Life-Cycle Assessment of Biorefineries

Chapter 1: Classification of Biorefineries Taking into Account Sustainability Potentials and Flexibility

• Abstract
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Classification Systems
• 1.3 Revisiting the Classification System—Goals and Scopes of Biorefineries
• 1.4 Inclusion of Sustainability in the Classification System
• 1.5 Inclusion of Flexibility
• 1.6 The Rationale of Public and Private Incentives: The Role of Classification
• 1.7 Conclusions and Perspectives

Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Life Cycle Assessment and Specificity of Biorefineries

• Abstract
• 2.1 Life Cycle Assessment: From Infancy to a Standardized Methodology
• 2.2 Definition of the Goal and Scope
• 2.3 Life Cycle Inventory
• 2.4 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)
• 2.5 Interpretation
• 2.6 Imprecision, Uncertainties and Meaningfulness in LCA
• 2.7 Extension of Environmental Life Cycle Assessment
• 2.8 Conclusion and Perspectives

Chapter 3: Life-Cycle Assessment of Agricultural Feedstock for Biorefineries

• Abstract
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Agricultural Residues
• 3.3 Agricultural Crops
• 3.4 Overall Comparison of Feedstocks and Land-Use Change Effects
• 3.5 Conclusions and Perspectives

Chapter 4: Life Cycle Assessment of Sugar Crops and Starch-Based Integrated Biorefineries

• Abstract
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 Objectives and Scope
• 4.3 Process Design
• 4.4 Comparative LCA
• 4.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
• Appendix Combustion performance of 1 MJ of lignocellulosic feedstock (bagasse)

Chapter 5: Life Cycle Assessment of Vetiver-Based Biorefinery With Production of Bioethanol and Furfural

• Abstract
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Process Description
• 5.3 Experiments and Data Inventory
• 5.4 Life Cycle Assessment
• 5.5 Conclusions and Perspectives

Chapter 6: Life Cycle Assessment of Thermochemical Conversion of Empty Fruit Bunch of Oil Palm to Bio-Methane

• Abstract
• Acknowledgments
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 Hydrothermal Gasification: Process Design
• 6.3 Life Cycle Inventory
• 6.4 Impact Assessment
• 6.5 Conclusions and Perspectives

Chapter 7: Life Cycle Assessment of Algal Biorefinery

• Abstract
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 Process Description
• 7.3 Life Cycle Inventory
• 7.4 Sensitivity Analysis
• 7.5 Impact Assessment
• 7.6 Conclusions and Perspectives

Chapter 8: Life Cycle Assessment and Land-Use Changes: Effectiveness and Limitations

• Abstract
• 8.1 Introduction
• 8.2 A Typology of LUCs
• 8.3 Complexity of LUC Mechanisms
• 8.4 Monitoring: Use of Historical Data and Statistical Analysis
• 8.5 Expert-Based Opinions
• 8.6 Economic Equilibrium Models
• 8.7 Accuracy of Biofuels Chains’ LCAs: Importance of Accounting for LUC Effects
• 8.8 Conclusions and Perspectives

Chapter 9: Modeling Land-Use Change Effects of Biofuel Policies: Coupling Economic Models and LCA

• Abstract
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2 Main Economic Models
• 9.3 Main Coupling Approaches
• 9.4 Typical Implementation and Results
• 9.5 Implementation in Biofuels Policy and Regulation
• 9.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
• Annex 9.1 Selected Model Applications to Assess the LUC Effects of Biofuel Policies

Chapter 10: Towards an Integrated Sustainability Assessment of Biorefineries

• Abstract
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2 Sustainability Definition
• 10.3 Limitations of LCA
• 10.4 Other Environmental Issues
• 10.5 Economic Issues
• 10.6 Social Issues
• 10.7 Multicriteria and Multiactor Assessment
• 10.8 Assessment Perspectives and Development
• 10.9 Conclusions and Perspectives