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Lignocellulosic Biomass to Value-Added Products
Fundamental Strategies and Technological Advancements
1st Edition - June 17, 2021
Authors: Mihir Kumar Purkait, Dibyajyoti Haldar
Paperback ISBN:9780128235348
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 3 5 3 4 - 8
eBook ISBN:9780128235911
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 3 5 9 1 - 1
Lignocellulosic Biomass to Value-Added Products: Fundamental Strategies and Technological Advancements focuses on fundamental and advanced topics surrounding technologies for the… Read more
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Lignocellulosic Biomass to Value-Added Products: Fundamental Strategies and Technological Advancements focuses on fundamental and advanced topics surrounding technologies for the conversion process of lignocellulosic biomass. Each and every concept related to the utilization of biomass in the process of conversion is elaborately explained, with importance given to minute details. Advanced level technologies involved in the conversion of biomass into biofuels, like bioethanol and biobutanol, are addressed, along with the process of pyrolysis. Readers of this book will become fully acquainted with the field of lignocellulosic conversion, from its basics to current research accomplishments.
The uniqueness of the book lies in the fact that it covers each and every topic related to biomass and its conversion into value-added products. Technologies involved in the major areas of pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation are explained precisely. Additional emphasis is given to the analytical part, especially the established protocols for rapid and accurate quantification of total sugars obtained from lignocellulosic biomass.
Includes chapters arranged in a flow-through manner
Discusses mechanistic insights in different phenomena using colorful figures for quick understanding
Provides the most up-to-date information on all aspects of the conversion of individual components of lignocellulosic biomass
Undergraduate students, senior undergraduate students, academicians, industry professionals, researchers, and scientists from biotechnology, chemical engineering, and biochemical engineering backgrounds
1. Introduction 1.1. Overview on lignocellulosic biomass 1.1.1. Cellulose 1.1.2. Hemicellulose 1.1.3. Lignin 1.2. Literature review 1.3. Brief history on lignocellulosic biomass and its conversion process 1.4. Scope of the book References
2. Compositional aspects of lignocellulosic biomass 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Literature review 2.3. Crystallinity and amorphicity of cellulose 2.4. Hemicellulose solubilization 2.5. Lignin barrier 2.6. Particle size of biomass 2.7. Compositional aspect of other common biomasses 2.7.1. Solid waste 2.7.2. Microalgae 2.8. Summary References
3. Conventional pretreatment methods of lignocellulosic biomass 3.1. Overview on pretreatment process 3.2. Literature review 3.3. Strategies to conduct pretreatment with aid of physical methods 3.3.1. Pretreatment using ball milling 3.3.2. Pretreatment using extrusion 3.3.3. Pretreatment with aid of irradiation 3.4. Strategies of pretreatment with aid of chemicals 3.4.1. Acid pretreatment 3.4.2. Alkali pretreatment 3.4.3. Ionic liquid pretreatment 3.4.4. Organosolv pretreatment 3.5. Strategies of physico-chemical pretreatment methods 3.5.1. Steam explosion pretreatment 3.5.2. Liquid hot water pretreatment 3.5.3. Wet oxidation pretreatment 3.5.4. Carbon-di-oxide pretreatment 3.6. Pretreatment using biological agents 3.7. Integrated pretreatment processes 3.8. Summary References
4. Emerging and advanced techniques in the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass 4.1. Literature review 4.2. Pretreatment using microwave and ultrasound 4.3. Pretreatment using gamma ray and irradiation of electron beam 4.4. Application of pulsed electric field in the pretreatment 4.5. Application of high hydrostatic pressure 4.6. High pressure homogenization in the pretreatment of biomass 4.7. Natural deep eutectic solvents for biomass pretreatment process 4.8. Summary References
5. Formation and detoxification of inhibitors 5.1. Overview on inhibitors 5.2. Literature review 5.3. Mechanistic formation of various inhibitors 5.3.1. Formation of furfural 5.3.2. Formation of hydroxymethyl furfural 5.3.3. Formation of acetic acid 5.3.4. Formation of formic acid 5.3.5. Formation of levulinic acid 5.4. Strategies to detoxify the formation of inhibitors 5.4.1. Microbial ability to detoxify inhibitors 5.4.2. Application of enzymes for the detoxification of hydrolysates 5.4.3. Chemical aided detoxification processes 5.5. Summary References
6. Enzymatic hydrolysis: Mechanistic insight and advancement 6.1. Overview on enzymatic hydrolysis 6.2. Literature review 6.3. Enzymatic system 6.3.1. Active site of enzyme 6.3.2. Substrate binding site 6.3.3. Biochemistry involved in cellulase enzyme from T. reesei 6.4. Mechanism of enzymatic reactions 6.4.1. Enzymatic hydrolysis with cellulase enzyme 6.4.2. Enzymatic hydrolysis with hemicellulase enzyme 6.4.3. Enzymatic hydrolysis with combination of enzymes 6.5. Product inhibition during enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass 6.5.1. Competitive inhibition 6.5.2. Non-competitive inhibition 6.5.3. Un-competitive inhibition 6.6. Summary References
7. Strategies towards an improvement in enzymatic production 7.1. Overview 7.2. Literature review 7.3. Optimum reaction conditions 7.3.1. Effect of pH, temperature, solid loading and enzyme concentration 7.4. Impact of additives on enzymatic hydrolysis 7.4.1. Addition of surfactants 7.4.2. Chemical addition 7.4.3. Presence of metal ions 7.4.4. Effect of polymer addition 7.5. Strategies to improve enzymatic yield of biomass 7.6. Summary References
8. Analytical methods for quantification of sugars and characterization of biomass 8.1. Overview 8.2. Literature review 8.3. DNS method for analysis of total reducing sugars 8.3.1. Preparation of DNS reagent 8.3.2. Preparation of sodium potassium tartrate (Rochelle salt) solution 8.3.3. DNS method with standardization of glucose 8.4. Phenol sulphuric acid method for quantification of total sugars 8.4.1. Reagents of phenol sulphuric acid method 8.4.2. Phenol sulphuric acid method with standardization of glucose 8.5. Anthrone method for the determination of total carbohydrates 8.5.1. Preparation of anthrone reagent with thiourea in 75% sulphuric acid 8.5.2. Quantification of total carbohydrates using conventional anthrone method 8.5.3. Criticalities involved with conventional anthrone method 8.5.3.1. Comparative analysis for total sugars using conventional anthrone method 8.5.3.2. Concentration of individual sugars observed through uv-visible spectrophotometer at 620 nm using conventional anthrone method 8.5.3.3. Scanning observations of individual sugars at 620 nm using uv-visible spectrophotometer 8.5.3.4. Reaction mechanism of conventional anthrone method 8.5.3.5. Reaction mechanism of galactose and mannose with anthrone 8.5.3.6. Reaction mechanism of xylose and arabinose with anthrone 8.5.4 Modifications in conventional anthrone method 8.5.4.1. OD variation at 620 nm for different sugars in 98% sulphuric acid at different reaction times 8.5.4.2. Effect of thiourea in anthrone reagent prepared in 98% sulphuric acid 8.5.4.3. Modified protocol based on conventional anthrone method 8.5.4.4. Comparative assessment on the validation of the proposed model 8.6. HPLC analysis for identification and quantification of individual sugars 8.6.1. Inability of H column in separating galactose and mannose from sugar mixture 8.7. SEM analysis of biomass 8.8. FTIR analysis of biomass 8.9. XRD analysis of biomass 8.10. Summary References
9. Value-added products derived from lignocellulosic biomass 9.1. Overview 9.2. Literature review 9.3. Derivatives from cellulose 9.3.1. Pulp and paper 9.3.2. Fibers and textiles 9.3.3. Nanocellulose 9.4. Lignocellulosic enzymes 9.4.1. Cellulase produced from lignocellulosic biomass 9.4.2. Xylanase produced from lignocellulosic biomass 9.5. Organic acid from fermentable sugars 9.5.1. Citric acid 9.5.2. Succinic acid 9.6. Formation of polysaccharides from biomass 9.6.1. Xanthan 9.6.2. Chitosan 9.7. Summary References
10. Valorization of lignin into high value products 10.1. Overview 10.2. Literature review 10.3. Structure and characterization of different types of lignin 10.4. Strategies to extract lignin from biomass 10.4.1. Lignin obtained from kraft process 10.4.2. Lignin obtained from sulphite process 10.4.3. Soda process for lignin extraction 10.4.4. Organosolv process for lignin extraction 10.5. Synthesis of functionally modified lignin 10.6. Industrial applications of lignin 10.7. Strategies to synthesize lignin based nanoparticles (LNPs) for various applications 10.7.1. LNPs as composite materials 10.7.2. LNPs as carrier in drug delivery system 10.7.3. LNPs in tissue engineering and other application 10.8. Summary References
11. Bioenergy from biomass 11.1. Overview on bioenergy from biomass 11.2. Literature review 11.3. Bioethanol from biomass 11.3.1. Potential lignocellulosic wastes towards bioethanol production 11.3.2. strategies undertaken in sustainable technologies towards the production of bioethanol 11.3.3. Challenges persisting with the production process of bioethanol 11.4. Biobutanol from biomass 11.4.1. Superior features of biobutanol over bioethanol as biofuel 11.4.2. Strategies involved in the production of biobutanol 11.4.3. Future aspects towards industrial installation of biobutanol 11.5. Biogas from biomass 11.5.1. Advancement in technologies with the production of biohydrogen 11.5.2. Advancement in technologies with the production of biomethane 11.6. Summary References
12. Pyrolysis of biomass for value-added products 12.1. Overview on pyrolysis and gasification process 12.2. Literature review 12.3. Mechanism of pyrolysis 12.4. Selection of feedstock for pyrolysis process 12.4.1. Woody biomass 12.4.2. Agricultural biomass 12.4.3. Energy crops 12.5. Process conditions towards an effective pyrolysis process 12.5.1. Reaction ambience 12.5.2. Temperature 12.5.3. Heating rate 12.6. Classifications of pyrolysis process 12.6.1. Fast pyrolysis 12.6.2. Intermediate pyrolysis 12.6.3. Slow pyrolysis 12.7. Summary References
13. Waste to bioenergy in the developed and developing world 13.1. Overview on bioenergy in the developed and developing world 13.2. Literature review 13.3. Strategies undertaken by the developed countries for the conversion of lignocellulosic waste to bioenergy 13.4. Present scenario of bioenergy in the developing countries using lignocellulosic wastes 13.5. Summary References
14. Advanced and emerging technologies for the conversion of biomass to bioenergy 14.1. Overview on advanced technologies for biomass to bioenergy conversion 14.2. Literature review 14.3. Strategies to mitigate the limitations of the existing technologies 14.4. Strategies adopted as advanced technologies in the conversion of biomass to bioenergy 14.5. Summary References
15. Challenges and future perspectives involved with various unit operations in the production of bioenergy from biomass 15.1. Bottlenecks in the process of pretreatment of biomass 15.2. Critical factors to overcome high cost of enzyme during hydrolysis of biomass 15.3. Present challenges with the commercial adaptation of biofuel production 15.3.1. Selection of efficient microbes for fermentation 15.3.2. Proper utilization of sugars as feedstock materials 15.3.3. Separation of biofuel to improve the performance of fermentation 15.3.4. Influence on co-formation of other products 15.3.5. Water requirement in biorefinery and recycling 15.4 Recommendations on futuristic approach 15.5. Conclusions References
No. of pages: 240
Language: English
Published: June 17, 2021
Imprint: Elsevier
Paperback ISBN: 9780128235348
eBook ISBN: 9780128235911
MP
Mihir Kumar Purkait
Dr. Mihir Kumar Purkait is a Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering, Dean of Alumni and External Affairs and ex-Head of Centre for the Environment at Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG). His current research activities are focused in four distinct areas viz. i) advanced separation technologies, ii) waste to energy, iii) smart materials for various applications and iv) process intensification. In each of the area, his goal is to synthesis stimuli responsive materials and to develop a more fundamental understanding of the factors governing the performance of the chemical and biochemical processes. He has more than 20 years of experience in academics and research and published more than 300 papers in different reputed journals. He has 12 patents and completed 34 sponsored and consultancy projects from various funding agencies. Prof. Purkait has guided 18 Ph.D. students.
Affiliations and expertise
Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
DH
Dibyajyoti Haldar
Dr. Dibyajyoti Haldar is currently a postdoctoral fellow at the Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), India. He obtained his PhD in Chemical Engineering from the National Institute of Technology Agartala (NITA), India, and his MTech in Environmental Science and Technology from the National Institute of Technology Durgapur (NITDGP), India. His research work includes conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars, enzymatic hydrolysis and kinetics, biofuels, and formation of value-added products derived from agricultural wastes and processes intensification. He has published 12 scientific research and review papers in various reputable international journals. He is the author of several book chapters and a book published by Elsevier. During his PhD, he received the best oral presentation award in a one-day workshop on “'Current Trends in Scientific Research” at Research Scholars’ Day 2018 organized by the National Institute of Technology Agartala, India. He is a potential reviewer of several international journals. He has attended several conferences of national and international repute.
Affiliations and expertise
Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India