Low Cost Water and Wastewater Treatment Systems: Conventional and Recent Advances

Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering

1st Edition - October 15, 2024
Editors: Xuan-Thanh Bui, Ashok Pandey, Thanh-Tin Nguyen, Shu-Yuan Pan
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 3 6 6 2 - 4
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 3 6 6 1 - 7

Low Cost Water and Wastewater Treatment Systems: Conventional and Recent Advances introduces different conventional and advanced low-cost systems for water and wastewater treatment… Read more

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Low Cost Water and Wastewater Treatment Systems: Conventional and Recent Advances introduces different conventional and advanced low-cost systems for water and wastewater treatment. The technologies involve conventional biological processes with low-cost and newly developed processes for improving the performance of the treatment processes. The book also contains chapters describing some main topics which discusses their principles, development, and applications: 1) low-cost biological treatment system; 2) bioremediation technologies; 3) natural-based technologies; 4) biomedia-based technologies; 5) adsorption-based technologies; 6) membrane filtration-based technologies; and 7) emerging technologies.

It investigates various low-cost treatment technologies and applies these to the removal of organic matters, nutrients, and emerging micro pollutants in developing countries and worldwide.

Low Cost Water and Wastewater Treatment Systems: Conventional and Recent Advances
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Section A: Bioremediation and nature-based technologies
Chapter 1 Biological nutrient removal in wastewater treatment
Abstract
Keywords
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
2 Wastewater sources
3 From conventional processes to alternative processes in wastewater treatment
3.1 Conventional activated sludge process
3.2 Membrane bioreactors (MBRs)
3.3 Algae-based processed
3.4 Anammox-based processes
4 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 2 Anaerobic processes for wastewater treatment: Affecting factors and treatment performance
Abstract
Keywords
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
2 Anaerobic technologies
2.1 Classification of anaerobic treatment technology
2.2 Recent anaerobic technologies for wastewater treatment
3 Design parameters
3.1 Organic loading rate (OLR)
3.2 Sludge retention time (SRT)
3.3 Hydraulic retention time
3.4 Issues regarding installation and operation
4 Factor influence the anaerobic digestion process
4.1 Characteristics of influent
4.2 Pretreatment
4.3 Sulfide production
4.4 Ammonia toxicity
4.5 Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) accumulation
5 Economics of different anaerobic processes
6 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 3 Phytoremediation, an ecofriendly wastewater treatment technique
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Processes and mechanisms of phytoremediation
2.1 Phytoaccumulation
2.2 Phytostabilisation/phytoimmobilization
2.3 Rhizofiltration
2.4 Phytovolatilization
2.5 Phytodegradation and rhizodegradation
2.6 Phytodesalination
3 Influencing factors on phytoremediation
3.1 Contaminant characteristics
3.2 Plant types and ecological limitations
3.3 Soil and water pH
3.4 Biota dan microorganism
3.5 Electrical conductivity
3.6 Organic material level
3.7 Soil amendment
4 Plant biomass treatment after the phytoremediation
4.1 Harvesting and collection
4.2 Separation and decontamination
4.3 Stabilization and drying
4.4 Treatment option
4.5 Example case of implemented phytoremediation
5 Restrictions
6 Further development
7 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 4 Algal systems for wastewater treatment
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Cellular composition of algae and application in wastewater treatment
3 Algae-based wastewater treatment system
3.1 Cascading carbon capture systems
3.2 Bio-physicochemical system
3.3 Biofilms
3.4 Immobilization
3.5 Synergistic co-cultivation
3.6 Heterotrophic and mixotrophic cultivation using wastewater
3.7 Integrating flue gas in the algae-based wastewater treatment system
4 Algae for wastewater nutrient remediation
4.1 Adsorption
4.2 Accumulation
4.3 Algae-based degradation mechanism of pollutants
5 Species selection
5.1 Algal strains
5.2 Mode of microalgal growth
6 Impacts of operation condition to algae growth in wastewater treatment
6.1 Nutrients
6.2 Ammonia
6.3 Phosphorous
6.4 Carbon source
6.5 CO2 concentration
6.6 Temperature
6.7 pH
6.8 Light
7 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 5 Duckweed-based waste stabilization ponds for wastewater treatment
Abstract
Keywords
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
2 Duckweed application in wastewater treatment
3 Factors affecting duckweed growth in wastewater
4 Role of microorganisms associated with duckweeds
5 Performance of duckweed treatment ponds
5.1 Organic and nutrient removal
5.2 Toxic compound removal (CW)
6 Practical criteria of duckweed-based wastewater treatment systems
7 Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from duckweed-based wastewater treatment
7.1 Carbon dioxide (CO2)
7.2 Methane (CH4)
7.3 Nitrous oxide (N2O)
8 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Section B: Biomedia and biomaterials-based technologies
Chapter 6 Downflow hanging sponge (DHS) technology for wastewater treatment
Abstract
Keywords
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
2 DHS generations and their process of spreading from Japan to around the world
2.1 The DHS generations over the years
2.2 Applications
2.3 Performance of the DHS reactors in wastewater treatment
3 Mechanism of DHS technology
4 Sustainability of DHS technology
5 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 7 Biochar-based technology in water and wastewater treatment
Abstract
Keywords
Declaration of competing interest
1 Introduction
2 Biochar
2.1 Elemental composition and properties of biochar
2.2 Surface chemistry and characterization of biochar
2.3 Biochar application in wastewater treatment
3 Industrial wastewater treatment
3.1 Heavy metals and other inorganic pollutants
3.2 Dyes
3.3 Phenols
3.4 Pharmaceuticals and other organic pollutants
4 Municipal wastewater treatment
5 Agricultural wastewater treatment
6 Stormwater treatment
7 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 8 Biochar and engineering applications in remediation of heavy metal pollutants from wastewater toward sustainable development
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Sources, fate, and adverse effects of heavy metals
2.1 Sources of heavy metals
2.2 Fate and detrimental effects of heavy metals
3 Overview of biochar production
3.1 Pyrolysis
3.2 Hydrothermal carbonization
3.3 Gasification
3.4 Torrefaction
3.5 Feedstock for biochar production
4 Application of biochar for heavy metals removal from wastewater
4.1 Lead (Pb)
4.2 Cadmium (Cd)
4.3 Arsenic (As)
4.4 Mercury (Hg)
4.5 Chromium (Cr)
4.6 Others
5 Mechanisms for remediation of heavy metals from wastewater
6 Environmental benefits of biochar application toward sustainable development
7 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 9 Preparation and modification of cellulose aerogels and their application in water environment treatment
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Preparation and modification of cellulose aerogels
2.1 Dissolving and dispersion of cellulose
2.2 Gelation of cellulose
2.3 Drying
2.4 Modification of cellulose aerogels
3 Characteristics of cellulose aerogels
3.1 Density and porosity
3.2 Specific surface area
3.3 Morphology
3.4 Mechanical properties
4 Application of cellulose aerogels in environmental pollution control
4.1 Adsorption of heavy metal ions
4.2 Adsorption of oil and organic solvents
5 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 10 Advanced electrochemical separation for resource recovery from wastewater treatment
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Electrokinetic separation for resource recovery
2.1 Liquid fertilizers
2.2 Solid precipitates
2.3 Gaseous products
3 Economic benefits of resource recovery
4 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 11 Biochar production and potential application in water and wastewater treatment
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Production of biochar
2.1 Pyrolysis
2.2 Microwave treatment
2.3 Gasification
2.4 Hydrothermal carbonization
2.5 Torrefaction
3 Modification of biochar
3.1 Chemical modification
3.2 Physical activation
3.3 Impregnation and magnetic biochar
3.4 Hybrid chars
4 Application of biochar in drinking water and wastewater treatment
4.1 Factors affecting the removal of pollutants in drinking and wastewater systems
4.2 Removal of organic pollutants mechanisms
4.3 Removal of inorganic pollutants mechanisms
5 Challenges and areas of exploration in the application of biochar in real-life water systems
6 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Section C: Membrane filtration-based technologies
Chapter 12 Gravity-driven membrane as a low-cost process for sustainable water treatment: Principle, performance, and energy consumption
Abstract
Keywords
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
2 Fundamentals of GDM
2.1 GDM working principle
2.2 Membrane properties and configurations
3 Influencing factors affecting GDM water recovery
3.1 Feed water
3.2 Operation pressure
4 Energy consumption and affecting parameters
4.1 Energy consumption of GDM
4.2 Effect of parameters on energy consumption
5 System evaluation and economic assessment
6 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 13 Gravity-driven membrane filtration: Fouling control and its application for water and wastewater treatment
Abstract
Keywords
Acknowledgment
1 Introduction
2 Fouling in GDM
2.1 Particulate fouling
2.2 Organic fouling
2.3 Inorganic fouling
2.4 Biofouling
2.5 Nature of fouling affecting GDM performance
3 Fouling control/mitigation methods in GDM
3.1 Oxidation
3.2 Coagulation
3.3 Layer pre-deposition
3.4 Others
3.5 Cleaning
4 Recent application of GDM for water and wastewater treatment
4.1 Water treatment
4.2 Wastewater treatment
5 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Section D: Other technologies
Chapter 14 Electrokinetic separation for wastewater treatment
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Fundamentals of electrokinetic separation
3 Electrokinetic methods
3.1 Electrodialysis and electrodialysis reversal
3.2 Electrodeionization
3.3 Ion concentration polarization
4 Process efficiency evaluation and control parameters
4.1 Percent extraction
4.2 Current efficiency
4.3 Membrane permselectivity and transport number
4.4 Concentration polarization and limiting current density
5 Ionic membranes
6 Applications of electrokinetic separation in wastewater treatment
6.1 Industrial wastewater treatment
6.2 Municipal wastewater treatment
6.3 Desalination
6.4 Electrodialysis at the global level
7 Environmental assessment
8 Challenges to overcome
9 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 15 Microbial fuel cell-assisted systems for water treatment and energy recovery
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Operation principle of microbial fuel cell
3 Advances and challenges for wastewater treatment
3.1 Adapting to a variety of substrate sources
3.2 Reactor configuration improvement
3.3 Operational condition optimization
4 Microbial fuel cell integrated systems for wastewater treatment
4.1 MFC-constructed wetlands
4.2 Microbial desalination cells
4.3 MFC-algal bioreactors
5 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Index

Xuan-Thanh Bui

Dr. Xuan-Thanh BUI obtained the degree of engineer in chemical engineering from Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh (VNU-HCM), Viet Nam and received his M.Eng and Ph.D. degrees in environmental engineering at Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Thailand. Currently, he is an associate professor at the Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, HCMUT, VNU-HCM. He serves as chairman of Dept. of Water Science & Technology and head of VNU-HCM Key Laboratory of Advanced Waste Treatment Technology. His research focuses on membrane separation processes, water and wastewater treatment technologies, biological treatment processes and green technologies. He has published more than 100 SCIE journal papers, 25 books/book chapters and 02 patents. Additionally, he has played a role of project investigator of more than 50 international/national research projects in the field and organized three international conferences. Since 2017, he became members of the scientific committee in the field of earth sciences and environment of National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED), Ministry of Science and Technology, Viet Nam. In addition, he is editor board members of some journals such as Bioresource Technology, Environmental Technology and Innovation, Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, Vietnam Journal of Engineering Science and Technology.

Affiliations and expertise

Associate professor, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, HCMUT, VNU-HCM, Vietnam

Ashok Pandey

Prof. Ashok Pandey is currently Executive Director, Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability-India, Lucknow. His major research and technological development interests are industrial and environmental biotechnology and energy biosciences, focusing on biomass to biofuels and chemicals, waste to wealth and energy, etc.

Affiliations and expertise

Executive Director, Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability-India, Lucknow, India

Thanh-Tin Nguyen

Dr. Thanh-Tin Nguyen currently works at Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. He obtained Ph. D degree of engineer environmental engineering Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), South Korea. His research focuses on topics such as COF/MOF-based membrane for liquid separation and water treatment; nanomaterial-based Membranes for water Treatment and Desalination; Membrane separation processes (MF, UF, NF, RO, MD, and FO); Membrane fabrication for water treatment/desalination, liquid separation, and biomedical Engineering; Porous material for micropollutant removal; Microalgae-based resource recovery and wastewater treatment; Biological processes for wastewater treatment; Novel desalination and wastewater reuse technologies and processes; Economic assessment in desalination/water/wastewater treatment process; Membrane fouling (characterization, mass transport, and modelling). He worked as postdoctoral researcher at GIST with focusing on developing a novel membrane for biomedical engineering application. He has served as a guest editor for two special issues of Membranes, as well as a reviewer for prestigious journals such as the Journal of Hazardous Materials, Bioresource Technology, Desalination, Journal of Membrane Science, Separation and Purification Technology, Science of Total Environment, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Water Process Engineering. He gained an award of GIST young scientist for providing a part of funding on his research. He was also the recipient of the best presenter award at several international conferences: the best poster award (at the 10th International Desalination Workshop, Busan, Korea, 2017) and the best orientation award (at the 6th IWA Regional Membrane Technology Conference, Vadodara, Gujarat, India, 2018). He has published 47 SCIE journal papers, 5 book chapters and 1 techincal solution and applied 3 patents (under pending).

Affiliations and expertise

Research Associate, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA

Shu-Yuan Pan

Dr. Shu-Yuan Pan is currently an Assistant Professor at Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University. Professor Shu-Yuan Pan received his Ph.D. from the National Taiwan University (2016) in environmental engineering. He served as a visiting researcher at Argonne National Laboratory, and conducted postdoctoral research at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. In 2019, Dr. Pan joined National Taiwan University as a tenure-track Assistant Professor. His research interests focus on the development of energy-efficient technologies for wastewater valorization as reclaimed water and value-added products. Professor Pan leads the “Green Technology Lab” at National Taiwan University. Green Technology Lab is dedicating to provide “green water service” in accordance with international movements and local demands, such as circular economy and net-zero transformation. Pan has published more than 80 SCI articles (Google citation >4700 with an h-index of 36) and has received 8 patents. Pan is also the author or co-author of 1 book (entitled “CO2 Mineralization and Utilization”), 5 book chapters, 20+ journal articles (including Chinese Journals) and technical reports, and 130+ papers in conference proceedings and symposium volumes. He is a Professional Engineer (PE) in environmental engineering licensed in Taiwan (ROC).

Affiliations and expertise

Assistant Professor, Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan

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Low Cost Water and Wastewater Treatment Systems: Conventional and Recent Advances

Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering

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Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect

Xuan-Thanh Bui

Ashok Pandey

Thanh-Tin Nguyen

Shu-Yuan Pan

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