Liquid Chromatography

Fundamentals and Instrumentation

3rd Edition - April 20, 2023
Editors: Salvatore Fanali, Bezhan Chankvetadze, Paul R. Haddad, Colin Poole, Marja-Liisa Riekkola
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 9 9 6 8 - 7
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 9 9 9 9 - 1

Liquid Chromatography: Fundamentals and Instrumentation, Third Edition offers a single source of authoritative information on all aspects of the practice of modern liquid chroma… Read more

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Liquid Chromatography: Fundamentals and Instrumentation, Third Edition offers a single source of authoritative information on all aspects of the practice of modern liquid chromatography. The book gives those working in academia and industry the opportunity to learn, refresh, and deepen their understanding of the field by covering basic and advanced theoretical concepts, recognition mechanisms, conventional and advanced instrumentation, method development, data analysis, and more. This third edition addresses new developments in the field with updated chapters from expert researchers. The book is a valuable reference for research scientists, teachers, university students, industry professionals in research and development, and quality control managers.

Cover
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Chapter 1: Milestones in the development of liquid chromatography
Abstract
1.1: Introduction
1.2: HPLC theory and practice
1.3: Columns
1.4: Equipment
1.5: Detectors
Apologies and Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
Chapter 2: Kinetic theories of liquid chromatography
Abstract
2.1: Introduction
2.2: Macroscopic kinetic theories
2.3: Microscopic kinetic theories
2.4: Comparison of the microscopic and the macroscopic kinetic models
References
Chapter 3: Column technology for liquid chromatography
Abstract
3.1: Introduction
3.2: Column hardware and design
3.3: Column packing
3.4: Parameters/characteristics of LC columns
3.5: Column testing and evaluation
3.6: Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 4: General instrumentation in HPLC
Abstract
4.1: Introduction
4.2: Instrumental set-up
4.3: Related HPLC techniques
Further reading
Chapter 5: Liquid–solid chromatography
Abstract
5.1: Introduction
5.2: Retention and separation
5.3: Method development
5.4: Problems with the use of normal-phase chromatography
References
Chapter 6: Reversed-phase liquid chromatography
Abstract
6.1: Introduction
6.2: Parameters that affect retention
6.3: Linear free energy relationships
References
Chapter 7: Secondary chemical equilibria in reversed-phase liquid chromatography
Abstract
Acknowledgment
7.1: Introduction
7.2: Use of acid–base secondary equilibria
7.3: Ion-interaction chromatography
7.4: Micellar liquid chromatography
7.5: Metal complexation
7.6: Redox reactions
References
Chapter 8: Ultrafast high-performance liquid chromatography
Abstract
8.1: Introduction
8.2: High-efficiency high-speed separations
8.3: High-throughput HPLC analysis
8.4: Applications of ultrafast high-performance or high-throughput liquid chromatography
8.5: Challenges with performing ultrafast high-performance HPLC separations
8.6: Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Nano-liquid chromatography
Abstract
9.1: Introduction
9.2: Features of microfluidic analytical techniques
9.3: SPs and capillary column preparation
9.4: Instrumentation
9.5: Some selected applications
9.6: Conclusions
References
Chapter 10: Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography
Abstract
10.1: Introduction
10.2: Principles of HILIC
10.3: Stationary and mobile phases commonly employed in HILIC
10.4: Applications
References
Chapter 11: Mobile phase selection in liquid chromatography
Abstract
Acknowledgments
11.1: Elution strength
11.2: Columns and solvents in RPLC, NPLC, and HILIC
11.3: Elution strength assessment
11.4: Isoeluotropic mixtures
11.5: Solvent-selectivity triangles
11.6: Practical guidelines for the optimization of mobile phase composition
11.7: Additional considerations for the selection of solvents
References
Chapter 12: Co-solvents and mobile phase additives in HPLC
Abstract
12.1: Introduction
12.2: Fluorinated ion-pairing agents: Carboxylic acids, amines, and alcohols
12.3: Ionic liquids
12.4: Deep eutectic solvents (DESs)
12.5: Chaotropic anions
12.6: Kosmotropic ions
12.7: Surfactant additives
12.8: Conclusions
References
Chapter 13: Method development in liquid chromatography
Abstract
13.1: Introduction
13.2: Goals
13.3: A structured approach to method development
13.4: Method development in practice
13.5: Prevalidation
13.6: Validation
13.7: Documentation
13.8: Summary
References
Further reading
Chapter 14: Physicochemical property determinations by liquid chromatography
Abstract
14.1: Introduction
14.2: Solvation properties determined from retention
14.3: Interactions at solid interfaces determined from retention
14.4: Properties inferred from retention correlation models
14.5: Physical properties determined by kinetic measurements
References
Chapter 15: Theory and practice of gradient elution liquid chromatography
Abstract
15.1: Introduction
15.2: The effects of experimental conditions on separation
15.3: Method development
15.4: Problems associated with gradient elution
References
Chapter 16: Fundamentals of enantioselective liquid chromatography
Abstract
16.1: Introduction
16.2: Chiral selector
16.3: Inert carrier
16.4: Mobile phase
16.5: Thermodynamics of a separation process
16.6: Kinetics of a separation process
16.7: Enantioselective recognition mechanisms
16.8: Conclusions and future trends
References
Chapter 17: Hydrophobic interaction chromatography
Abstract
17.1: Introduction
17.2: Operating principles of HIC
17.3: Applications of HIC
17.4: Challenges and limitations
17.5: Conclusions
References
Chapter 18: Ion chromatography
Abstract
18.1: Introduction
18.2: Basic principles and separation modes
18.3: Instrumentation
18.4: Applications
References
Chapter 19: Size-exclusion chromatography
Abstract
Disclaimer
19.1: Introduction
19.2: Historical background
19.3: Retention in size-exclusion chromatography
19.4: Band broadening in size-exclusion chromatography
19.5: Resolution in size-exclusion chromatography
19.6: Size-exclusion chromatography enters the modern era: The determination of absolute molar mass
19.7: Size-exclusion chromatography today: Multidetector separations, physicochemical characterization, two-dimensional techniques
19.8: Conclusions
References
Chapter 20: Affinity chromatography
Abstract
Acknowledgment
20.1: Introduction
20.2: Basic components of affinity chromatography
20.3: Bioaffinity chromatography
20.4: Immunoaffinity chromatography
20.5: Dye-ligand and biomimetic affinity chromatography
20.6: Immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography
20.7: Analytical affinity chromatography
20.8: Miscellaneous methods and newer developments
References
Chapter 21: Multidimensional liquid chromatography
Abstract
21.1: Introduction
21.2: Fundamentals
21.3: Instrumental set-up and data analysis
21.4: Conclusions and future perspectives
References
Chapter 22: Process concepts in preparative chromatography
Abstract
Acknowledgments
22.1: Introduction
22.2: Classical isocratic discontinuous elution chromatography
22.3: Other discontinuous operating concepts
22.4: Continuous simulated moving bed (SMB) chromatography
22.5: Optimization and concept comparison
22.6: Conclusions
References
Chapter 23: Modeling of preparative liquid chromatography
Abstract
Acknowledgments
23.1: Introduction
23.2: Column model
23.3: Adsorption model
23.4: Process optimization of preparative chromatography
23.5: Case example
References
Chapter 24: Capillary electrochromatography
Abstract
24.1: Introduction
24.2: Principles of capillary electrochromatography
24.3: Instrumentation
24.4: Miniaturized systems
24.5: Applications
References
Chapter 25: Miniaturization and microchips
Abstract
Acknowledgments
25.1: Introduction
25.2: Compact solvent delivery systems
25.3: Aspects of sample injection in miniaturized HPLC
25.4: Microchips
25.5: Electrochemical and optical detection in miniaturized and chip-based setups
25.6: Chip-based HPLC instruments
25.7: Portable HPLC
References
Chapter 26: Mass spectrometric detection, instrumentation, and ionization methods
Abstract
Acknowledgments
26.1: Introduction
26.2: Ionization techniques
26.3: Mass analyzers
References
Chapter 27: Identification and quantitation in liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
Abstract
27.1: Sample collection
27.2: Sample preparation
27.3: Calibration and validation
27.4: LC–MS analysis
27.5: Data analysis and reporting
27.6: Matrix match calibration
27.7: Echo peak calibration
27.8: Post-column internal standard infusion
27.9: One standard per substance class
27.10: Metabolic isotopic labelling
27.11: Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)
References
Chapter 28: Advanced IR and Raman detectors for identification and quantification
Abstract
28.1: Introduction
28.2: Off-line hyphenation
28.3: On-line hyphenation
28.4: Conclusions
References
Chapter 29: Recent advances in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy detection compatible with on-flow operational regimes: New uses of NMR detectors hyphenated to LCs and other separation techniques and in reaction monitoring
Abstract
Acknowledgments
29.1: Introduction
29.2: Strategies to improve on-flow LC-NMR limitations
29.3: Miscellanea
29.4: Conclusions
References
Chapter 30: Prediction of retention in liquid chromatography
Abstract
Acknowledgment
30.1: Introduction
30.2: Methodology and goals of QSRR studies
30.3: Applications of QSSR in “OMICS”
30.4: Application of QSRR in other techniques
30.5: 3S—Similarity, selectivity, and specificity
30.6: Characterization of stationary phases
30.7: Quantitative retention biological activity relationships
30.8: Conclusions and future perspectives
References
Chapter 31: Validation of liquid chromatographic methods
Abstract
31.1: Discussion
31.2: Conclusion
References
Index

Salvatore Fanali

Salvatore Fanali is Director of Research at the Institute of Chemical Methodologies, Italian National Research Council (C.N.R.) in Monterotondo (Rome), Italy, and head of the Capillary Electromigration and Chromatographic Methods Unit at the same Institute. His research activity is mainly focused on separation science including the development of modern miniaturized techniques (electrodriven and liquid chromatography). He also studies hyphenation with mass spectrometry and development of new stationary phases. Separation methods developed are currently applied to food, pharmaceuticals, chiral environment, and biomedical analysis. He is Editor of the Journal of Chromatography A and a member of the advisory editorial board of seven international scientific journals. Fanali is the author of about 300 publications including some book chapters. He received several awards including the “Liberti Medal” in Separation Science from the Italian Chemical Society.

Affiliations and expertise

Committee of the Ph.D. School in Nanoscience and Advanced Technologies, University of Verona, Verona, Italy

Bezhan Chankvetadze

Bezhan Chankvetadze is professor of Analytical Chemistry at Tbilisi State University, Editor of Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, and is well recognized in the field of separation science. He is one of the leaders in chromatography and chiral separations with a large number of publications.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia

Paul R. Haddad

Paul Haddad is currently a Distinguished Professor of Chemistry and Australian Research Council Federation Fellow at the University of Tasmania, as well as Director of the Pfizer Analytical Research Centre. He has more than 500 publications in this field and has presented in excess of 450 papers at local and international scientific meetings. He is an editor of Journal of Chromatography A, a contributing editor for Trends in Analytical Chemistry, and was an editor of Analytica Chimica Acta for 6 years. He is currently a member of the editorial boards of 10 other journals of analytical chemistry or separation science. He is the recipient of several national and international awards, including the ACS Award in Chromatography, the Marcel Golay Award, the AJP Martin Gold Medal awarded by the Chromatographic Society, the Royal Society of Chemistry Analytical Separation Methods Award, the RACI HG Smith and Analytical Division medals, and more.

Affiliations and expertise

Distinguished Professor, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia

Colin Poole

Professor Colin Poole is internationally known in the field of thin-layer chromatography and is an editor of the Journal of Chromatography and former editor of the Journal of Planar Chromatography – Modern TLC. He has authored several books on chromatography, recent examples being The Essence of Chromatography published by Elsevier (2003), and Gas Chromatography published by Elsevier (2012). He is the author of approximately 400 research articles, many of which deal with thin-layer chromatography, and is co-chair of the biennial “International Symposium on High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography”.

Affiliations and expertise

Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA

Marja-Liisa Riekkola

Marja-Liisa Riekkola is a professor of Analytical Chemistry at Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland. She is well recognized in the field of separation science. She serves as Editor of Journal of Chromatography A. Prof. Riekkola is one of the leaders in chromatography with a large number of publications.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland

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Liquid Chromatography

Fundamentals and Instrumentation

Purchase options

Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect

Salvatore Fanali

Bezhan Chankvetadze

Paul R. Haddad

Colin Poole

Marja-Liisa Riekkola