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Kidney Development, Disease, Repair and Regeneration
1st Edition - August 6, 2015
Editor: Melissa Helen Little
Hardback ISBN:9780128001028
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 0 1 0 2 - 8
eBook ISBN:9780128004388
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 0 4 3 8 - 8
Kidney Development, Disease, Repair and Regeneration focuses on the molecular and cellular basis of kidney development, exploring the origins of kidney lineages, the development… Read more
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Kidney Development, Disease, Repair and Regeneration focuses on the molecular and cellular basis of kidney development, exploring the origins of kidney lineages, the development of kidney tissue subcompartments, as well as the genetic and environmental regulation of kidney development. Special coverage is given to kidney stem cells and possible steps towards kidney repair and regeneration. Emphasis is placed on the fetal origins of postnatal renal disease and our current understanding of the molecular basis of damage and repair. Biomedical researchers across experimental nephrology and developmental biology will find this a key reference for learning how the underlying developmental mechanisms of the kidney will lead to greater advances in regenerative medicine within nephrology.
Offers researchers a single comprehensive resource written by leaders from both the developmental biology and the experimental nephrology communities
Focuses on understanding the molecular basis of organogenesis in the kidney as well as how this can be affected both genetically and environmentally
Explains the underlying developmental mechanisms which influence the kidney’s inherent repair capacity
Demonstrates how a deeper understanding of mechanisms will lead to greater advances in regenerative medicine
Researchers in renal disease, experimental and clinical nephrologists, developmental biologists, geneticists, bioengineers, and stem cell biologists
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Section I. Development
Introduction
Chapter 1. Zebrafish Renal Development and Regeneration
Overview
The Zebrafish Pronephros as a Model of Nephron Development and Injury
Development and Repair of the Zebrafish Mesonephros
Conclusions
Chapter 2. Early Specification and Patterning of the Intermediate Mesoderm: Genetics and Epigenetics
Introduction
Early Development of the Kidney
Epigenetic Regulation during Kidney Development
Role of Epigenetics in the Adult Kidney
Conclusions
Chapter 3. The Human Kidney: Parallels in Structure, Spatial Development, and Timing of Nephrogenesis
Introduction
Anatomic Structure of the Mature Human Kidney
Anatomic Development of the Kidney
Other Mammalian Species: How They Differ
Nephron Endowment
Conclusion
Chapter 4. RET Signaling in Ureteric Bud Formation and Branching
Short Introduction to Ureteric Bud Formation and Branching
The Role of GDNF/GFRα1/RET Signaling in Mouse Kidney Development
Mutations in RET, GFRA1, and GDNF in Human Congenital Kidney Defects
Regulation of Ret and Gdnf Gene Expression
Signaling Pathways Downstream of RET
Effects of Point Mutations That Remove RET Tyrosine Residues Involved in Signal Transduction
Genes That Act Downstream of GDNF/GFRα1/RET Signaling
Cooperation Between GDNF and FGF10 Signaling in UB Outgrowth and Branching
Does GDNF/RET Signaling Specify the Normal Pattern of UB Branching?
Cellular Mechanisms of Branching Morphogenesis and the Role of RET Signaling
Chapter 5. Quantification of Developmental Branching Morphogenesis
General Introduction
Stereotypy in Renal Branching
Challenges in Translating Renal Branching Knowledge
Chapter 6. Transcriptional Regulation of the Nephrogenic Mesenchyme and Its Progeny
Introduction
Counteraction and Cooperation Between Six2 and Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Regulation of Nephron Progenitors
Identification of Direct Transcriptional Targets of Six2 and β-Catenin in Nephron Progenitors
Cooperation Between Six2 and Osr1 in the Repression of Wnt4
Sall1 and Wt1 in Nephron Progenitor Programs
Maintenance of Nephron Progenitors
Gene Regulatory Networks Established by Transient Activation of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling
Closing Remarks
Chapter 7. The Role of Growth Factors in Balancing Cap Mesenchyme Survival and Differentiation
The Cap Mesenchyme
Growth Factor Signaling in Cap Mesenchyme Differentiation
Fibroblast Growth Factor Signaling
Wnt Signaling
Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling
Intersections between FGF, Wnt, and BMP Pathways
Future Perspectives
Chapter 8. Notch Signaling in Nephron Segmentation
Introduction
Signal Transduction of Notch Signaling
Notch Signaling Acts after Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling during Nephrogenesis
Nephron Segmentation
Rbpj-Dependent Notch Signaling Is Essential for Nephron Segmentation
Notch Gain-of-Function Studies
Notch2 Is Activated More Effectively Than Notch1
Alagille Syndrome and Notch
Conclusion
Chapter 9. Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation of Nephron Number in the Human
Chapter 14. Variation in Human Nephron Number and Association with Disease
Introduction
Estimating Nephron Number
Human Nephron Number: Variability Is the Rule
Human Nephron Number and Blood Pressure
Relationship between Glomerular Number and Glomerular Volume
Human Nephron Number and Renal Pathology
Conclusion
Chapter 15. The Effect of the In utero Environment on Nephrogenesis and Renal Function
Introduction
The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease
Evidence for Programming in the Human
Links between Impaired Kidney Development and Hypertension
Animal Models of Developmental Programming: Consequences for Kidney Development
Why Is the Kidney Susceptible to Programming?
Programming of Disease Is More than Just Nephron Number
Mechanism Contributing to the Formation of Low Nephron Endowment
Conclusion
Chapter 16. Wilms’ Tumor: A Case of Persistence of the Nephrogenic Mesenchyme
The History of Wilms’ Tumors
Identification of WT1 Gene
Structure of WT1
Molecular Studies on the Function of WT1 in the Nephrogenic Mesenchyme
Embryonic Expression of WT1 and Phenotypes of WT1 Mutant Mice
Other Tumor Suppressor Genes for Wilms’ Tumor
The Cell of Origin for Wilms’ Tumor
Other Influences on Kidney Progenitor Cell Expansion
Relationship of Wilms’ Tumors to Nephron Progenitor Cells
Conclusion
Chapter 17. Wnt, Notch, and Tubular Pathology
Wnt and Notch
Wnt and Notch in Acute Kidney Injury Repair
Wnt and Notch in Kidney Fibrosis
Wnt and Notch in Polycystic Kidney Disease
Wnt and Notch in Renal Cell Cancer
Conclusion
Chapter 18. Regulation of Ureteric Bud Outgrowth and the Consequences of Disrupted Development
Introduction
Nephric Duct Development and UB Outgrowth
Ureteric Budding Site Determination and GDNF-Dependent UB Outgrowth
GDNF–Independent Induction of UB Outgrowth
Common Human Disease Caused by Abnormal UB Outgrowth
Conclusions
Chapter 19. Vesicoureteral Obstruction and Vesicoureteral Reflux: Different Congenital Defects With a Common Cause
Introduction
Development of the Urinary Tract
Conclusion
Chapter 20. Polycystic Kidney Diseases and Other Hepatorenal Fibrocystic Diseases: Clinical Phenotypes, Molecular Pathobiology, and Variation between Mouse and Man
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Targeting the Kidney
Cell Memory and iPS Differentiation
Generating Specific Mature Renal Cell Types From iPS Cells
Potential Application of iPS Cell-Derived Kidney Podocytes
Applications of iPS Cells in Disease Modeling and Toxicity Screening
Understanding an Inherited Basis of Kidney Disease Using iPS Cells
Developing Novel Treatments Based on iPS Disease Modeling of Inherited Kidney Disease
Gene Targeting and Editing of iPS Cells
Cell Replacement Strategies
Conclusion
Chapter 37. Xenotransplantation in the Kidney: A Historical Perspective
Introduction
Xenotransplantation of Developed Kidneys
Transplantation of Developing Kidneys
Allotransplantation of Renal Primordia
Xenotransplantation of Renal Primordia
Xenotransplantation of Pig Renal Primordia
Use of Non-renal Precursor Cells Integrated into Renal Primordia or Xenobiotic Nephrogenesis
Challenges in the Application of Embryonic Kidney Transplantation
Recapitulation of Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion
Conclusions
Chapter 38. Use of the Nephrogenic Niche in Xeno-Embryos for Kidney Regeneration
Introduction
Niche in the Blastocyst
Niche in the Growing Embryo
Niche in the Adult Organ
Conclusions
Chapter 39. Human Fetal Kidney for Regenerative Medicine: From Embryonic Rudiments to Renal Stem/Progenitor Cells
Introduction
Pre- and Post-Mesenchymal-to-Epithelial Transition Stages of Nephrogenesis
Human Embryonic Kidney Rudiments
Biomarking the hFK and Wilms’ Tumor as a Step for Progenitor Cell Identification
Isolation of Expandable Human Nephric Progenitor Cells From Fetal Kidney
Identification of WT Stem Cells
Clinical Relevance and Concluding Remarks
Chapter 40. Renal Replacement Approaches Using Deceased Donor Cell Sources
Introduction
Section I
Section II
Section III
Conclusions
Chapter 41. Tissue Engineering through Additive Manufacturing: Hope for a Bioengineered Kidney?
Additive Manufacturing Meets Tissue Engineering
Strategies for Building Kidney Tissue through Additive Manufacturing
Renal Tissue Design Considerations for Regenerative Applications
Considerations for Tissue Maturation
Summary
Chapter 42. Decellularized Whole Organ Scaffolds for the Regeneration of Kidneys
Introduction
Tissue Engineering Strategy
Extracellular Matrix
Whole Organ Decellularization
Re-endothelialization
Renal Recellularization
In vivo Functionality
Conclusions
Index
No. of pages: 614
Language: English
Published: August 6, 2015
Imprint: Academic Press
Hardback ISBN: 9780128001028
eBook ISBN: 9780128004388
ML
Melissa Helen Little
Professor Melissa Little is an NHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellow at the Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne and is a Professor in the Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia. An alumnus of The University of Queensland, Australia, she worked for more than 20 years at the Institute for Molecular Bioscience, where her research has focused on the molecular basis of kidney development, renal disease, and repair. She is internationally recognized both for her work on the systems biology of kidney development and also for her pioneering studies into potential regenerative therapies in the kidney. Her research now focuses on the generation of mini-kidneys from patient stem cells for use in drug screening and disease modelling. Professor Little is a recipient of the GlaxoSmithKline Award for Research Excellence (2005), Gottschalk Medal (2004), Eisenhower Fellowship (2006) and a Boorhaave Professorship (2015). From 2007-2008, she served as the Chief Scientific Officer at the Australian Stem Cell Centre and is currently the Vice President of the Australasian Society for Stem Cell Research. Professor Little is also on the editorial board of the Journal of the American Society for Nephrology, Kidney International, Development and Developmental Biology. Her appreciation for the wonder of developmental biology also stems from her role as the mother of two beautiful children.
Affiliations and expertise
Professor, Group Leader, Kidney Research Laboratory, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute and University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia