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Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery
- 3rd Edition - November 30, 2018
- Editors: Stephen J. Divers, Scott J. Stahl
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 4 8 2 5 3 - 0
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 6 7 6 6 1 - 8
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 4 8 2 4 8 - 6
**Selected for Doody’s Core Titles® 2024 in Veterinary Medicine**Known as "the bible" of herpetological medicine and surgery, Mader’s Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surg… Read more
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Known as "the bible" of herpetological medicine and surgery, Mader’s Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery, 3rd Edition edited by Stephen Divers and Scott Stahl provides a complete veterinary reference for reptiles and amphibians, including specific sections on practice management and development; taxonomy, anatomy, physiology, behavior, stress and welfare; captive husbandry and management including nutrition, heating and lighting; infectious diseases and laboratory sciences; clinical techniques and procedures; sedation, anesthesia and analgesia; diagnostic imaging; endoscopy; medicine; surgery; therapy; differential diagnoses by clinical signs; specific disease/condition summaries; population health and public health; and legal topics. Well-organized and concise, this new edition covers just about everything related to reptiles and amphibians by utilizing an international array of contributing authors that were selected based on their recognized specialization and expertise, bringing a truly global perspective to this essential text!
- Highly knowledgeable, well respected, recognized specialists add a global view of the subject matter.
- Details on creating, building and maintaining your herpetological veterinary practice
- The extensive biology of a wide variety of species is covered, including snakes, lizards, turtles, crocodiles, tuatara and amphibians, providing an understanding of the unique anatomy and physiology of these species, which is a vital prerequisite of medicine and surgery.
- Spellings of all North American reptiles and amphibians approved by The Committee of Standard English and Scientific Names ensures students have the most up-to-date naming conventions for these exotic species.
- Thorough coverage of taxa-specific husbandry and management practices, as well as current nutritional recommendations, advances in lighting, welfare, and behavioral training.
- Dedicated section on infectious diseases (virology, bacteriology, mycology, parasitology) and laboratory diagnostics
- Detailed, step-by-step techniques and procedures including catheters and feeding tubes, and modern recommendation on hospitalization and euthanasia.
- Completely revised chapters on sedation, general anesthesia, analgesia, local anesthesia and amphibian anesthesia
- Completely revised chapters on radiography, ultrasonography, CT, MRI, scintigraphy, diagnostic endoscopy and endosurgery
- Greatly expanded medicine section details all major areas including urology, hepatology, cardiology, dermatology, ophthalmology, gastroenterology, pulmonology, neurology, oncology, endocrinology, theriogenology, musculoskeletal, vascular/hematopoietic/immunology, behavioral medicine, nutritional diseases, perinatology, geriatrics, emergency and critical care, toxicology and amphibian medicine.
- Completely revised and expanded surgery section includes the eye, ear, rhinarium, oral cavity, integument, coeliotomy and internal viscera, cloaca, amphibian soft tissue surgery, orthopedics and amputation.
- Expanded and updated therapy section on antimicrobials, anti-virals, anti-parasiticides, anti-inflammatories, including new chapters on psychopharmacology, oncologic therapies, photobiomodulation, wound management, and rehabilitation.
- A revised list of common conditions and diseases allows busy practitioners to review the most common, clinically significant, hot topics quickly and clearly.
- Expanded section on population health includes new chapters on commercial reptile farming, large collection management, breeders/wholesalers & retail, laboratory management, conservation issues and ecosystem health.
- Updated international, European and US legislation with new chapters on forensics and jurisprudence, expert testimony and court appearances.
- Cover image
- Title Page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Contributors
- Foreword
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Section 1 Practice Management and Development
- 1 Developing a Successful Herpetological Veterinary Service
- Medicine Practiced
- Approach and Attitude
- References
- 2 Reference Resources for the Herpetological Clinician
- Associations and Societies
- Books
- Journals
- Online Resources
- Conferences
- References
- 3 Understanding the Human-Herp Relationship
- The Human-Animal Bond
- The Pet Reptile or Amphibian
- The Commercial Animal
- Large Collections
- End-of-Life Considerations
- Compassionate Euthanasia Guidelines
- Common Concerns for the Clinician and the Client Regarding Animal Loss
- Conclusion
- References
- 4 Specialization
- Advice to Candidates Seeking Specialist Registration
- Requirements for Continuing Education in the Chosen Specialty
- Specialty Boards
- Specialty Colleges and Boards Web Pages
- References
- 5 The Importance of Herpetological Publication by Clinicians and Academics
- What Is “Herpetological Literature”?
- Negative Results Don't Exist…Only Hypotheses That Need to Be Tested
- Peer-Reviewed Herpetological Medicine Publications
- Being an Active Participant in Peer Review
- Conclusion
- References
- 6 Statistics for the Clinician Scientist
- Hypotheses
- Data
- Distribution
- Sample Size
- The P-Value
- Parametric VERSUS Nonparametric Statistical Tests
- Statistical Software
- Conclusion
- References
- Section 2 Biology (Taxonomy, Anatomy, Physiology, and Behavior)
- 7 Chelonian Taxonomy, Anatomy, and Physiology
- Taxonomy
- Anatomy and Physiology
- References
- 8 Snake Taxonomy, Anatomy, and Physiology
- Taxonomy
- Anatomy and Physiology
- Behavior
- References
- 9 Lizard Taxonomy, Anatomy, and Physiology
- Taxonomy
- Anatomy and Physiology
- Behavior
- Longevity
- References
- 10 Crocodilian Taxonomy, Anatomy, and Physiology
- Taxonomy
- Anatomy and Physiology
- Behavior
- References
- 11 Tuatara Taxonomy, Anatomy, and Physiology
- Taxonomy
- Anatomy and Physiology
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 12 Amphibian Taxonomy, Anatomy, and Physiology
- Taxonomy
- Anatomy and Physiology
- Behavior
- References
- 13 Natural Behavior
- Ectothermy
- Water Conservation and Osmotic Balance
- Sensory Adaptations
- Foraging and Predation
- Sleep and Other Endogenous Rhythms
- Color Change
- Defense
- Social & Reproductive Adaptations
- Nonreproductive Social Behavior
- Behaviors Particular to Captivity
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 14 Behavioral Training and Enrichment of Reptiles
- Enrichment
- Training
- Practical Examples of Training and Enrichment
- Conclusion
- References
- 15 Stress and Welfare
- Physiology of the Stress Response
- Effects of Stress on the Various Body Systems
- When Does the Stress Response Become Nonadaptive?
- The Stress of Captivity
- How Is Stress Important to Reptile Medicine?
- Assessing Welfare Needs
- Recognizing Stress and Its Impacts on Welfare
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Section 3 Husbandry and Management
- 16 General Husbandry and Management
- Biology
- Basic Husbandry Requirements
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 17 Environmental Lighting
- Natural Sunlight
- Electromagnetic Radiation
- References
- 18 Disinfection
- Techniques and Products
- References
- 19 Quarantine
- Disease Risk Assessment
- Quarantine Duration
- Quarantine Evaluation
- References
- 20 Snakes
- Restraint
- Specific Housing Requirements
- Thermoregulation
- Feeding and Nutrition
- Behavior
- Brumation
- Longevity
- References
- 21 Lizards
- Restraint
- Identification
- Specific Housing Requirements
- Outdooor Enclosures
- Water Provision, Humidity, and Osmoregulation
- Communal Housing and Handling
- Feeding and Nutrition
- Disinfection
- Quarantine
- References
- 22 Venomous Species
- Development of Emergency Protocols for the Management of Venomous Animal Bites
- Classification of Venomous Reptiles
- Venoms
- LD50
- Medical Management of Snakebite
- Handling and Treating Venomous Snakes in the Veterinary Hospital
- Venomous Animal Bite Plan (United States)
- Venomous Animal Escape Plan
- First-Aid Procedures
- First-Aid Procedures for a Venomous Reptile Bite (United States)
- Elapid Snakebite (Australia)
- Pressure/Immobilization
- Medical Treatment
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 23 Tortoises, Freshwater Turtles, and Terrapins
- Handling
- Lighting
- Temperature
- Hibernation
- Predators and Other Hazards
- Annual Examinations
- Identification
- Acclimatization
- Tortoise and Box Turtle Care
- Aquatic Turtles
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 24 Sea Turtles
- Sea Turtle Species and Identification
- Natural History
- Permit Conditions for Sea Turtle Captive Care and Rehabilitation
- Handling and Transportation
- Housing
- Quarantine and Biosecurity
- Nutrition
- Conclusion
- References
- 25 Crocodilians
- Restraint
- Identification
- Specific Housing Requirements
- Feeding and Nutrition
- References
- 26 Tuatara
- Restraint
- Identification
- Specific Housing Requirements
- Feeding and Nutrition
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 27 Nutrition
- Water
- Complete Manufactured Diets
- Multivitamins and Calcium Supplements
- Nutritional Biology
- Conclusion
- References
- 28 Amphibians
- Restraint
- Identification
- Specific Housing Requirements
- Quarantine and Disinfection Procedures
- Environmental Toxins
- Transportation of Amphibians
- Suitability of Species
- Stocking Density
- Feeding and Nutrition
- References
- Section 4 Infectious Diseases and Laboratory Sciences
- 29 Bacteriology
- Reptiles as Microbial Ecosystems
- Bacterial Diagnostics
- An Overview of Bacterial Taxa
- Firmicutes
- Proteobacteria
- Actinobacteria
- Bacteroidetes
- Chlamydiae
- Tenericutes
- Spirochaetes
- Fusobacteria
- Cyanobacteria
- References
- 30 Virology
- Adenoviridae
- Herpesviridae
- Iridoviridae
- Ranaviruses
- Invertebrate Iridoviruses (IIV)
- Erythrocytic Viruses
- Papillomaviridae
- Poxviridae
- Circoviridae and Tornovirus
- Parvoviridae
- Hepadnaviridae
- Retroviridae
- Reoviridae
- Bornaviridae
- Paramyxoviridae: Ferlavirus
- Sunviridae: Sunshinevirus
- Rhabdoviridae
- Arenaviridae
- Inclusion Body Disease (IBD)
- Bunyaviridae
- Nidovirales: Coronaviridae
- Picornaviridae
- Caliciviridae
- Flaviviridae
- West Nile Virus (WNV)
- Togaviridae
- References
- 31 Mycology
- Reptile-Fungal Ecology
- Issues in Mycology
- Fungal Diagnostics
- Pharmacologic Antifungal Therapy
- An Overview of Fungal Taxa
- References
- 32 Parasitology (Including Hemoparasites)
- Reptile-Parasite Ecology
- Diagnostic Confirmation
- Single-Celled Parasites
- Metazoan Parasites
- References
- 33 Hematology
- Sample Collection and Preservation
- The Hematology Report
- Leukocyte Morphology, Function, and Interpretation
- References
- 34 Clinical Chemistry
- Venipuncture
- Gross Plasma Evaluation
- Anticoagulants, Preservation, and Venipuncture Sites
- Blood Chemistry
- References
- 35 Hematology and Biochemistry Tables
- References
- 36 Molecular Infectious Disease Diagnostics
- Serology or Culture Compared With Molecular Techniques
- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
- Probe Hybridization Quantitative PCR
- Consensus PCR Techniques
- Rolling Circle Amplification
- High Throughput Sequencing
- Sample Collection for Nucleic Acid–Based Diagnostics
- How to Choose a Laboratory
- References
- 37 Immunopathology
- Cells and Tissues of the Immune System
- Innate Immunity
- Adaptive Immunity
- Responses and Disorders
- References
- 38 Cytology
- Sample Acquisition
- Sample Handling
- Sample Submission
- References
- 39 Biopsy
- Gross Photography
- References
- 40 Necropsy
- Necropsy Procedures
- After the Necropsy
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 41 Diagnostic Laboratory Listing
- North America (Accredited Laboratories)
- North America (Labs With Provisional Accreditation)
- North America (Nonaccredited Laboratories)
- Europe
- Asia
- Section 5 Techniques and Procedures
- 42 Medical History and Physical Examination
- Special Considerations
- Snakes
- Lizards
- Chelonians
- Crocodilians
- References
- 43 Diagnostic Techniques and Sample Collection
- Diagnostic Sample Collection
- References
- 44 Catheter Placement
- Peripheral Venous Catheterization
- Intraosseous Catheterization
- Intracardiac Catheterization
- Arterial Catheterization
- Central Venous Catheterization
- Vascular Access Ports
- Catheter Maintenance
- Conclusion
- References
- 45 Esophagostomy Tube Placement
- Procedure
- Maintenance and Use
- Removal
- Conclusion
- References
- 46 Hospitalization
- Indications for Hospitalization
- Enclosures and Security
- References
- 47 Euthanasia
- Euthanasia Techniques
- Euthanasia of Field-Collected Animals
- Slaughter
- Amphibians
- References
- Section 6 Anesthesia
- 48 Sedation
- Maintaining Body Temperature
- Induction and Recovery
- Routes of Administration
- Benzodiazepines
- α2-Adrenergic Agonists
- Phenothiazines (Acepromazine)
- Opioids
- Sedation Using Low-Dose Anesthetic Agents
- Non-Pharmaceutical Methods
- Monitoring Patients Under Sedation
- References
- 49 General Anesthesia
- Anatomy and Physiology
- Preanesthetic Evaluation
- Injectable Anesthetic Agents
- General Anesthesia
- Monitoring Techniques
- Anesthetic Emergencies
- Recovery
- References
- 50 Analgesia
- Reptile Nociception or Pain?
- Measurement and Quantification of Pain and Analgesia in Reptiles
- Analgesic Drugs
- Conclusion
- Ackowledgments
- References
- 51 Regional Anesthesia and Analgesia
- Mechanism of Action
- Adverse Effects
- Local Anesthetics
- Local Anesthetic Techniques
- References
- 52 Amphibian Anesthesia
- Anatomy and Physiology
- Anesthetic Agents and Modes of Administration
- Monitoring
- Anesthetic Procedure
- Analgesia
- Emergencies
- References
- Section 7 Diagnostic Imaging
- 53 Radiography—General Principles
- Radiographic Equipment
- Image Interpretation
- References
- 54 Radiography—Lizards
- Restraint and Positioning
- Cardiovascular System
- Respiratory System
- Digestive System
- Reproductive System
- Urinary System
- Musculoskeletal System
- Miscellaneous
- References
- 55 Radiography—Snakes
- Restraint and Positioning
- Cardiovascular System
- Respiratory System
- Gastrointestinal System
- Contrast Radiography
- Liver
- Reproductive System
- Urinary System
- Musculoskeletal System
- Miscellaneous
- References
- 56 Radiography—Chelonians
- Restraint and Positioning
- Cardiovascular System
- Respiratory System
- Gastrointestinal System
- Reproductive System
- Urinary System
- Musculoskeletal System
- References
- 57 Radiography—Crocodilians
- Restraint, Preparation, and Positioning
- Whole Body
- Cranial Coelom
- Caudal Coelom
- Skull
- Spine/Tail
- Limbs
- Pelvis
- 58 Ultrasonography
- Equipment
- Special Considerations
- Indications
- Patient Preparation
- Scanning Pattern
- Cardiovascular System
- The Liver
- The Fat Body
- Gastrointestinal Tract
- The Spleen
- The Gonads
- Urinary Bladder
- Kidneys
- The Eye
- Abscesses
- References
- 59 Computed Tomography
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 60 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- MRI Applications in Reptiles
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 61 Scintigraphy
- Skeletal Scintigraphy
- Scintigraphic Techniques
- Case 1
- Case 2
- Renal Scintigraphy
- References
- Section 8 Endoscopy
- 62 Diagnostic and Surgical Endoscopy Equipment
- Diagnostic Endoscopy Equipment
- Endosurgical Equipment
- Equipment Cleaning, Sterilization, and Storage
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 63 Endoscopy Practice Management (Fee Structures and Marketing)
- Equipment Charges, Ancillary Fees, and Procedural Fees
- Marketing
- Conclusion
- References
- 64 Diagnostic Endoscopy
- Preoperative Evaluations and Anesthesia
- Operating Room Preparation, Ergonomics and Equipment Handling
- Diagnostic Endoscopy Procedures
- Postoperative Care, Complications, and Outcomes
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 65 Endoscope-Assisted and Endoscopic Surgery
- Endoscope-Assisted Procedures
- Endosurgery
- Endoscopy Training
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Section 9 Medicine
- 66 Urology
- Gross Anatomy
- Microscopic Anatomy
- Physiology
- Clinical Investigation
- General Approach to Treatment
- Specific Urologic Diseases
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 67 Hepatology
- Anatomy
- Physiology
- Clinical Investigation
- General Approach to Treatment
- Specific Hepatic Diseases
- References
- 68 Cardiology
- Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology
- Diagnostic Tools in Reptile Cardiology
- Cardiac Diseases
- Treatment/Management of Cardiac Disease
- References
- 69 Dermatology—Skin
- Anatomy
- Physiology
- Clinical Diseases
- Diagnostic Testing
- References
- 70 Dermatology—Shell
- Anatomy
- Physiology
- Clinical Diseases
- References
- 71 Ophthalmology
- Anatomy and Physiology
- Ophthalmic Examination
- Clinical Diseases
- References
- 72 Otorhinolaryngology
- Anatomy and Physiology
- General Approach to Case Management and Treatment
- Specific Diseases
- References
- 73 Gastroenterology—Oral Cavity, Esophagus, and Stomach
- Anatomy and Physiology
- Clinical Investigation
- Clinical Diseases
- Malnutrition
- Maldigestion Due to Environmental and Dietary Issues
- Foreign Bodies
- Neoplasia
- References
- 74 Gastroenterology—Small Intestine, Exocrine Pancreas, and Large Intestine
- Anatomy and Physiology
- Clinical Intestinal Diseases
- Clinical Pancreatic Diseases
- References
- 75 Gastroenterology—Cloaca
- Anatomy
- Physiology
- Cloacal Organ Prolapse
- References
- 76 Pulmonology
- Anatomy
- Physiology
- Clinical Investigation
- General Approach to Treatment
- Specific Respiratory Tract Diseases
- References
- 77 Neurology
- Functional Neuroanatomy
- Neurological Examination and Lesion Localization
- Neurodiagnostic Techniques
- Diseases Affecting the Reptilian Nervous System
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 78 Oncology
- Diagnosis
- Suitability of the Patient for Treatment
- Staging
- Describing the Prognosis With Statistics
- Treatment
- References
- 79 Endocrinology
- Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)
- Thyroid Gland
- Ultimobranchial Gland
- Parathyroid Glands, Vitamin D3, and Calcium Homeostasis
- Pancreas
- Hyperglycemia
- Hypoglycemia
- Adrenal Glands
- References
- 80 Theriogenology
- Anatomy and Physiology
- Reproductive Cycles
- Fecundity and Clutch Dynamics
- Courtship
- Copulation
- Fertilization
- Reproductive Strategies
- Sexual Maturity
- Sex Identification
- Captive Breeding
- Artificial Insemination
- Reproductive Diseases
- Common Reproductive Diseases/Disorders
- References
- 81 Musculoskeletal System
- Anatomy and Physiology
- General Approach to Case Management
- Musculoskeletal Diseases
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 82 Vascular, Hematopoietic, and Immune Systems
- Vascular Anatomy and Physiology
- Vascular Diseases
- Hematopoietic System and Immunology
- Hematopoietic Disease
- References
- 83 Clinical Behavioral Medicine
- Anatomy and Physiology of the Brain and Behavioral Responses
- Approach to Behavioral Appointments
- Clinical Diseases
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 84 Nutritional Diseases
- Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
- Hypovitaminosis A
- Hypervitaminosis A
- Obesity
- Hepatic Lipidosis
- Pyramidal Shell Growth (PSG)
- Thiamine Deficiency
- Gout and Hyperuricemia
- Vitamin E/Selenium Deficiency
- Protein Deficiency
- Geophagy
- Goiter
- Corneal Lipidosis/Xanthomatosis
- Biotin Deficiency
- Fiber-Related Disorders
- References
- 85 Perinatology
- The Reptilian Egg
- Incubation Conditions
- Artificial Incubation
- Natural Incubation
- Egg Diagnostic Procedures
- Hatching and Manual Pipping
- Neonatal/Hatchling Care and Medicine
- Neonate Diagnostic Procedures
- Diseases
- Treatment Considerations
- References
- 86 Geriatric Medicine
- Veterinary Care of the Geriatric Patient
- Palliative and Hospice Veterinary Care
- References
- 87 Emergency and Critical Care
- Physiology and Osmolarity of Body Fluids
- Triage and Initial Assessment
- Diagnostics and Monitoring
- Therapy and Intervention
- Common Reptile Emergencies
- References
- 88 Toxicology
- Emergency Treatment
- Parenteral Antiparasitic Drugs
- Parenteral Antimicrobial Drugs
- Venomous and Poisonous Animals
- Smoke Inhalation
- Poisonous Plants
- Diets to Avoid
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 89 Amphibian Medicine
- Examination and Physical Restraint
- Anesthesia and Chemical Restraint
- Euthanasia
- Clinical Techniques
- Nutritional Diseases
- Infectious Diseases
- Protozoal Diseases
- Metazoal Diseases
- Toxicities
- Environmental Conditions
- Syndromes of Uncertain Etiology
- Neoplastic Disease
- Medical Treatments
- Aknowledgments
- References
- Section 10 Surgery
- 90 Surgical Equipment, Instrumentation, and General Principles
- Wound Healing
- Surgical Equipment and Supplies
- Positioning, Ergonomics, and Preparation
- Postoperative Care
- References
- 91 Eye
- Equipment Specific to Ophthalmologic Surgery
- Specific Ophthalmologic Procedures
- References
- 92 Ear
- Aural Abscess
- References
- 93 Rhinarium
- Trauma, Abscess, and Osteomyelitis
- Foreign Bodies and Rhinoliths
- References
- 94 Oral Cavity, Mandible, Maxilla, and Beak
- Glossitis and Glossal Prolapse
- Oral Masses and Stomatitis
- Facial Masses and Osteomyelitis
- Overgrown Beak (Rhamphotheca)
- Fractures (Beak, Maxilla, and Mandible)
- References
- 95 Venomoid Surgery
- Snakes
- Gila Monster Venomoid Surgery
- References
- 96 Integument
- Surgical Site Preparation
- Skin Incisions and Wound Closure
- Subcutaneous Masses (Abscesses, Parasitic Cysts, and Neoplasms)
- Open Wound Management
- References
- 97 Snake Coeliotomy
- 98 Lizard Coeliotomy
- Positioning and Preparation
- Ventral Coeliotomy
- Lateral (Flank) Coeliotomy
- References
- 99 Chelonian Prefemoral Coeliotomy
- Patient Positioning and Preparation
- Surgical Technique
- References
- 100 Chelonian Transplastron Coeliotomy
- Patient Positioning and Preparation
- Surgical Technique
- References
- 101 Crocodilian Coeliotomy
- References
- 102 Lower Respiratory Tract
- Tracheal Resection
- Lung Biopsy
- Mass/Abscess/Granuloma Removal
- References
- 103 Gastrointestinal Tract
- Principles of Gastrointestinal Surgery in Reptiles
- Perioperative Care
- Biopsy of the Gastrointestinal Tract
- Hepatic Biopsy/Partial Hepatectomy
- Pancreatic Biopsy
- References
- 104 Urinary Tract
- Cystotomy and Cystectomy
- Renal Biopsy
- Nephrectomy
- References
- 105 Reproductive Tract
- Male Reproductive Surgery
- Female Reproductive Surgery
- References
- 106 Cloacal Prolapse
- Phallus (Chelonian)/Hemipenis (Squamate) Prolapse
- Oviduct Prolapse
- Large Intestine (Rectal/Colonic) Prolapse
- Bladder Prolapse
- References
- 107 Amphibian Soft Tissue Surgery
- Equipment
- Surgical Preparation and Postoperative Care
- Toe Clip
- Implantation of Transponder
- Cloacal Prolapse
- Coeliotomy
- Ocular Surgery
- Celioscopy
- References
- 108 Orthopedic Principles and External Coaptation
- Preoperative and Postoperative Care
- External Coaptation
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 109 Fracture Fixation and Arthrodesis
- Bone Grafting
- Complications of Fracture Repair
- Arthrodesis
- Physical Therapy
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 110 Skull and Spinal Fracture Repair
- Skull Fractures
- Spinal Fractures
- References
- 111 Limb Amputation
- References
- 112 Tail Amputation
- References
- 113 Shell Surgery and Repair
- Triage of Shell Trauma
- Initial Shell Injury and Fracture Management
- Nutritional Support
- Surgical Management
- Management of Dog or Predator Bites
- Conclusion
- References
- Section 11 Therapy
- 114 Therapeutic Overview and General Approach
- Development of a Therapeutic Plan
- Environmental Considerations
- Reptile Immune Response
- Nutritional Status
- Hydration Status
- References
- 115 Routes of Administration
- Routes of Drug and Fluid Administration
- References
- 116 Antibiotic Therapy
- Antibiotic Selection
- Indiscriminant Antibiotic Use in Herpetological Medicine
- Minimizing Indiscriminate Antibiotic Use in Herpetological Medicine
- Antibiotic Drugs
- Conclusion
- References
- 117 Antifungal Therapy
- Systemic Antifungal Therapy
- Other Systemic Antifungals
- Topical Antifungal Therapy
- References
- 118 Antiviral Therapy
- Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Famciclovir, and Cidofovir
- Lysine
- Disinfectants
- Miscellaneous Drugs
- Temperature Regulation
- Immunomodulators
- Treating Secondary Infections
- Vaccination
- References
- 119 Antiinflammatory Therapy
- Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
- Glucocorticoids
- Conclusion
- References
- 120 Antiparasitic Therapy
- Endoparasiticides
- Ectoparasiticides
- References
- 121 Mental Health Treatment (Psychopharmacology and Behavior Therapy)
- Welfare and Psychological Well-Being
- References
- 122 Nutritional Therapy
- Metabolic Scaling
- Dehydration and Oral Fluid Therapy
- Nutritional Support
- References
- 123 Cancer Chemotherapy
- Calculating a Dose of Chemotherapy
- Chemotherapeutic Strategies
- Basic Chemotherapy Drug Handling
- Toxicity Following Chemotherapy
- Chemotherapy Drug Administration
- Chemotherapy Drug Dosing
- References
- 124 Radiation Therapy
- Side Effects
- Linear Accelerator and Cobalt-60
- Strontium 90
- Radioactive Implants
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 125 Miscellaneous Drug Therapy
- Gastrointestinal
- Reproductive
- Renal
- Hepatic
- References
- 126 Allometric Scaling
- Physiological Application of Scaling
- Pharmacological Application of Scaling
- Review of Technique
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 127 Reptile Formulary
- References
- 128 Amphibian Formulary
- References
- 129 Photobiomodulation (Low-Level Laser Therapy)
- Wound Healing
- Equipment and Techniques
- Therapeutic Effects
- Therapeutic Plan
- References
- 130 Wound Management
- General Wound Management
- Basic Bandaging Techniques
- Specialized Bandaging Techniques
- Supplemental Therapies
- References
- 131 Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation
- Physical Therapy
- Release Strategy
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 132 Complementary and Integrative Veterinary Therapies
- Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine
- Acupuncture
- Herbal Medicine
- Nutrition and Nutraceuticals
- Tui-Na
- Chiropractic
- Homeopathy
- Resources for Further Information and Study
- References
- Section 12 Differential Diagnoses by Clinical Signs
- 133 Differential Diagnoses by Clinical Signs—Snakes
- Behavioral Signs
- Cardiovascular Signs
- Gastrointestinal Signs
- Ocular Signs
- Dermatological Signs
- Musculoskeletal Signs
- Neurological Signs
- Reproductive Signs
- Respiratory Signs
- Systemic Signs
- References
- 134 Differential Diagnoses by Clinical Signs—Lizards
- Musculoskeletal Signs
- Dermatological Signs
- Gastrointestinal Signs
- Reproductive Signs
- Respiratory Signs
- Ocular Signs
- Neurological Signs
- Behavioral Signs
- Systemic Signs
- References
- 135 Differential Diagnoses by Clinical Signs—Chelonians
- Acute Mortalities
- Dermatological Signs
- Gastrointestinal Signs
- Respiratory Signs
- Reproductive Signs
- Musculoskeletal Signs
- Neurological Signs
- Ocular Signs
- References
- 136 Differential Diagnoses by Clinical Signs—Crocodilians
- Stress and Immunosuppression
- Systemic Signs
- Dermatological Signs
- Neurological Signs
- Respiratory Signs
- Musculoskeletal Signs
- Gastrointestinal Signs
- Ocular Signs
- Miscellaneous
- References
- 137 Differential Diagnoses by Clinical Signs—Amphibians
- Acute Mortalities
- Coelomic Distension
- Gastrointestinal Signs
- Dermatological Signs
- Musculoskeletal Signs
- Ocular Signs
- References
- Section 13 Specific Disease/Case Summary
- 138 Abscesses/Fibriscesses
- Definition
- Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
- Clinical Signs and Diagnostic Confirmation
- Preferred Treatment(s)
- Prognosis and Prevention
- References
- 139 Acariasis
- Definition
- Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
- Clinical Signs
- Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
- Treatment
- Prognosis and Prevention
- References
- 140 Amphibian Chytridiomycosis
- Definition and Known Etiological Cause(s)
- Clinical Significance
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnostic Confirmation
- Preferred Treatment(s) and Prevention
- References
- 141 Aural/Tympanic Abscessation
- Definition
- Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
- Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
- Preferred Treatment(s)
- Prognosis and Prevention
- References
- 142 Bite Wounds and Prey-Induced Trauma
- Definition
- Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
- Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
- Preferred Treatment(s)
- Prognosis and Prevention
- References
- 143 Cloacal Prolapse
- Definition
- Clinical Significance
- Known Etiological Cause(s)
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnostic Confirmation
- Preferred Treatment(s)
- Prognosis and Prevention
- References
- 144 Cloacal Scent Gland Adenitis
- Definition
- Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
- Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
- Preferred Treatment(s)
- Prognosis and Prevention
- References
- 145 Diarrhea
- Definition
- Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
- Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
- Preferred Treatment(s)
- Prognosis and Prevention
- 146 Digit Abnormalities
- Definition
- Clinical Significance
- Ischemia
- Swollen Toes and Joints
- Twitching Toes
- Skin Abnormalities
- References
- 147 Dysecdysis
- Definition
- Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
- Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
- Preferred Treatment(s)
- Prevention
- References
- 148 Dystocia and Follicular Stasis
- Definition
- Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnostic Confirmation
- Medical Treatment and Egg Manipulation
- Preferred Treatment(s)
- Prognosis and Prevention
- References
- 149 Gout
- Definition
- Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnostic Confirmation
- Preferred Treatment(s),,,
- Prognosis and Prevention
- References
- 150 Hemoparasites
- Definition
- Clinical Significance and Etiological Cause(s)
- Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
- Preferred Treatment(s)
- Prognosis and Prevention
- References
- 151 Hepatic Lipidosis
- Definition
- Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(S)
- Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
- Preferred Treatment(s)
- Prognosis and Prevention
- References
- 152 Hyperglycemia
- Definition
- Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
- Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
- Preferred Treatment(s)
- Prevention and Prognosis
- References
- 153 Hypovitaminosis and Hypervitaminosis A
- Definition
- Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnostic Confirmation
- Preferred Treatment(s)
- Prognosis and Prevention
- 154 Inclusion Body Disease (Reptarenavirus)
- Definition
- Clinical Signs
- Pathology
- Dignostic Confirmation
- Preferred Treatment(s)
- Prognosis and Prevention
- References
- 155 Lizard Cryptosporidiosis
- Definition
- Clinical Significance And Known Etiological Cause(s)
- Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
- Preferred Treatment(s)
- Prognosis and Prevention
- References
- 156 Neurological Disorders
- References
- 157 Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
- Definition
- Clinical Significance
- Known Etiological Cause(s)
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnostic Confirmation
- Preferred Treatment(s)
- Prognosis and Prevention
- 158 Paramyxoviruses (Ferlaviruses)
- Definition, Clinical Significance, and Known Etiological Cause(s)
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnostic Confirmation
- Preferred Treatment(s)
- Prognosis and Prevention
- References
- 159 Periodontal Disease
- Definition
- Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
- Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
- Preferred Treatment(s)
- Prognosis and Prevention
- References
- 160 Pneumonia
- Definition
- Clinical Significance And Known Etiological Cause(s)
- Clinical Presentation And Diagnostic Confirmation
- Preferred Treatment(s)
- Prognosis and Prevention
- 161 Pseudogout
- Definition
- Clinical Significance And Known Etiological Causes(s)
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnostic Confirmation
- Preferred Treatment(s),
- Prognosis and Prevention
- References
- 162 Renal Disease
- Definition
- Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
- Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
- Preferred Treatment(s)
- Prognosis and Prevention
- 163 Salmonellosis
- Definition
- Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
- Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
- Preferred Treatment(s)
- Prognosis and Prevention
- References
- 164 Shell Abnormalities
- Definition
- Clinical Significance and Known ETIOLOGICAL CAUSE(S)
- Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
- Preferred Treatment(s)
- Prognosis and Prevention
- 165 Snake Cryptosporidiosis
- Definition
- Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
- Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
- Preferred Treatment(s)
- Prognosis and Prevention
- References
- 166 Spinal Osteopathy
- Definition
- Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
- Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
- Preferred Treatment(s)
- Prognosis and Prevention
- References
- 167 Stomatitis
- Definition
- Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
- Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
- Preferred Treatment(s)
- Prognosis and Prevention
- References
- 168 Tail Abnormalities
- Definition
- Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
- Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
- Preferred Treatment(s)
- References
- 169 Testudinid Herpesviruses
- Definition
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnostic Confirmation
- Preferred Treatment(s)
- Prognosis and Prevention
- References
- 170 Thermal Burns
- Definition
- Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
- Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
- Preferred Treatment(s)
- Prognosis and Prevention
- References
- 171 Tortoise Mycoplasmosis
- Definition
- Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnostic Confirmation
- Preferred Treatment(s)
- Prognosis and Prevention
- References
- 172 Urolithiasis (Cystic Calculi and Cloacal Uroliths)
- Definition
- Clinical Significance and Known Etiological Cause(s)
- Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Confirmation
- Preferred Treatment(s)
- Prognosis and Prevention
- References
- 173 Vomiting and Regurgitation
- Definition and Clinical Significance
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnostic Confirmation
- Preferred Treatment(s)
- Prognosis and Prevention
- Section 14 Population and Public Health
- 174 Zoonoses and Public Health
- Bacteria
- Fungi
- Viruses
- Protozoa
- Pentastomida
- Helminths
- Arthropods
- References
- 175 Working With Free-Ranging Amphibians and Reptiles
- Amphibian and Reptile Capture Techniques
- Handling
- Marking
- Telemetry
- Conclusion
- References
- 176 Medical Management and Rehabilitation of Sea Turtles
- Common Medical Conditions
- Physical Examination
- Clinical Pathology
- Diagnostic Imaging
- Microbiologic and Molecular Diagnostics
- Therapeutics
- Management of Oiled Turtles
- Management of Buoyancy Disorders
- Euthanasia
- Anesthesia
- Surgery
- Management of Hypothermic (Cold-Stunned) Turtles
- Leatherback Turtle Evaluation and Care
- Transport and Release
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 177 Commercial Reptile Farming
- Mariculture of Green Sea Turtles at the Cayman Turtle Conservation and Education Centre
- Commercial Reptile Farming of Crocodilians
- Alligators
- Crocodiles and Caimans
- General Comments on Other Species
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- References
- 178 Large Zoo and Private Collection Management
- Population Sustainability
- Husbandry Considerations for Large Collections
- Management of Husbandry Resources
- Disease Management
- Conclusion
- References
- 179 Breeders, Wholesalers, and Retailers
- Breeding Collections
- Wholesale and Retail Collections
- Husbandry-Related Conditions
- Postmortem Evaluations
- Disease Conditions
- References
- 180 Laboratory Management and Medicine
- Regulatory Oversight and Accreditation Guidelines
- Funding Agency Requirements
- Publication Requirements
- The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
- Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee/Animal Welfare Body/Ethics Committee
- Housing and Care of Reptiles and Amphibians in the Laboratory Animal Facility
- Conclusion
- References
- 181 Conservation
- Current Realities—Conservation Status
- Causative Factors—Population Declines
- Challenges and Horizons
- Conclusion
- References
- 182 Herpetofauna and Ecosystem Health
- Indirect Ecosystem Services
- Nutrient and Energy Transport and Decomposition
- Food Chains, Invertebrate Response, and Functional Redundancy
- Human Health, Disease, and Mosquitos
- Water Quality
- Food and Materials From Herpetofauna
- Medicinal, Ethnobotany, and Cultural Uses
- Invasives and Ecosystem Structure and Function
- Conclusion
- References
- Section 15 Legal Topics
- 183 Laws and Regulations—International
- Aspects of Legislation Affecting Reptiles
- Sources of Information on International Legislation
- International Conservation Legislation
- Matters of Particular Interest to Veterinarians
- Regional Cooperation
- Law Enforcement
- Other Legislation
- Conclusion
- References
- 184 Laws and Regulations—Europe
- Sources of Information on Legislation
- Implementation and Enforcement of Legislation
- European Regional Legislation
- Free-Ranging Reptiles
- Captive Reptiles
- Trade
- Animal Health Controls
- Reptiles and Veterinary Practice
- Occupational Health and Safety
- Welfare
- Case Studies
- Conclusion
- References
- 185 Laws and Regulations—Americas
- The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
- The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
- United States Federal Regulations
- US State Laws
- Canadian Federal Regulations
- Mexican Federal Regulations
- Central and South American Regulations
- Case Examples
- References
- 186 Forensics
- Legal Considerations
- Providing Expert Evidence
- Considerations in Forensic Investigation
- Postmortem Investigation
- Laboratory Investigations
- Crime Scenes, Fieldwork, and in situ Collection of Evidence
- Record-Keeping and Collation and Analysis of Findings
- Chain of Custody
- Photography and Videography
- Documentation of Examination Procedures
- The Forensic Report
- The Collection and Packaging of Evidence
- Retention of Forensic Evidence and Other Material
- Serving as a Witness and Appearing in Court
- Conclusion
- References
- 187 Jurisprudence, Expert Reports, Testimony, and Court Appearance
- Principals of Being an Expert Witness
- Expert Reports
- Examination of Animals
- Reptile Welfare and Suffering
- Court Appearance and Testimony
- References
- Index
- No. of pages: 1537
- Language: English
- Edition: 3
- Published: November 30, 2018
- Imprint: Saunders
- Hardback ISBN: 9780323482530
- Hardback ISBN: 9780323676618
- eBook ISBN: 9780323482486
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