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Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Tools for Neuroscience Research and Emerging Clinical Applications
- 1st Edition - November 11, 2013
- Editors: Charlotte Stagg, Douglas L. Rothman
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 4 0 1 6 8 8 - 0
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 4 0 1 6 9 7 - 2
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Tools for Neuroscience Research and Emerging Clinical Applications is the first comprehensive book for non-physicists that addresses the emerging… Read more
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Request a sales quoteMagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Tools for Neuroscience Research and Emerging Clinical Applications is the first comprehensive book for non-physicists that addresses the emerging and exciting technique of magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Divided into three sections, this book provides coverage of the key areas of concern for researchers. The first, on how MRS is acquired, provides a comprehensive overview of the techniques, analysis, and pitfalls encountered in MRS; the second, on what can be seen by MRS, provides essential background physiology and biochemistry on the major metabolites studied; the final sections, on why MRS is used, constitutes a detailed guide to the major clinical and scientific uses of MRS, the current state of teh art, and recent innovations.
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy will become the essential guide for people new to the technique and give those more familiar with MRS a new perspective.
- Chapters written by world-leading experts in the field
- Fully illustrated
- Covers both proton and non-proton MRS
- Includes the background to novel MRS imaging approaches
Neuroscience researchers and clinicians (neurologists, radiologists, psychiatrists) using MR imaging
Acknowledgements
Contributors
Introduction
Section 1: How MRS is Acquired
Section 2: Biochemistry—What Underlies the Signal?
Section 3: Applications of Proton MRS
Section 4: Applications of Non-Proton MRS
References
Section 1: Technical Aspects—How MRS is Acquired
Chapter 1.1. Basis of Magnetic Resonance
Introduction
MRS Methods
Conclusions
References
Chapter 1.2. Localized Single-Voxel Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Water Suppression, and Novel Approaches for Ultrashort Echo-Time Measurements
Introduction
Instrumental Impacts on Volume Definition
Factors Affecting Spectral Quality
Basic Localization 1H Mrs Methods
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 1.3. Technical Considerations for Multivoxel Approaches and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging
Introduction
Multivolume Selection
Spatial Encoding
Fast Gradient-Encoding Methods
Encoding Based on Prior Knowledge
Water Suppression
Lipid Suppression
B0 Shimming
Conclusions
References
Chapter 1.4. Spectral Editing and 2D NMR
Introduction
Scalar Coupling
In Vivo GABA Editing
2D NMR Spectroscopy
References
Chapter 1.5. Spectral Quantification and Pitfalls in Interpreting Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Data: What To Look Out For
Introduction: A Simple Example of Spectral Quantitation
Measuring Peak Intensity
Nuisance Signals
Software Packages for Spectral Quantification
Signal Referencing and Absolute Quantification
Quality Control
Conclusions
References
Section 2: Biochemistry — What Underlies the Signal?
Chapter 2.1. N-Acetylaspartate and N-Acetylaspartylglutamate in Central Nervous System Health and Disease
Introduction
NAA
NAAG
References
Chapter 2.2. The Biochemistry of Creatine
Introduction
Creatine and High-Energy Phosphate Metabolism
CK within the CNS
Therapeutic Cr Supplementation
Quantification of Brain Cr with MRS
Conclusions
References
Chapter 2.3. The Biochemistry of Choline
Introduction
Biosynthesis
Biological Function
Indicators of Membrane Damage
The Cho Peak in MRS
Conclusions
References
Chapter 2.4. Glutamate
Introduction
Roles of Glutamate in Brain
Regulation of Glutamate Concentration
Interpretation of Changes in Glutamate Concentration
Conclusions
References
Chapter 2.5. Other Significant Metabolites: Myo-Inositol, GABA, Glutamine, and Lactate
Introduction
Myo-Inositol
GABA
Glutamine
Lactate
Conclusions
References
Section 3: Applications of Proton-MRS
Chapter 3.1. Usefulness of Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in the Clinical Management of Brain Tumors
Introduction
1H MRS Acquisition and Normal Values
To be or not to be a Tumor, that is the Question
Proton MRS in the Classification of Brain Tumors
MRS in the Assessment of Glial Tumor Grade
Proton MRS in the Follow-up of Brain Tumors
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3.2. Multiple Sclerosis and Inflammatory Diseases
Introduction
MS
Conclusions
References
Chapter 3.3. Epilepsy
Introduction
31P Studies of High-Energy Phosphates in Epilepsy
1H Spectroscopy in Epilepsy
Conclusions
References
Chapter 3.4. Stroke and Cerebral Ischemia
Introduction
Ischemic Stroke
Hemorrhagic Stroke
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Stroke
Spectroscopy: Proton MRS
MRS in the Penumbra and Infarct Core
Spectral Editing
Diaschisis
Stroke and Depression
Spectroscopy in the Recovering Brain
Problems with MRS Acquisition in Stroke
References
Chapter 3.5. Use of MRS in Inborn Errors of Metabolism: Canavan’s Disease and MRS in Differential Diagnosis
Introduction
Primary Leukodystrophies
Lysosomal Storage Diseases
Peroxisomal Disorders Producing Leukodystrophies
Amino Aciduria
Organic Acidurias
Conclusions
References
Chapter 3.6. MRS of Psychiatric Disorders
Introduction
Findings During Episodes of Illness
Abnormalities after Clinical Recovery
Abnormalities in High-Risk Groups
Clinical Role
Conclusions
References
Chapter 3.7. Preclinical and Clinical Applications of 1H MRS in the Spinal Cord
Introduction
Importance of 1H MRS Advances
Methodological Challenges and Considerations
Preclinical and Clinical 1H MRS Applications in the Spinal Cord
Future Potential of 1H MRS in the Spinal Cord
Conclusions
References
Chapter 3.8. Interindividual Differences in Behavior and Plasticity
Introduction
Summary of GABA Metabolism
Data from Animal Models of Plasticity Induction
Quantifying GABA in Humans in Vivo
Chapter Outline
Interindividual Differences in GABA can be Related to Behavior
GABA Changes in Clinical Populations
GABAergic Changes in Plasticity Induction
Relationship to MRS-Assessed GABA and Information Derived from Other Imaging Modalities
Conclusions and Outstanding Questions
References
Chapter 3.9. MRS in Development and Across the Life Span
Introduction
Overview
MRS in Early Brain Development
MRS Across the Life Span
The Way Forward
References
Chapter 3.10. Hormonal Influences on Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Measures
Introduction
Overview of Hormone Biology
Neurochemicals: Males Versus Females
Summary of Estradiol and Progesterone
Male Sex Steroidal Hormones and Neurochemical Changes
Conclusions
References
Chapter 3.11. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Neuroenergetics and Neurotransmission
13C MRS Measurements of Cerebral Energy Metabolism
MRS Measurements of Neurotransmitter Fluxes
Application of 13C MRS in Human Disease
Summary
References
Section 4: Applications of Non-Proton MRS
Chapter 4.1. Quantitative Metabolic Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Sodium, Oxygen, Phosphorus and Potassium in the Human Brain: A Rationale for Bioscales in Clinical Applications
Introduction
Justification for Quantification of Mr Signals
Quantification of MR Signals
Clinical Applications of Quantitative Sodium Imaging
Potential Applications of Quantitative 17-Oxygen MR Imaging
Potential Applications of Quantitative 31-Phosphorus MR Imaging
Applications of Quantitative Potassium MR Imaging
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4.2. Carbon (13C) MRS
Introduction
Studies in Animal and Cell Models of the Glutamate/Glutamine Cycle and Neuronal and Glial Energetics
In Vivo 13C MRS Studies of Human Brain
Future Prospects for 13C MRS Studies in Humans
Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 4.3. Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy of the Brain
Introduction
Kinetic Analysis to Derive In Vivo Metabolic Rate(s) from Hyperpolarized MR Studies
Some Pointers to Future Exploitation of Hyperpolarized MR in Neuroscience and Neurology
Acknowledgments
References
Index
- No. of pages: 398
- Language: English
- Edition: 1
- Published: November 11, 2013
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Hardback ISBN: 9780124016880
- eBook ISBN: 9780124016972
CS
Charlotte Stagg
Charlotte Stagg is a British neurophysiologist who is a professor at the University of Oxford. She leads the Physiological Neuroimaging Group.
Stagg studied physiology and medicine at the University of Bristol, graduating with pre-clinical and clinical honours and the Physiological Society prize. For her doctoral degree, she moved to the University of Oxford and worked at the Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the Brain (FMRIB) under the supervision of Paul Matthews and Heidi Johansen-Berg. During her DPhil, she looked to understand how people acquire new motor skills. She joined the Neuroplasticity group for her first postdoctoral position. In 2010 she moved to the Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, where she worked with John Rothwell for half a year, before joining Andrew Maudsley at the University of Miami. There she became interested in in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy.Affiliations and expertise
St Edmund Hall, University of Oxford, Oxford, United KingdomDR
Douglas L. Rothman
Dr. Rothman is director of the Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC) at the Yale School of Medicine. The MRRC presently supports the NIH- funded work of more than 70 Principal Investigators, as well as 13 program project grants and center grants. Dr. Rothman has an international reputation as a leader in the development of novel MR methods for the study of brain, liver, and muscle metabolism and function. Among the many MR 'firsts' of his team of bioimaging scientists have been the development of MR methods for imaging glutamate and GABA neurotransmission, brain energy metabolism, and liver and muscle glycogen and glucose metabolism and metabolic control. He is presently supported by two R01 grants, and has served as the primary mentor of six postdoctoral fellows and two students. His postdoctoral fellows have all gone on to faculty positions at major research institutions in the US and abroad. He is a named mentor on five K awards at different levels and is an informal mentor to many other junior and mid-level faculty members in the use of MR technology in their research.
Affiliations and expertise
Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United StatesRead Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy on ScienceDirect