Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery

3rd Edition - December 27, 2016
Imprint: Saunders
Editors: Stephen J. Divers, Scott J. Stahl
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 4 8 2 5 3 - 0
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 6 7 6 6 1 - 8
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 4 8 2 4 8 - 6

**Selected for Doody’s Core Titles® 2024 in Veterinary Medicine**Known as "the bible" of herpetological medicine and surgery, Mader’s Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surg… Read more

Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery

Purchase options

Info / Buy

World Book Day Celebration!

Save up to 30% on books and eBooks!

Shop now

Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect

Request a sales quote

**Selected for Doody’s Core Titles® 2024 in Veterinary Medicine**

Known as "the bible" of herpetological medicine and surgery, Mader’s Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery, 3rd Edition edited by Stephen Divers and Scott Stahl provides a complete veterinary reference for reptiles and amphibians, including specific sections on practice management and development; taxonomy, anatomy, physiology, behavior, stress and welfare; captive husbandry and management including nutrition, heating and lighting; infectious diseases and laboratory sciences; clinical techniques and procedures; sedation, anesthesia and analgesia; diagnostic imaging; endoscopy; medicine; surgery; therapy; differential diagnoses by clinical signs; specific disease/condition summaries; population health and public health; and legal topics. Well-organized and concise, this new edition covers just about everything related to reptiles and amphibians by utilizing an international array of contributing authors that were selected based on their recognized specialization and expertise, bringing a truly global perspective to this essential text!

Highly knowledgeable, well respected, recognized specialists add a global view of the subject matter.
Details on creating, building and maintaining your herpetological veterinary practice
The extensive biology of a wide variety of species is covered, including snakes, lizards, turtles, crocodiles, tuatara and amphibians, providing an understanding of the unique anatomy and physiology of these species, which is a vital prerequisite of medicine and surgery.
Spellings of all North American reptiles and amphibians approved by The Committee of Standard English and Scientific Names ensures students have the most up-to-date naming conventions for these exotic species.
Thorough coverage of taxa-specific husbandry and management practices, as well as current nutritional recommendations, advances in lighting, welfare, and behavioral training.
Dedicated section on infectious diseases (virology, bacteriology, mycology, parasitology) and laboratory diagnostics
Detailed, step-by-step techniques and procedures including catheters and feeding tubes, and modern recommendation on hospitalization and euthanasia.
Completely revised chapters on sedation, general anesthesia, analgesia, local anesthesia and amphibian anesthesia
Completely revised chapters on radiography, ultrasonography, CT, MRI, scintigraphy, diagnostic endoscopy and endosurgery
Greatly expanded medicine section details all major areas including urology, hepatology, cardiology, dermatology, ophthalmology, gastroenterology, pulmonology, neurology, oncology, endocrinology, theriogenology, musculoskeletal, vascular/hematopoietic/immunology, behavioral medicine, nutritional diseases, perinatology, geriatrics, emergency and critical care, toxicology and amphibian medicine.
Completely revised and expanded surgery section includes the eye, ear, rhinarium, oral cavity, integument, coeliotomy and internal viscera, cloaca, amphibian soft tissue surgery, orthopedics and amputation.
Expanded and updated therapy section on antimicrobials, anti-virals, anti-parasiticides, anti-inflammatories, including new chapters on psychopharmacology, oncologic therapies, photobiomodulation, wound management, and rehabilitation.
A revised list of common conditions and diseases allows busy practitioners to review the most common, clinically significant, hot topics quickly and clearly.
Expanded section on population health includes new chapters on commercial reptile farming, large collection management, breeders/wholesalers & retail, laboratory management, conservation issues and ecosystem health.
Updated international, European and US legislation with new chapters on forensics and jurisprudence, expert testimony and court appearances.

Cover image
Title Page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Section 1 Practice Management and Development
1 Developing a Successful Herpetological Veterinary Service
Medicine Practiced
Approach and Attitude
References
2 Reference Resources for the Herpetological Clinician
Associations and Societies
Books
Journals
Online Resources
Conferences
References
3 Understanding the Human-Herp Relationship
The Human-Animal Bond
The Pet Reptile or Amphibian
The Commercial Animal
Large Collections
End-of-Life Considerations
Compassionate Euthanasia Guidelines
Common Concerns for the Clinician and the Client Regarding Animal Loss
Conclusion
References
4 Specialization
Advice to Candidates Seeking Specialist Registration
Requirements for Continuing Education in the Chosen Specialty
Specialty Boards
Specialty Colleges and Boards Web Pages
References
5 The Importance of Herpetological Publication by Clinicians and Academics
What Is “Herpetological Literature”?
Negative Results Don't Exist…Only Hypotheses That Need to Be Tested
Peer-Reviewed Herpetological Medicine Publications
Being an Active Participant in Peer Review
Conclusion
References
6 Statistics for the Clinician Scientist
Hypotheses
Data
Distribution
Sample Size
The P-Value
Parametric VERSUS Nonparametric Statistical Tests
Statistical Software
Conclusion
References
Section 2 Biology (Taxonomy, Anatomy, Physiology, and Behavior)
7 Chelonian Taxonomy, Anatomy, and Physiology
Taxonomy
Anatomy and Physiology
References
8 Snake Taxonomy, Anatomy, and Physiology
Taxonomy
Anatomy and Physiology
Behavior
References
9 Lizard Taxonomy, Anatomy, and Physiology
Taxonomy
Anatomy and Physiology
Behavior
Longevity
References
10 Crocodilian Taxonomy, Anatomy, and Physiology
Taxonomy
Anatomy and Physiology
Behavior
References
11 Tuatara Taxonomy, Anatomy, and Physiology
Taxonomy
Anatomy and Physiology
Acknowledgments
References
12 Amphibian Taxonomy, Anatomy, and Physiology
Taxonomy
Anatomy and Physiology
Behavior
References
13 Natural Behavior
Ectothermy
Water Conservation and Osmotic Balance
Sensory Adaptations
Foraging and Predation
Sleep and Other Endogenous Rhythms
Color Change
Defense
Social & Reproductive Adaptations
Nonreproductive Social Behavior
Behaviors Particular to Captivity
Acknowledgments
References
14 Behavioral Training and Enrichment of Reptiles
Enrichment
Training
Practical Examples of Training and Enrichment
Conclusion
References
15 Stress and Welfare
Physiology of the Stress Response
Effects of Stress on the Various Body Systems
When Does the Stress Response Become Nonadaptive?
The Stress of Captivity
How Is Stress Important to Reptile Medicine?
Assessing Welfare Needs
Recognizing Stress and Its Impacts on Welfare
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Section 3 Husbandry and Management
16 General Husbandry and Management
Biology
Basic Husbandry Requirements
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
17 Environmental Lighting
Natural Sunlight
Electromagnetic Radiation
References
18 Disinfection
Techniques and Products
References
19 Quarantine
Disease Risk Assessment
Quarantine Duration
Quarantine Evaluation
References
20 Snakes
Restraint
Specific Housing Requirements
Thermoregulation
Feeding and Nutrition
Behavior
Brumation
Longevity
References
21 Lizards
Restraint
Identification
Specific Housing Requirements
Outdooor Enclosures
Water Provision, Humidity, and Osmoregulation
Communal Housing and Handling
Feeding and Nutrition
Disinfection
Quarantine
References
22 Venomous Species
Development of Emergency Protocols for the Management of Venomous Animal Bites
Classification of Venomous Reptiles
Venoms
LD50
Medical Management of Snakebite
Handling and Treating Venomous Snakes in the Veterinary Hospital
Venomous Animal Bite Plan (United States)
Venomous Animal Escape Plan
First-Aid Procedures
First-Aid Procedures for a Venomous Reptile Bite (United States)
Elapid Snakebite (Australia)
Pressure/Immobilization
Medical Treatment
Acknowledgments
References
23 Tortoises, Freshwater Turtles, and Terrapins
Handling
Lighting
Temperature
Hibernation
Predators and Other Hazards
Annual Examinations
Identification
Acclimatization
Tortoise and Box Turtle Care
Aquatic Turtles
Acknowledgments
References
24 Sea Turtles
Sea Turtle Species and Identification
Natural History
Permit Conditions for Sea Turtle Captive Care and Rehabilitation
Handling and Transportation
Housing
Quarantine and Biosecurity
Nutrition
Conclusion
References
25 Crocodilians
Restraint
Identification
Specific Housing Requirements
Feeding and Nutrition
References
26 Tuatara
Restraint
Identification
Specific Housing Requirements
Feeding and Nutrition
Acknowledgments
References
27 Nutrition
Water
Complete Manufactured Diets
Multivitamins and Calcium Supplements
Nutritional Biology
Conclusion
References
28 Amphibians
Restraint
Identification
Specific Housing Requirements
Quarantine and Disinfection Procedures
Environmental Toxins
Transportation of Amphibians
Suitability of Species
Stocking Density
Feeding and Nutrition
References
Section 4 Infectious Diseases and Laboratory Sciences
29 Bacteriology
Reptiles as Microbial Ecosystems
Bacterial Diagnostics
An Overview of Bacterial Taxa
Firmicutes
Proteobacteria
Actinobacteria
Bacteroidetes
Chlamydiae
Tenericutes
Spirochaetes
Fusobacteria
Cyanobacteria
References
30 Virology
Adenoviridae
Herpesviridae
Iridoviridae
Ranaviruses
Invertebrate Iridoviruses (IIV)
Erythrocytic Viruses
Papillomaviridae
Poxviridae
Circoviridae and Tornovirus
Parvoviridae
Hepadnaviridae
Retroviridae
Reoviridae
Bornaviridae
Paramyxoviridae: Ferlavirus
Sunviridae: Sunshinevirus
Rhabdoviridae
Arenaviridae
Inclusion Body Disease (IBD)
Bunyaviridae
Nidovirales: Coronaviridae
Picornaviridae
Caliciviridae
Flaviviridae
West Nile Virus (WNV)
Togaviridae
References
31 Mycology
Reptile-Fungal Ecology
Issues in Mycology
Fungal Diagnostics
Pharmacologic Antifungal Therapy
An Overview of Fungal Taxa
References
32 Parasitology (Including Hemoparasites)
Reptile-Parasite Ecology
Diagnostic Confirmation
Single-Celled Parasites
Metazoan Parasites
References
33 Hematology
Sample Collection and Preservation
The Hematology Report
Leukocyte Morphology, Function, and Interpretation
References
34 Clinical Chemistry
Venipuncture
Gross Plasma Evaluation
Anticoagulants, Preservation, and Venipuncture Sites
Blood Chemistry
References
35 Hematology and Biochemistry Tables
References
36 Molecular Infectious Disease Diagnostics
Serology or Culture Compared With Molecular Techniques
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Probe Hybridization Quantitative PCR
Consensus PCR Techniques
Rolling Circle Amplification
High Throughput Sequencing
Sample Collection for Nucleic Acid–Based Diagnostics
How to Choose a Laboratory
References
37 Immunopathology
Cells and Tissues of the Immune System
Innate Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
Responses and Disorders
References
38 Cytology
Sample Acquisition
Sample Handling
Sample Submission
References
39 Biopsy
Gross Photography
References
40 Necropsy
Necropsy Procedures
After the Necropsy
Acknowledgments
References
41 Diagnostic Laboratory Listing
North America (Accredited Laboratories)
North America (Labs With Provisional Accreditation)
North America (Nonaccredited Laboratories)
Europe
Asia
Section 5 Techniques and Procedures
42 Medical History and Physical Examination
Special Considerations
Snakes
Lizards
Chelonians
Crocodilians
References
43 Diagnostic Techniques and Sample Collection
Diagnostic Sample Collection
References
44 Catheter Placement
Peripheral Venous Catheterization
Intraosseous Catheterization
Intracardiac Catheterization
Arterial Catheterization
Central Venous Catheterization
Vascular Access Ports
Catheter Maintenance
Conclusion
References
45 Esophagostomy Tube Placement
Procedure
Maintenance and Use
Removal
Conclusion
References
46 Hospitalization
Indications for Hospitalization
Enclosures and Security
References
47 Euthanasia
Euthanasia Techniques
Euthanasia of Field-Collected Animals
Slaughter
Amphibians
References
Section 6 Anesthesia
48 Sedation
Maintaining Body Temperature
Induction and Recovery
Routes of Administration
Benzodiazepines
α2-Adrenergic Agonists
Phenothiazines (Acepromazine)
Opioids
Sedation Using Low-Dose Anesthetic Agents
Non-Pharmaceutical Methods
Monitoring Patients Under Sedation
References
49 General Anesthesia
Anatomy and Physiology
Preanesthetic Evaluation
Injectable Anesthetic Agents
General Anesthesia
Monitoring Techniques
Anesthetic Emergencies
Recovery
References
50 Analgesia
Reptile Nociception or Pain?
Measurement and Quantification of Pain and Analgesia in Reptiles
Analgesic Drugs
Conclusion
Ackowledgments
References
51 Regional Anesthesia and Analgesia
Mechanism of Action
Adverse Effects
Local Anesthetics
Local Anesthetic Techniques
References
52 Amphibian Anesthesia
Anatomy and Physiology
Anesthetic Agents and Modes of Administration
Monitoring
Anesthetic Procedure
Analgesia
Emergencies
References
Section 7 Diagnostic Imaging
53 Radiography—General Principles
Radiographic Equipment
Image Interpretation
References
54 Radiography—Lizards
Restraint and Positioning
Cardiovascular System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Reproductive System
Urinary System
Musculoskeletal System
Miscellaneous
References
55 Radiography—Snakes
Restraint and Positioning
Cardiovascular System
Respiratory System
Gastrointestinal System
Contrast Radiography
Liver
Reproductive System
Urinary System
Musculoskeletal System
Miscellaneous
References
56 Radiography—Chelonians
Restraint and Positioning
Cardiovascular System
Respiratory System
Gastrointestinal System
Reproductive System
Urinary System
Musculoskeletal System
References
57 Radiography—Crocodilians
Restraint, Preparation, and Positioning
Whole Body
Cranial Coelom
Caudal Coelom
Skull
Spine/Tail
Limbs
Pelvis
58 Ultrasonography
Equipment
Special Considerations
Indications
Patient Preparation
Scanning Pattern
Cardiovascular System
The Liver
The Fat Body
Gastrointestinal Tract
The Spleen
The Gonads
Urinary Bladder
Kidneys
The Eye
Abscesses
References
59 Computed Tomography
Acknowledgments
References
60 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MRI Applications in Reptiles
Acknowledgments
References
61 Scintigraphy
Skeletal Scintigraphy
Scintigraphic Techniques
Case 1
Case 2
Renal Scintigraphy
References
Section 8 Endoscopy
62 Diagnostic and Surgical Endoscopy Equipment
Diagnostic Endoscopy Equipment
Endosurgical Equipment
Equipment Cleaning, Sterilization, and Storage
Acknowledgments
References
63 Endoscopy Practice Management (Fee Structures and Marketing)
Equipment Charges, Ancillary Fees, and Procedural Fees
Marketing
Conclusion
References
64 Diagnostic Endoscopy
Preoperative Evaluations and Anesthesia
Operating Room Preparation, Ergonomics and Equipment Handling
Diagnostic Endoscopy Procedures
Postoperative Care, Complications, and Outcomes
Acknowledgments
References
65 Endoscope-Assisted and Endoscopic Surgery
Endoscope-Assisted Procedures
Endosurgery
Endoscopy Training
Acknowledgments
References
Section 9 Medicine
66 Urology
Gross Anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy
Physiology
Clinical Investigation
General Approach to Treatment
Specific Urologic Diseases
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
67 Hepatology
Anatomy
Physiology
Clinical Investigation
General Approach to Treatment
Specific Hepatic Diseases
References
68 Cardiology
Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology
Diagnostic Tools in Reptile Cardiology
Cardiac Diseases
Treatment/Management of Cardiac Disease
References
69 Dermatology—Skin
Anatomy
Physiology
Clinical Diseases
Diagnostic Testing
References
70 Dermatology—Shell
Anatomy
Physiology
Clinical Diseases
References
71 Ophthalmology
Anatomy and Physiology
Ophthalmic Examination
Clinical Diseases
References
72 Otorhinolaryngology
Anatomy and Physiology
General Approach to Case Management and Treatment
Specific Diseases
References
73 Gastroenterology—Oral Cavity, Esophagus, and Stomach
Anatomy and Physiology
Clinical Investigation
Clinical Diseases
Malnutrition
Maldigestion Due to Environmental and Dietary Issues
Foreign Bodies
Neoplasia
References
74 Gastroenterology—Small Intestine, Exocrine Pancreas, and Large Intestine
Anatomy and Physiology
Clinical Intestinal Diseases
Clinical Pancreatic Diseases
References
75 Gastroenterology—Cloaca
Anatomy
Physiology
Cloacal Organ Prolapse
References
76 Pulmonology
Anatomy
Physiology
Clinical Investigation
General Approach to Treatment
Specific Respiratory Tract Diseases
References
77 Neurology
Functional Neuroanatomy
Neurological Examination and Lesion Localization
Neurodiagnostic Techniques
Diseases Affecting the Reptilian Nervous System
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
78 Oncology
Diagnosis
Suitability of the Patient for Treatment
Staging
Describing the Prognosis With Statistics
Treatment
References
79 Endocrinology
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)
Thyroid Gland
Ultimobranchial Gland
Parathyroid Glands, Vitamin D3, and Calcium Homeostasis
Pancreas
Hyperglycemia
Hypoglycemia
Adrenal Glands
References
80 Theriogenology
Anatomy and Physiology
Reproductive Cycles
Fecundity and Clutch Dynamics
Courtship
Copulation
Fertilization
Reproductive Strategies
Sexual Maturity
Sex Identification
Captive Breeding
Artificial Insemination
Reproductive Diseases
Common Reproductive Diseases/Disorders
References
81 Musculoskeletal System
Anatomy and Physiology
General Approach to Case Management
Musculoskeletal Diseases
Acknowledgments
References
82 Vascular, Hematopoietic, and Immune Systems
Vascular Anatomy and Physiology
Vascular Diseases
Hematopoietic System and Immunology
Hematopoietic Disease
References
83 Clinical Behavioral Medicine
Anatomy and Physiology of the Brain and Behavioral Responses
Approach to Behavioral Appointments
Clinical Diseases
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
84 Nutritional Diseases
Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Hypovitaminosis A
Hypervitaminosis A
Obesity
Hepatic Lipidosis
Pyramidal Shell Growth (PSG)
Thiamine Deficiency
Gout and Hyperuricemia
Vitamin E/Selenium Deficiency
Protein Deficiency
Geophagy
Goiter
Corneal Lipidosis/Xanthomatosis
Biotin Deficiency
Fiber-Related Disorders
References
85 Perinatology
The Reptilian Egg
Incubation Conditions
Artificial Incubation
Natural Incubation
Egg Diagnostic Procedures
Hatching and Manual Pipping
Neonatal/Hatchling Care and Medicine
Neonate Diagnostic Procedures
Diseases
Treatment Considerations
References
86 Geriatric Medicine
Veterinary Care of the Geriatric Patient
Palliative and Hospice Veterinary Care
References
87 Emergency and Critical Care
Physiology and Osmolarity of Body Fluids
Triage and Initial Assessment
Diagnostics and Monitoring
Therapy and Intervention
Common Reptile Emergencies
References
88 Toxicology
Emergency Treatment
Parenteral Antiparasitic Drugs
Parenteral Antimicrobial Drugs
Venomous and Poisonous Animals
Smoke Inhalation
Poisonous Plants
Diets to Avoid
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
89 Amphibian Medicine
Examination and Physical Restraint
Anesthesia and Chemical Restraint
Euthanasia
Clinical Techniques
Nutritional Diseases
Infectious Diseases
Protozoal Diseases
Metazoal Diseases
Toxicities
Environmental Conditions
Syndromes of Uncertain Etiology
Neoplastic Disease
Medical Treatments
Aknowledgments
References
Section 10 Surgery
90 Surgical Equipment, Instrumentation, and General Principles
Wound Healing
Surgical Equipment and Supplies
Positioning, Ergonomics, and Preparation
Postoperative Care
References
91 Eye
Equipment Specific to Ophthalmologic Surgery
Specific Ophthalmologic Procedures
References
92 Ear
Aural Abscess
References
93 Rhinarium
Trauma, Abscess, and Osteomyelitis
Foreign Bodies and Rhinoliths
References
94 Oral Cavity, Mandible, Maxilla, and Beak
Glossitis and Glossal Prolapse
Oral Masses and Stomatitis
Facial Masses and Osteomyelitis
Overgrown Beak (Rhamphotheca)
Fractures (Beak, Maxilla, and Mandible)
References
95 Venomoid Surgery
Snakes
Gila Monster Venomoid Surgery
References
96 Integument
Surgical Site Preparation
Skin Incisions and Wound Closure
Subcutaneous Masses (Abscesses, Parasitic Cysts, and Neoplasms)
Open Wound Management
References
97 Snake Coeliotomy
98 Lizard Coeliotomy
Positioning and Preparation
Ventral Coeliotomy
Lateral (Flank) Coeliotomy
References
99 Chelonian Prefemoral Coeliotomy
Patient Positioning and Preparation
Surgical Technique
References
100 Chelonian Transplastron Coeliotomy
Patient Positioning and Preparation
Surgical Technique
References
101 Crocodilian Coeliotomy
References
102 Lower Respiratory Tract
Tracheal Resection
Lung Biopsy
Mass/Abscess/Granuloma Removal
References
103 Gastrointestinal Tract
Principles of Gastrointestinal Surgery in Reptiles
Perioperative Care
Biopsy of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Hepatic Biopsy/Partial Hepatectomy
Pancreatic Biopsy
References
104 Urinary Tract
Cystotomy and Cystectomy
Renal Biopsy
Nephrectomy
References
105 Reproductive Tract
Male Reproductive Surgery
Female Reproductive Surgery
References
106 Cloacal Prolapse
Phallus (Chelonian)/Hemipenis (Squamate) Prolapse
Oviduct Prolapse
Large Intestine (Rectal/Colonic) Prolapse
Bladder Prolapse
References
107 Amphibian Soft Tissue Surgery
Equipment
Surgical Preparation and Postoperative Care
Toe Clip
Implantation of Transponder
Cloacal Prolapse
Coeliotomy
Ocular Surgery
Celioscopy
References
108 Orthopedic Principles and External Coaptation
Preoperative and Postoperative Care
External Coaptation
Acknowledgments
References
109 Fracture Fixation and Arthrodesis
Bone Grafting
Complications of Fracture Repair
Arthrodesis
Physical Therapy
Acknowledgments
References
110 Skull and Spinal Fracture Repair
Skull Fractures
Spinal Fractures
References
111 Limb Amputation
References
112 Tail Amputation
References
113 Shell Surgery and Repair
Triage of Shell Trauma
Initial Shell Injury and Fracture Management
Nutritional Support
Surgical Management
Management of Dog or Predator Bites
Conclusion
References
Section 11 Therapy
114 Therapeutic Overview and General Approach
Development of a Therapeutic Plan
Environmental Considerations
Reptile Immune Response
Nutritional Status
Hydration Status
References
115 Routes of Administration
Routes of Drug and Fluid Administration
References
116 Antibiotic Therapy
Antibiotic Selection
Indiscriminant Antibiotic Use in Herpetological Medicine
Minimizing Indiscriminate Antibiotic Use in Herpetological Medicine
Antibiotic Drugs
Conclusion
References
117 Antifungal Therapy
Systemic Antifungal Therapy
Other Systemic Antifungals
Topical Antifungal Therapy
References
118 Antiviral Therapy
Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Famciclovir, and Cidofovir
Lysine
Disinfectants
Miscellaneous Drugs
Temperature Regulation
Immunomodulators
Treating Secondary Infections
Vaccination
References
119 Antiinflammatory Therapy
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
Glucocorticoids
Conclusion
References
120 Antiparasitic Therapy
Endoparasiticides
Ectoparasiticides
References
121 Mental Health Treatment (Psychopharmacology and Behavior Therapy)
Welfare and Psychological Well-Being
References
122 Nutritional Therapy
Metabolic Scaling
Dehydration and Oral Fluid Therapy
Nutritional Support
References
123 Cancer Chemotherapy
Calculating a Dose of Chemotherapy
Chemotherapeutic Strategies
Basic Chemotherapy Drug Handling
Toxicity Following Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy Drug Administration
Chemotherapy Drug Dosing
References
124 Radiation Therapy
Side Effects
Linear Accelerator and Cobalt-60
Strontium 90
Radioactive Implants
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
125 Miscellaneous Drug Therapy
Gastrointestinal
Reproductive
Renal
Hepatic
References
126 Allometric Scaling
Physiological Application of Scaling
Pharmacological Application of Scaling
Review of Technique
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
127 Reptile Formulary
References
128 Amphibian Formulary
References
129 Photobiomodulation (Low-Level Laser Therapy)
Wound Healing
Equipment and Techniques
Therapeutic Effects
Therapeutic Plan
References
130 Wound Management
General Wound Management
Basic Bandaging Techniques
Specialized Bandaging Techniques
Supplemental Therapies
References
131 Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation
Physical Therapy
Release Strategy
Acknowledgments
References
132 Complementary and Integrative Veterinary Therapies
Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine
Acupuncture
Herbal Medicine
Nutrition and Nutraceuticals
Tui-Na
Chiropractic
Homeopathy
Resources for Further Information and Study
References
Section 12 Differential Diagnoses by Clinical Signs
133 Differential Diagnoses by Clinical Signs—Snakes
Behavioral Signs
Cardiovascular Signs
Gastrointestinal Signs
Ocular Signs
Dermatological Signs
Musculoskeletal Signs
Neurological Signs
Reproductive Signs
Respiratory Signs
Systemic Signs
References
134 Differential Diagnoses by Clinical Signs—Lizards
Musculoskeletal Signs
Dermatological Signs
Gastrointestinal Signs
Reproductive Signs
Respiratory Signs
Ocular Signs
Neurological Signs
Behavioral Signs
Systemic Signs
References
135 Differential Diagnoses by Clinical Signs—Chelonians
Acute Mortalities
Dermatological Signs
Gastrointestinal Signs
Respiratory Signs
Reproductive Signs
Musculoskeletal Signs
Neurological Signs
Ocular Signs
References
136 Differential Diagnoses by Clinical Signs—Crocodilians
Stress and Immunosuppression
Systemic Signs
Dermatological Signs
Neurological Signs
Respiratory Signs
Musculoskeletal Signs
Gastrointestinal Signs
Ocular Signs
Miscellaneous
References
137 Differential Diagnoses by Clinical Signs—Amphibians
Acute Mortalities
Coelomic Distension
Gastrointestinal Signs
Dermatological Signs
Musculoskeletal Signs
Ocular Signs
References
Section 13 Specific Disease/Case Summary
138 Abscesses/Fibriscesses
Definition
Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
Clinical Signs and Diagnostic Confirmation
Preferred Treatment(s)
Prognosis and Prevention
References
139 Acariasis
Definition
Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
Clinical Signs
Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
Treatment
Prognosis and Prevention
References
140 Amphibian Chytridiomycosis
Definition and Known Etiological Cause(s)
Clinical Significance
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic Confirmation
Preferred Treatment(s) and Prevention
References
141 Aural/Tympanic Abscessation
Definition
Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
Preferred Treatment(s)
Prognosis and Prevention
References
142 Bite Wounds and Prey-Induced Trauma
Definition
Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
Preferred Treatment(s)
Prognosis and Prevention
References
143 Cloacal Prolapse
Definition
Clinical Significance
Known Etiological Cause(s)
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic Confirmation
Preferred Treatment(s)
Prognosis and Prevention
References
144 Cloacal Scent Gland Adenitis
Definition
Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
Preferred Treatment(s)
Prognosis and Prevention
References
145 Diarrhea
Definition
Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
Preferred Treatment(s)
Prognosis and Prevention
146 Digit Abnormalities
Definition
Clinical Significance
Ischemia
Swollen Toes and Joints
Twitching Toes
Skin Abnormalities
References
147 Dysecdysis
Definition
Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
Preferred Treatment(s)
Prevention
References
148 Dystocia and Follicular Stasis
Definition
Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic Confirmation
Medical Treatment and Egg Manipulation
Preferred Treatment(s)
Prognosis and Prevention
References
149 Gout
Definition
Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic Confirmation
Preferred Treatment(s),,,
Prognosis and Prevention
References
150 Hemoparasites
Definition
Clinical Significance and Etiological Cause(s)
Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
Preferred Treatment(s)
Prognosis and Prevention
References
151 Hepatic Lipidosis
Definition
Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(S)
Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
Preferred Treatment(s)
Prognosis and Prevention
References
152 Hyperglycemia
Definition
Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
Preferred Treatment(s)
Prevention and Prognosis
References
153 Hypovitaminosis and Hypervitaminosis A
Definition
Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic Confirmation
Preferred Treatment(s)
Prognosis and Prevention
154 Inclusion Body Disease (Reptarenavirus)
Definition
Clinical Signs
Pathology
Dignostic Confirmation
Preferred Treatment(s)
Prognosis and Prevention
References
155 Lizard Cryptosporidiosis
Definition
Clinical Significance And Known Etiological Cause(s)
Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
Preferred Treatment(s)
Prognosis and Prevention
References
156 Neurological Disorders
References
157 Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Definition
Clinical Significance
Known Etiological Cause(s)
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic Confirmation
Preferred Treatment(s)
Prognosis and Prevention
158 Paramyxoviruses (Ferlaviruses)
Definition, Clinical Significance, and Known Etiological Cause(s)
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic Confirmation
Preferred Treatment(s)
Prognosis and Prevention
References
159 Periodontal Disease
Definition
Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
Preferred Treatment(s)
Prognosis and Prevention
References
160 Pneumonia
Definition
Clinical Significance And Known Etiological Cause(s)
Clinical Presentation And Diagnostic Confirmation
Preferred Treatment(s)
Prognosis and Prevention
161 Pseudogout
Definition
Clinical Significance And Known Etiological Causes(s)
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic Confirmation
Preferred Treatment(s),
Prognosis and Prevention
References
162 Renal Disease
Definition
Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
Preferred Treatment(s)
Prognosis and Prevention
163 Salmonellosis
Definition
Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
Preferred Treatment(s)
Prognosis and Prevention
References
164 Shell Abnormalities
Definition
Clinical Significance and Known ETIOLOGICAL CAUSE(S)
Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
Preferred Treatment(s)
Prognosis and Prevention
165 Snake Cryptosporidiosis
Definition
Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
Preferred Treatment(s)
Prognosis and Prevention
References
166 Spinal Osteopathy
Definition
Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
Preferred Treatment(s)
Prognosis and Prevention
References
167 Stomatitis
Definition
Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
Preferred Treatment(s)
Prognosis and Prevention
References
168 Tail Abnormalities
Definition
Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
Preferred Treatment(s)
References
169 Testudinid Herpesviruses
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic Confirmation
Preferred Treatment(s)
Prognosis and Prevention
References
170 Thermal Burns
Definition
Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
Preferred Treatment(s)
Prognosis and Prevention
References
171 Tortoise Mycoplasmosis
Definition
Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic Confirmation
Preferred Treatment(s)
Prognosis and Prevention
References
172 Urolithiasis (Cystic Calculi and Cloacal Uroliths)
Definition
Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
Preferred Treatment(s)
Prognosis and Prevention
References
173 Vomiting and Regurgitation
Definition and Clinical Significance
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic Confirmation
Preferred Treatment(s)
Prognosis and Prevention
Section 14 Population and Public Health
174 Zoonoses and Public Health
Bacteria
Fungi
Viruses
Protozoa
Pentastomida
Helminths
Arthropods
References
175 Working With Free-Ranging Amphibians and Reptiles
Amphibian and Reptile Capture Techniques
Handling
Marking
Telemetry
Conclusion
References
176 Medical Management and Rehabilitation of Sea Turtles
Common Medical Conditions
Physical Examination
Clinical Pathology
Diagnostic Imaging
Microbiologic and Molecular Diagnostics
Therapeutics
Management of Oiled Turtles
Management of Buoyancy Disorders
Euthanasia
Anesthesia
Surgery
Management of Hypothermic (Cold-Stunned) Turtles
Leatherback Turtle Evaluation and Care
Transport and Release
Acknowledgments
References
177 Commercial Reptile Farming
Mariculture of Green Sea Turtles at the Cayman Turtle Conservation and Education Centre
Commercial Reptile Farming of Crocodilians
Alligators
Crocodiles and Caimans
General Comments on Other Species
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
178 Large Zoo and Private Collection Management
Population Sustainability
Husbandry Considerations for Large Collections
Management of Husbandry Resources
Disease Management
Conclusion
References
179 Breeders, Wholesalers, and Retailers
Breeding Collections
Wholesale and Retail Collections
Husbandry-Related Conditions
Postmortem Evaluations
Disease Conditions
References
180 Laboratory Management and Medicine
Regulatory Oversight and Accreditation Guidelines
Funding Agency Requirements
Publication Requirements
The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee/Animal Welfare Body/Ethics Committee
Housing and Care of Reptiles and Amphibians in the Laboratory Animal Facility
Conclusion
References
181 Conservation
Current Realities—Conservation Status
Causative Factors—Population Declines
Challenges and Horizons
Conclusion
References
182 Herpetofauna and Ecosystem Health
Indirect Ecosystem Services
Nutrient and Energy Transport and Decomposition
Food Chains, Invertebrate Response, and Functional Redundancy
Human Health, Disease, and Mosquitos
Water Quality
Food and Materials From Herpetofauna
Medicinal, Ethnobotany, and Cultural Uses
Invasives and Ecosystem Structure and Function
Conclusion
References
Section 15 Legal Topics
183 Laws and Regulations—International
Aspects of Legislation Affecting Reptiles
Sources of Information on International Legislation
International Conservation Legislation
Matters of Particular Interest to Veterinarians
Regional Cooperation
Law Enforcement
Other Legislation
Conclusion
References
184 Laws and Regulations—Europe
Sources of Information on Legislation
Implementation and Enforcement of Legislation
European Regional Legislation
Free-Ranging Reptiles
Captive Reptiles
Trade
Animal Health Controls
Reptiles and Veterinary Practice
Occupational Health and Safety
Welfare
Case Studies
Conclusion
References
185 Laws and Regulations—Americas
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
United States Federal Regulations
US State Laws
Canadian Federal Regulations
Mexican Federal Regulations
Central and South American Regulations
Case Examples
References
186 Forensics
Legal Considerations
Providing Expert Evidence
Considerations in Forensic Investigation
Postmortem Investigation
Laboratory Investigations
Crime Scenes, Fieldwork, and in situ Collection of Evidence
Record-Keeping and Collation and Analysis of Findings
Chain of Custody
Photography and Videography
Documentation of Examination Procedures
The Forensic Report
The Collection and Packaging of Evidence
Retention of Forensic Evidence and Other Material
Serving as a Witness and Appearing in Court
Conclusion
References
187 Jurisprudence, Expert Reports, Testimony, and Court Appearance
Principals of Being an Expert Witness
Expert Reports
Examination of Animals
Reptile Welfare and Suffering
Court Appearance and Testimony
References
Index

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery

Purchase options

World Book Day Celebration!

Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect

Related books