-COVID-19 complications and glucose-lowering therapy in diabetes
Statins and post-COVID-19 events
Summary points
References
Chapter 35 COVID-19 patients and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Abstract
Introduction
Rationale, risk factors for mortality, and indications for ECMO in COVID-19 patients
Management of COVID-19 patients treated with ECMO
Adjuvant therapies during ECMO
Results and complications of ECMO in COVID-19 patients
Post-ECMO functional recovery
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary
Summary points
References
Chapter 36 Sars-CoV-2 infection in different hematological patients
Abstract
Introduction
Blood counts and other laboratory parameters
Hematological diseases
Case reports
Conclusion
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Section F: Effects on body systems
Chapter 37 Dermatological reactions associated with personal protective equipment use during the COVID-19 pandemic
Abstract
Introduction
Incidence of adverse reactions
Reaction areas and associated incidence
Types of reactions
Effects of materials and improper wear
Effects of gender and healthcare position
Effects of hygiene
Time of use and other predictors of adverse reactions
Mitigation practices
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 38 Hemodialysis patients, effects of infections by SARS-CoV-2 and vaccine response
Abstract
Clinical presentation and outcomes
Prevention
Vaccination
Pharmacological management
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 39 Coinfections with COVID-19: A focus on tuberculosis (TB)
Abstract
Introduction
Pathology of COVID-19 and tuberculosis coinfection
Morbidity and mortality rates
Diagnosis of COVID-19 and tuberculosis
Microbiology
Imaging
The impact of COVID-19 on TB
Biological, clinical, and public health effects
Effects of COVID-19 and tuberculosis coinfection on the pulmonary system
Effect of COVID-19 and tuberculosis coinfection on the immune system
Treatment of COVID-19 and TB coinfection
Conclusion
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 40 Patients with autoimmune liver disease and the impact of Sars-COV-2 infection
Abstract
Introduction
What is the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with AILD?
Does SARS-COV-2 infection affect clinical outcomes of AILDs?
How has the management of AILD changed during the pandemic?
What is the efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines in patients with previous AILD?
Is there evidence for an increased incidence of AILDs as a consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection?
Is there evidence for an increased incidence of AILDs as a consequence of COVID-19 vaccination?
Conclusions
Summary points
References
Chapter 41 COVID-19 severity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Abstract
Introduction
The risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with NAFLD
Clinical course and outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with NAFLD
The risk of pulmonary thrombosis in patients with COVID-19 and NAFLD
Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with NAFLD
NAFLD and post-COVID-19 condition
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 42 Changes in obesity and diabetes severity during the COVID-19 pandemic at Virginia Commonwealth University health system
Abstract
Introduction
Obesity and diabetes mellitus
Methods for evaluating diabetes control
COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus
African American susceptibility to diabetes complications
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Summary points
References
Chapter 43 COVID-19 associated rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis in patients with diabetes and comorbid conditions
Abstract
Introduction
Etiology and risk factors
Possible reasons
Clinical presentation
Diagnosis
Radiological imaging
Management and treatment
Prognosis and outcome
Policies
Application to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 44 Tissue location of SARS-CoV-2 RNA: A focus on bone and implications for skeletal health
Abstract
COVID-19 and bone health
COVID-19 and bone health: Basic and preclinical implications
Osteo-metabolic findings in COVID-19 patients
Conclusions
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 45 Linking between gastrointestinal tract effects of COVID-19 and tryptophan metabolism
Abstract
Introduction
Gastrointestinal symptoms and their mechanisms in COVID-19
The role of tryptophan and its metabolites in the gastrointestinal tract
ACE2 and tryptophan metabolism
COVID-19 and intestinal microbiota
COVID-19 and tryptophan metabolism in the intestinal tract
Conclusion
Summary points
References
Chapter 46 Organ damage in SARS-CoV-2 infection in children: A focus on acute kidney injury
Abstract
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Laboratory work up
Management
Prognosis
Summary points
References
Chapter 47 Obesity, COVID-19 severity, and mortality
Abstract
Introduction
Process of viral infection
The global prevalence of individuals with overweight and obesity
Obesity and COVID-19: Shared immunological perturbations
Paradoxical effect of obesity on different pulmonary conditions and obesity antiparadox effect on COVID-19
COVID-19 and risks related to obesity among adults
Clinical evidence linking obesity to worse outcomes in patients with COVID-19
Implications for treatment and vaccination strategies for being an individual with obesity
Policies and procedures for obesity and COVID-19
Directions for future research and management of COVID-19 in the obese population
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 48 Upper and lower gastrointestinal symptoms and manifestations of COVID-19
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Pathophysiology of COVID-19 and its effects on the gastrointestinal tract
Upper gastrointestinal symptoms in COVID-19
COVID-19-induced pancreatitis
Liver manifestations in COVID-19
Lower gastrointestinal symptoms in COVID-19
Rare gastrointestinal complications of COVID-19
Post-COVID-19 syndrome of the gastrointestinal tract
Mini dictionary of terms
Summary of key points
Conclusions
References
Chapter 49 The COVID-19 survivors: Impact on skeletal muscle strength
Abstract
COVID-19, skeletal muscle impairment and consequences
Current evidence of muscle strength impairment
Assessing respiratory and peripheral muscle strength in COVID-19 patients
Rehabilitative strategies on muscle strength in COVID-19 patients
Clinical case report
Questions and answers
Conclusion
Summary points
References
Section G: Case studies with mini review
Chapter 50 Case study: Oral mucosal lesions in patients with COVID-19
Abstract
Introduction
Oral mucosal lesions in COVID-19: Mini review of the literature
Case study: Oral mucosal lesions in patients with COVID-19
Summary points
References
Chapter 51 Case study: COVID-19 pneumonia presented with cavitary lesions
Abstract
Introduction
Case one
Case two
Management of cavitary lesions in COVID-19 pneumonia
Summary points
References
Chapter 52 Case study: Optic neuritis in SARS-CoV-2 infection
Abstract
Introduction
Literature
The case study
Optic neuritis following COVID-19 vaccination
Atypical unilateral optic neuritis following COVID-19 vaccination
Conclusion
Summary points
References
Section H: Resources
Chapter 53 Recommended resources relevant to the body systems involvement and management of COVID-19
Abstract
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Resources
Other resources
Summary points
References
Index

Rajkumar Rajendram

Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas Medical School, King’s College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects.

Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford.

Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Dr Rajendram’s focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of King’s College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.

Affiliations and expertise

Consultant in Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Victor R Preedy

Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King’s College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King’s College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King’s College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King’s College Hospital, London, UK; Emeritus Professor, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, UK Visiting Professor, University of Hull, UK

Vinood Patel

Vinood B. Patel, BSc, PhD, FRSC, is currently Professor in Clinical Biochemistry at the University of Westminster. In 2014 Dr Patel was elected as a Fellow to The Royal Society of Chemistry. Dr Patel graduated from the University of Portsmouth with a degree in Pharmacology and completed his PhD in protein metabolism from King’s College London in 1997. His postdoctoral work was carried out at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical School, NC, USA studying structural-functional alterations to mitochondrial ribosomes, where he developed novel techniques to characterize their biophysical properties. Research is being undertaken to study the role of nutrients, antioxidants, phytochemicals, iron, alcohol and fatty acids in the pathophysiology of liver disease. Other areas of interest are identifying new biomarkers that can be used for the diagnosis and prognosis of disease and understanding mitochondrial oxidative stress in neurological disorders and iron dysregulation in diabetes. Dr Patel is a nationally and internationally recognized researcher and has several edited biomedical books related to the use or investigation of active agents or components. These books include The Handbook of Nutrition, Diet, and Epigenetics, Branched Chain Amino Acids in Clinical Nutrition, Cancer: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Toxicology: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Molecular Nutrition: Vitamins, The Neuroscience of Pain, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. He is Editor of the ten-volume series Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications.

Affiliations and expertise

Reader, Clinical Biochemistry, University of Westminster, London, UK

Colin R. Martin

Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director: Institute for Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK

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Management, Body Systems, and Case Studies in COVID-19

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Rajkumar Rajendram

Victor R Preedy

Vinood Patel

Colin R. Martin

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