Lithium-Ion Batteries

1. Development of the Lithium-Ion Battery and Recent Technological Trends

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Development of the Practical LIB

3 Development of Cathode Materials

4 Development of Anode Materials

5 Development of Electrolyte Solutions

6 Separator Technology

7 Conclusion

References

2. Past, Present and Future of Lithium-Ion Batteries: Can New Technologies Open up New Horizons?

Abstract

Nomenclature

1 Introduction

2 How LIB was Born?

3 Performance that Users Expect from LIB

4 Improvement of LIB

5 Can New Battery Technologies Open up Novel Horizons for LIB?

6 Conclusion

References

3. Fast Charging (up to 6C) of Lithium-Ion Cells and Modules: Electrical and Thermal Response and Life Cycle Tests

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 General Considerations and Requirements

3 Fast Charging Characteristics of Various Lithium Battery Chemistries

4 Fast Charging Tests of 50-Ah LTO Cells and Modules

References

4. Nanostructured Electrode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

Acknowledgments

1 Introduction

2 Nanoscale Effects in Intercalation-Based Electrode Materials

3 Nanostructured Lithium Metal Phosphates for Positive Electrodes

4 Titanium-Based Nanomaterials for Negative Electrodes

5 Conversion Electrodes

6 Lithium Alloys for Negative Electrodes

7 Carbon Nanostructures as Active Materials in Negative Electrodes

8 Carbon-Based Nanocomposites

9 Conclusion

References

5. EVs and HEVs: The Need and Potential Functions of Batteries for Future Systems

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Power Performance Analysis of Batteries

3 Basic Performance Design of Vehicles

4 Thermal Analysis and Design

5 Battery Pack System Establishment

6 High-Power Performance of Lithium-Ion Batteries

References

6. Manufacturing Costs of Batteries for Electric Vehicles

Abstract

Acknowledgments

1 Introduction

2 Performance and Cost Model

3 Battery Parameters Affecting Cost

4 Uncertainty in Point Price Estimates

5 Effect of Manufacturing Scale

6 Outlook

References

7. Lithium-Ion Battery Packs for EVs

Abstract

Nomenclature

1 Introduction

2 Lithium-Ion Battery Design Considerations

3 Rechargeable Energy Storage Systems

4 Testing and Analysis

5 Applications of Electric Vehicle Rechargeable Energy Storage Systems

6 Conclusions

References

8. The Voltec System—Energy Storage and Electric Propulsion

Abstract

Nomenclature

Acknowledgments

1 Introduction

2 A Brief History of Electric Vehicles

3 Extended-Range Electric Vehicles

4 The Voltec Propulsion System

5 Voltec Drive Unit and Vehicle Operation Modes

6 Battery Operation Strategy

7 Development and Validation Processes

8 Vehicle Field Experience

9 Summary

References

9. Transit Bus Applications of Lithium-Ion Batteries: Progress and Prospects

Abstract

Nomenclature

1 Introduction

2 Integration of Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Drive Buses

3 Examples of HEB/EB Transit Buses with LIB-Based Rechargeable Energy Storage Systems (RESS)

4 Lessons Learned, Progress, and Prospects

References

10. EVs and HEVs Using Lithium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 HEVs

3 BEVs and EREVs

4 Electric Microcars

5 New Concepts of Urban Transport Vehicles

6 Conclusions

11. The Challenge of PHEV Battery Design and the Opportunities of Electrothermal Modeling

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Theory

3 Setup Description

4 Model Parameter Extraction

5 Results and Discussion

6 Conclusions

Appendix

References

12. Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles

Abstract

Acknowledgments

1 Introduction

2 All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries

3 Conclusions

References

13. Lithium-Ion Batteries for Storage of Renewable Energies and Electric Grid Backup

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Applications

3 System Concepts and Topologies

4 Components and Requirements

5 Conclusions

References

14. Satellite Lithium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

Nomenclature

Acknowledgments

1 Introduction

2 Satellite Missions

3 Li-Ion Batteries for Satellites

4 Satellite Battery Technologies and Suppliers

5 Conclusion

References

15. Lithium-Ion Battery Management

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Battery Management Structure and Options

3 Battery Management Functions

4 State of Charge Controller

References

16. Electronic Options for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

Acknowledgments

1 Introduction

2 Basic Functions

3 Monitoring

4 Measuring

5 Calculating

6 Communicating

7 Controlling

8 One Series Li-Ion Cell Devices (3.6 V Nominal)

9 Two Series Cell Devices (7.2 V Nominal)

10 Three and Four Series Cell Devices (10.8–14.4 V Nominal)

11 Five to Ten Series Cell Devices

12 Ten to Twenty Series Cells

13 Very Large Array Battery Systems

14 Conclusions

References

17. Safety of Commercial Lithium-Ion Cells and Batteries

Abstract

Nomenclature

Acknowledgments

1 Introduction

2 Commercial Lithium-Ion Battery Packs for Portable Equipment

3 Limitations of Commercial Lithium-Ion Cells

4 Quality Control of Commercial Lithium-Ion Cells

5 Commercial Lithium-Ion Cell- and Battery-Safety Certification Process

6 Conclusions

References

18. Safety of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 System Level Safety

3 Cell Level Safety

4 Abuse Tolerance Tests

5 Internal Short and Thermal Runaway

6 Large Format Cells and Safety

7 Lithium Deposition

References

19. Lithium-Ion Cell Components and Their Effect on High-Power Battery Safety

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Electrolytes

3 The Separator

4 Thermal Stability of the Cathode

5 Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/LiFePO₄: the Safest and Most Powerful Couple

6 Other Factors Related to Safety

7 Concluding Remarks

References

20. Thermal Stability of Materials in Lithium-Ion Cells

Abstract

Acknowledgments

1 Introduction

2 Basic Consideration on Cell Safety

3 Chemical Reduction of the Electrolyte by the Negative Electrode

4 Thermal Decomposition of the Electrolyte

5 Electrolyte Oxidation at the Positive Electrode

6 Safety Evaluation by Abuse Tests

7 Conclusions

References

21. Lithium-Ion Battery Environmental Impacts

Abstract

Nomenclature

Acknowledgments

1 Introduction

2 Benefits of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling

3 Environmental Impacts of Lithium-Ion Batteries

4 Overview and Analysis of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Technologies

5 Factors that Affect Recycling

6 Conclusions

References

22. Recycling of Traction Batteries as a Challenge and Chance for Future Lithium Availability

Abstract

1 Introduction: Criticality of Resources

2 Geographic Distribution of Lithium Reserves and Resources

3 Impact of Future Electric Mobility on Lithium Demand

4 Review of Presently Used Recycling Quotas in Different Studies

5 Influence of Different Recycling Quotas on Lithium Availability

6 Conclusions

References

23. Manufacturers, Materials and Recycling Technologies

Abstract

1 Lithium Battery Manufacturers

2 Materials Used for Battery Production and Their Cost

3 Recycling

References

24. The Lithium-Ion Battery Value Chain—Status, Trends and Implications

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 The LIB Market

3 Cell and Material Manufacturing Process

4 Structure of the Value Chain and Expected Changes

References

25. Thermodynamics of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

Nomenclature

1 Introduction

2 Thermodynamic Measurements: Procedure and Equipment

3 Thermodynamics Data Before Aging: Cell Chemistry Assessment

4 Thermodynamics of Overcharged Cells

5 Thermodynamics of Thermally Aged Cells

6 Thermodynamics of Long-Cycled Cells

7 Thermodynamic Memory Effect

8 Conclusion

References