Joe Celko's SQL for Smarties
Advanced SQL Programming Second Edition
- 1st Edition - October 11, 1999
- Imprint: Morgan Kaufmann
- Author: Joe Celko
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 1 - 5 5 8 6 0 - 5 7 6 - 3
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 0 5 0 9 6 4 - 8
SQL for Smarties was hailed as the first book devoted explicitly to the advanced techniques you need to transform yourself into an expert SQL programmer. Now, in this fully upd… Read more
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was hailed as the first book devoted explicitly to the advanced techniques you need to transform yourself into an expert SQL programmer. Now, in this fully updated second edition, SQL mastermind Joe Celko keeps you moving forward, using his entertaining, conversational style to teach you the best solutions to old and new challenges and to convey the way you need to think if you really want to get the most out of your SQL programming efforts.Inside, logic- and set-based analyses replace the traditional, procedural approach to problem-solving, helping you make the conceptual leap that separates an SQL guru from the rest of the pack. As you catch on to Celko's approach, you'll devour what he has to say about some of SQL's toughest topics: how aggregate functions really work, the best way to work with NULLs, how and why to fake array structures, and much more.
This book gives special emphasis to SQL-92 and product-independent techniques that let you optimize performance or achieve highly specialized behavior, regardless of the RDBMS with which you work. If you're serious about SQL, you won't let SQL for Smarties out of your sight.
* Presents all-new war stories that give you insight into real-world SQL programming challenges.
* Continues to cover SQL-89 but focuses heavily on the SQL-92 standard.
* Offers still more undocumented tips for working around system deficiencies.
* Teaches scores of advanced techniques that can be used with any product, in any SQL environment.
* Offers expert advice from a noted SQL authority and award-winning columnist.
* Continues to cover SQL-89 but focuses heavily on the SQL-92 standard.
* Offers still more undocumented tips for working around system deficiencies.
* Teaches scores of advanced techniques that can be used with any product, in any SQL environment.
* Offers expert advice from a noted SQL authority and award-winning columnist.
Preface
Introduction
The Nature of the SQL Language
Programming Tips
1 Database Design
1.1 Schema and Table Creation
1.1.1 Schemas
1.1.2 Manipulating Tables
DROP TABLE
ALTER TABLE
CREATE TABLE
1.1.3 Column Definitions
DEFAULT Clause
Column Constraints
NOT NULL Constraint
CHECK( ) Constraint
UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY Constraints
REFERENCES Clause
1.1.4 A Remark on Duplicate Rows
1.1.5 A Remark on UNIQUE Constraints versus
Unique Indexes
1.2 Generating Sequential Numbers
2 Normalization
2.1 Functional and Multivalued Dependencies
2.2 First Normal Form (1NF)
2.2.1 Note on Repeated Groups
2.3 Second Normal Form (2NF)
2.4 Third Normal Form (3NF)
2.5 Case Tools for Normalization
2.6 Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
2.7 Fourth Normal Form (4NF)
2.8 Fifth Normal Form (5NF)
2.9 Domain-Key Normal Form (DKNF)
2.10 Practical Hints for Normalization
2.11 Practical Hints for Denormalization
3 Numeric Data in SQL
3.1 Numeric Types
3.2 Numeric Type Conversion
3.2.1 Rounding and Truncating
3.2.2 CAST( ) Function
3.3 Four Function Arithmetic
3.4 Arithmetic and NULLs
3.5 Converting Values to and from NULL
3.5.1 NULLIF( ) Function
3.5.2 COALESCE( ) Function
3.6 Vendor Math Functions
3.6.1 Number Theory Operators
3.6.2 Exponential Functions
3.6.3 Scaling Functions
3.6.4 Generator Functions
4 Temporal Datatypes in SQL
4.1 Tips for Handling Dates, Timestamps, and Times
4.1.1 Date Format Standards
4.1.2 Handling Timestamps
4.1.3 Handling Times
4.2 Queries with Dates
4.3 Personal Calendars
4.4 Time Series
4.4.1 Gaps in a Time Series
4.4.2 Continuous Time Periods
4.4.3 Locating Dates
4.4.4 First and Last Days of a Month
4.5 Julian Dates
4.6 Date and Time Extraction Functions
4.7 Other Temporal Functions
4.8 Problems with the Year 2000
4.8.1 The Zeros
4.8.2 Leap Year
4.8.3 The Millennium
4.8.4 Weird Dates in Legacy Data
5 Character Datatypes in SQL
5.1 Problems with SQL Strings
5.1.1 Problems of String Equality
5.1.2 Problems of String Ordering
5.1.3 Problems of String Grouping
5.2 Standard String Functions
5.3 Common Vendor Extensions
5.3.1 Phonetic Matching
Soundex Functions
The Original Soundex
An Improved Soundex
Metaphone
Other Pattern-Matching Predicates
5.4 Cutter Tables
6 NULLs-Missing Data in SQL
6.1 Empty and Missing Tables
6.2 Missing Values in Columns
6.3 Context and Missing Values
6.4 Comparing NULLs
6.5 NULLs and Logic
6.5.1 NULLS in Subquery Predicates
6.5.2 SQL-92 Solutions
6.6 Math and NULLs
6.7 Functions and NULLs
6.8 NULLs and Host Languages
6.9 Design Advice for NULLs
6.9.1 Avoiding NULLs from the Host Programs
6.10 A Note on Multiple NULL Values
7 Other Expressions
7.1 The CASE Expression
7.1.1 The COALESCE( ) and NULLIF( ) Functions
7.1.2 CASE Expressions with GROUP BY
7.1.3 CASE, CHECK( ) Clauses and Logical Implication
7.1.4 The Oracle DECODE( ) Function
7.2 Subquery Expressions and Constants
7.3 Rozenshtein Characteristic Functions
8 Other Schema Objects
8.1 Schema Creation
8.1.1 Schema Tables
8.2 Temporary Tables
8.3 CREATE ASSERTION
8.4 CREATE DOMAIN
8.5 TRIGGERs
8.6 CREATE PROCEDURE
9 Table Operations
9.1 DELETE FROM Statement
9.1.1 The DELETE FROM Clause
9.1.2 The WHERE Clause
9.1.3 Deleting Based on Data in a Second Table
9.1.4 Deleting within the Same Table
Redundant Duplicates in a Table
Redundant Duplicates Removal with ROWID
9.1.5 Deleting in Multiple Tables without Referential Integrity
9.2 INSERT INTO Statement
9.2.1 INSERT INTO Clause
9.2.2 The Nature of Inserts
9.2.3 Bulk Load and Unload Utilities
9.3 UPDATE Statement
9.3.1 The UPDATE Clause
9.3.2 The WHERE Clause
9.3.3 The SET Clause
9.3.4 Updating with a Second Table
9.3.5 Using the CASE Expression in UPDATEs
9.3.6 Updating within the Same Table
9.3.7 Updating a Primary Key
9.4 A Note on Flaws in a Common Vendor Extension
10 Comparison or Theta Operators
10.1 Converting Datatypes
10.2 Row Comparisons in SQL-92
11 Valued Predicates
11.1 IS NULL Predicate
11.1.1 Sources of NULLs
12 LIKE and SIMILAR Predicates
12.1 Tricks with Patterns
12.2 Results with NULL Values and Empty Strings
12.3 LIKE Is Not Equality
12.4 Avoiding the LIKE Predicate with a Join
12.5 Other Pattern-Matching Predicates
13 BETWEEN and OVERLAPS Predicates
13.1 BETWEEN Predicate
13.1.1 Results with NULL Values
13.1.2 Results with Empty Sets
13.1.3 Programming Tips
13.2 OVERLAPS Predicate
13.2.1 Time Periods and OVERLAPS Predicate
14 The [NOT] IN Predicate
14.1 Optimizing the IN Predicate
14.2 Replacing ORs with the IN Predicate
14.3 NULLs and the IN Predicate
14.4 IN Predicate and Referential Constraints
15 EXISTS ( ) Predicate
15.1 EXISTS and NULLs
15.2 EXISTS and JOINs
15.3 EXISTS and Quantifiers
15.4 EXISTS( ) and Referential Constraints
16 Quantified Subquery Predicate
16.1 Scalar Subquery Comparisons
16.2 Quantifiers and Missing Data
16.3 The ALL Predicate and Extrema Functions
16.4 UNIQUE Predicate
17 The SELECT Statement
17.1 SELECT and JOINs
17.1.1 One-Level SELECT Statement
17.1.2 Correlated Subqueries in a SELECT Statement
17.1.3 SQL-92 SELECT Statement
17.1.4 The ORDER BY Clause
17.2 OUTER JOINs
17.2.1 Vendor Syntax for OUTER JOINs
17.2.2 SQL-92 Syntax for JOINs
17.2.3 NULLs and OUTER JOINs
17.2.4 NATURAL versus Conditional OUTER JOINs
17.2.5 Self-OUTER JOINs
17.2.6 Two or More OUTER JOINs
17.2.7 OUTER JOINs and Aggregate Functions
17.2.8 FULL OUTER JOIN
17.2.9 WHERE Clause OUTER JOIN Operators
17.3 Old versus New JOIN Syntax
17.4 Exotic JOINs
17.4.1 Self Non-Equi-JOINs
17.4.2 Range JOINs
17.4.3 JOINs by Function Calls
17.4.4 The UNION JOIN
17.5 Dr. Codd's T-JOIN
17.5.1 The Croatian Solution
17.5.2 The Swedish Solution
17.5.3 The Columbian Solution
18 VIEWs and TEMPORARY TABLEs
18.1 VIEWs in Queries
18.2 Updatable and Read-Only VIEWs
18.3 Types of VIEWs
18.3.1 Single-Table Projection and Restriction
18.3.2 Calculated Columns
18.3.3 Translated Columns
18.3.4 Grouped VIEWs
18.3.5 UNION VIEWs
18.3.6 JOINs in VIEWs
18.3.7 Nested VIEWs
18.4 How VIEWs Are Handled in the Database System
18.4.1 View Column List
18.4.2 VIEW Materialization
18.4.3 In-Line Text Expansion
18.4.4 Pointer Structures
18.4.5 Indexing and Views
18.5 WITH CHECK OPTION Clause
18.6 Dropping VIEWs
18.7 TEMPORARY TABLEs
18.8 Hints on Using VIEWs and TEMPORARY TABLEs
18.8.1 Using VIEWs
18.8.2 Using TEMPORARY TABLEs
18.8.3 Flattening a Table with a VIEW
19 Partitioning Data
19.1 Coverings and Partitions
19.1.1 Partitioning by Ranges
Range Tables
Single-Column Range Tables
19.1.2 Partition by Functions
19.2 Relational Division
19.2.1 Division with a Remainder
19.2.2 Exact Division
19.2.3 Note on Performance
19.2.4 Todd's Division
19.2.5 Division with JOINs
19.2.6 Division with Set Operators
20 Grouping Operations
20.1 GROUP BY Clause
20.1.1 NULLs and Groups
20.1.2 GROUP BY and HAVING
20.1.3 Grouped VIEWs for Multiple Aggregation Levels
20.1.4 Sorting and GROUP BY
20.1.5 Grouped Subqueries for Multiple Aggregation Levels
20.1.6 Grouping on Computed Columns
20.2 Ungrouping a Table
20.2.1 Ungrouping by Splitting a Table
20.2.2 Ungrouping Using a Join
21 Aggregate Functions
21.1 COUNT Functions
21.2 SUM Functions
21.3 AVG Functions
21.3.1 Averages with Empty Groups
21.4 Extrema Functions
21.4.1 Simple Extrema Functions
21.4.2 Generalized Extrema Functions
21.4.3 Multiple-Criteria Extrema Functions
21.5 Other Aggregate Functions
21.5.1 The LIST() Aggregate Function
The LIST() Function with a Procedure
The LIST() Function by Crosstabs
21.5.2 The PROD() Aggregate Function
PROD() Function by Expressions
The PROD() Aggregate Function by Logorithms
22 Auxiliary Tables
22.1 The Sequence Table
22.1.1 An Example of the Sequence Table
22.2 The Calendar Table
22.2.1 An Example of the Calendar Table
22.3 Interpolation with Auxiliary Function Tables
23 Statistics in SQL
23.1 The Mode
23.2 The Median
23.2.1 Date's First Median
23.2.2 Celko's First Median
23.2.3 Date's Second Median
23.2.4 Murchison's Median
23.2.5 Celko's Second Median
23.2.6 Vaughan's Median with VIEWs
23.2.7 Median with Characteristic Function
23.2.8 Celko's Third Median
23.3 Variance and Standard Deviation
23.4 Average Deviation
23.5 Cumulative Statistics
23.5.1 Running Totals
23.5.2 Running Differences
23.5.3 Cumulative Percentages
23.5.4 Rankings and Related Statistics
23.6 Cross Tabulations
23.6.1 Crosstabs by Cross Join
23.6.2 Crosstabs by Outer Joins
23.6.3 Crosstabs by Subquery
24 Regions, Runs and Sequences
24.1 Finding Subregions of Size n
24.2 Finding Regions of Maximum Size
24.3 Bound Queries
24.4 Run and Sequence Queries
25 Array Structures in SQL
25.1 Representing Arrays in SQL
25.2 Matrix Operations in SQL
25.2.1 Matrix Equality
25.2.2 Matrix Addition
25.2.3 Matrix Multiplication
25.2.4 Other Matrix Operations
25.3 Flattening a Table into an Array
25.4 Comparing Arrays in Table Format
26 Set Operations
26.1 UNION and UNION ALL
26.1.1 Duplicates and Union Operators
26.1.2 Order of Execution
26.1.3 Mixed UNION and UNION ALL Operators
26.2 Set Difference Operator
26.2.1 Set Difference with Outer Join
26.3 Intersection
26.4 A Note on ALL and SELECT DISTINCT
27 Subsets
27.1 Every nth Item in a Table
27.2 Picking Random Rows from a Table
27.3 The Contains Operators
27.3.1 Proper Subset Operators
27.3.2 Set Equality
28 Adjacency List Model of Trees in SQL
28.1 Adjacency List in a Single Table
28.2 Finding the Root Node
28.3 Finding Leaf Nodes
28.4 Finding Levels in a Tree
28.5 Functions in the Adjacency List Model
28.6 Tree Operations
28.6.1 Subtree Deletion
28.6.2 Subtree Insertion
28.7 Vendor Tree Extensions
28.7.1 Oracle Tree Extensions
28.7.2 XDB Tree Extension
28.7.3 DB2's WITH Operator
28.7.4 Date's Explode Operator
28.7.5 Tillquist and Kuo's Proposals
28.8 The Transitive Closure Model
28.8.1 Estimating Table Size
28.8.2 Deleting Nodes
28.8.3 Subtree Insertion
28.8.4 Summary Functions
28.8.5 The Transitive Closure Model with Fixed Depth
29 Nested Set Model of Trees in SQL
29.1 Finding Root and Leaf Nodes
29.2 Finding Subtrees
29.3 Finding Levels and Paths in a Tree
29.3.1 Finding the Height of a Tree
29.3.2 Finding Immediate Subordinates
29.3.3 Finding Oldest and Youngest Subordinates
29.3.4 Finding a Path
29.4 Functions in the Nested Set Model
29.5 Deleting Nodes and Subtrees
29.5.1 Deleting Subtrees
29.5.2 Deleting a Single Node
29.6 Closing Gaps in the Tree
29.7 Summary Functions on Trees
29.8 Inserting and Updating Trees
29.9 The Linear Version of the Nested Set Model
29.10 Converting Adjacency List to Nested Set Model
30 Graphs in SQL
30.1 Two-Table Representation of a Graph
30.2 Path Enumeration in a Graph
30.3 Path Aggregation in a Graph
30.4 Node Splitting
31 Optimizing Code
31.1 Access Methods
31.1.1 Sequential Access
31.1.2 Indexed Access
31.1.3 Hashed Indexes
31.1.4 Bit Vector Indexes
31.2 Expressions and Unnested Queries
31.2.1 Use Simple Expressions
31.2.2 String Expressions
31.3 Give Extra Join Information in Queries
31.4 Index Tables Carefully
31.5 Watch the IN Predicate
31.6 Avoid UNIONs
31.7 Prefer Joins over Nested Queries
31.8 Avoid Expressions on Indexed Columns
31.9 Avoid Sorting
31.10 Avoid Cross Joins
31.11 Learn to Use Indexes Carefully
31.12 Order Indexes Carefully
31.13 Recompile Static SQL after Schema Changes
31.14 Temporary Tables Are Handy
Appendix: Readings and Resources
General References
Logic
Mathematical Techniques
Random Numbers
Scales and Measurements
Missing Values
Graph Theory
Introductory SQL Books
Optimizing Queries
Temporal Data and the Year 2000 Problem
Books
Newsletters
SQL Programming Techniques
Classics
Updatable Views
Theory, Normalization, and Advanced Database Topics
Books on SQL-92
Standards and Related Groups
Web Sites Related to SQL
References
Index
About the Author
Introduction
The Nature of the SQL Language
Programming Tips
1 Database Design
1.1 Schema and Table Creation
1.1.1 Schemas
1.1.2 Manipulating Tables
DROP TABLE
ALTER TABLE
CREATE TABLE
1.1.3 Column Definitions
DEFAULT Clause
Column Constraints
NOT NULL Constraint
CHECK( ) Constraint
UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY Constraints
REFERENCES Clause
1.1.4 A Remark on Duplicate Rows
1.1.5 A Remark on UNIQUE Constraints versus
Unique Indexes
1.2 Generating Sequential Numbers
2 Normalization
2.1 Functional and Multivalued Dependencies
2.2 First Normal Form (1NF)
2.2.1 Note on Repeated Groups
2.3 Second Normal Form (2NF)
2.4 Third Normal Form (3NF)
2.5 Case Tools for Normalization
2.6 Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
2.7 Fourth Normal Form (4NF)
2.8 Fifth Normal Form (5NF)
2.9 Domain-Key Normal Form (DKNF)
2.10 Practical Hints for Normalization
2.11 Practical Hints for Denormalization
3 Numeric Data in SQL
3.1 Numeric Types
3.2 Numeric Type Conversion
3.2.1 Rounding and Truncating
3.2.2 CAST( ) Function
3.3 Four Function Arithmetic
3.4 Arithmetic and NULLs
3.5 Converting Values to and from NULL
3.5.1 NULLIF( ) Function
3.5.2 COALESCE( ) Function
3.6 Vendor Math Functions
3.6.1 Number Theory Operators
3.6.2 Exponential Functions
3.6.3 Scaling Functions
3.6.4 Generator Functions
4 Temporal Datatypes in SQL
4.1 Tips for Handling Dates, Timestamps, and Times
4.1.1 Date Format Standards
4.1.2 Handling Timestamps
4.1.3 Handling Times
4.2 Queries with Dates
4.3 Personal Calendars
4.4 Time Series
4.4.1 Gaps in a Time Series
4.4.2 Continuous Time Periods
4.4.3 Locating Dates
4.4.4 First and Last Days of a Month
4.5 Julian Dates
4.6 Date and Time Extraction Functions
4.7 Other Temporal Functions
4.8 Problems with the Year 2000
4.8.1 The Zeros
4.8.2 Leap Year
4.8.3 The Millennium
4.8.4 Weird Dates in Legacy Data
5 Character Datatypes in SQL
5.1 Problems with SQL Strings
5.1.1 Problems of String Equality
5.1.2 Problems of String Ordering
5.1.3 Problems of String Grouping
5.2 Standard String Functions
5.3 Common Vendor Extensions
5.3.1 Phonetic Matching
Soundex Functions
The Original Soundex
An Improved Soundex
Metaphone
Other Pattern-Matching Predicates
5.4 Cutter Tables
6 NULLs-Missing Data in SQL
6.1 Empty and Missing Tables
6.2 Missing Values in Columns
6.3 Context and Missing Values
6.4 Comparing NULLs
6.5 NULLs and Logic
6.5.1 NULLS in Subquery Predicates
6.5.2 SQL-92 Solutions
6.6 Math and NULLs
6.7 Functions and NULLs
6.8 NULLs and Host Languages
6.9 Design Advice for NULLs
6.9.1 Avoiding NULLs from the Host Programs
6.10 A Note on Multiple NULL Values
7 Other Expressions
7.1 The CASE Expression
7.1.1 The COALESCE( ) and NULLIF( ) Functions
7.1.2 CASE Expressions with GROUP BY
7.1.3 CASE, CHECK( ) Clauses and Logical Implication
7.1.4 The Oracle DECODE( ) Function
7.2 Subquery Expressions and Constants
7.3 Rozenshtein Characteristic Functions
8 Other Schema Objects
8.1 Schema Creation
8.1.1 Schema Tables
8.2 Temporary Tables
8.3 CREATE ASSERTION
8.4 CREATE DOMAIN
8.5 TRIGGERs
8.6 CREATE PROCEDURE
9 Table Operations
9.1 DELETE FROM Statement
9.1.1 The DELETE FROM Clause
9.1.2 The WHERE Clause
9.1.3 Deleting Based on Data in a Second Table
9.1.4 Deleting within the Same Table
Redundant Duplicates in a Table
Redundant Duplicates Removal with ROWID
9.1.5 Deleting in Multiple Tables without Referential Integrity
9.2 INSERT INTO Statement
9.2.1 INSERT INTO Clause
9.2.2 The Nature of Inserts
9.2.3 Bulk Load and Unload Utilities
9.3 UPDATE Statement
9.3.1 The UPDATE Clause
9.3.2 The WHERE Clause
9.3.3 The SET Clause
9.3.4 Updating with a Second Table
9.3.5 Using the CASE Expression in UPDATEs
9.3.6 Updating within the Same Table
9.3.7 Updating a Primary Key
9.4 A Note on Flaws in a Common Vendor Extension
10 Comparison or Theta Operators
10.1 Converting Datatypes
10.2 Row Comparisons in SQL-92
11 Valued Predicates
11.1 IS NULL Predicate
11.1.1 Sources of NULLs
12 LIKE and SIMILAR Predicates
12.1 Tricks with Patterns
12.2 Results with NULL Values and Empty Strings
12.3 LIKE Is Not Equality
12.4 Avoiding the LIKE Predicate with a Join
12.5 Other Pattern-Matching Predicates
13 BETWEEN and OVERLAPS Predicates
13.1 BETWEEN Predicate
13.1.1 Results with NULL Values
13.1.2 Results with Empty Sets
13.1.3 Programming Tips
13.2 OVERLAPS Predicate
13.2.1 Time Periods and OVERLAPS Predicate
14 The [NOT] IN Predicate
14.1 Optimizing the IN Predicate
14.2 Replacing ORs with the IN Predicate
14.3 NULLs and the IN Predicate
14.4 IN Predicate and Referential Constraints
15 EXISTS ( ) Predicate
15.1 EXISTS and NULLs
15.2 EXISTS and JOINs
15.3 EXISTS and Quantifiers
15.4 EXISTS( ) and Referential Constraints
16 Quantified Subquery Predicate
16.1 Scalar Subquery Comparisons
16.2 Quantifiers and Missing Data
16.3 The ALL Predicate and Extrema Functions
16.4 UNIQUE Predicate
17 The SELECT Statement
17.1 SELECT and JOINs
17.1.1 One-Level SELECT Statement
17.1.2 Correlated Subqueries in a SELECT Statement
17.1.3 SQL-92 SELECT Statement
17.1.4 The ORDER BY Clause
17.2 OUTER JOINs
17.2.1 Vendor Syntax for OUTER JOINs
17.2.2 SQL-92 Syntax for JOINs
17.2.3 NULLs and OUTER JOINs
17.2.4 NATURAL versus Conditional OUTER JOINs
17.2.5 Self-OUTER JOINs
17.2.6 Two or More OUTER JOINs
17.2.7 OUTER JOINs and Aggregate Functions
17.2.8 FULL OUTER JOIN
17.2.9 WHERE Clause OUTER JOIN Operators
17.3 Old versus New JOIN Syntax
17.4 Exotic JOINs
17.4.1 Self Non-Equi-JOINs
17.4.2 Range JOINs
17.4.3 JOINs by Function Calls
17.4.4 The UNION JOIN
17.5 Dr. Codd's T-JOIN
17.5.1 The Croatian Solution
17.5.2 The Swedish Solution
17.5.3 The Columbian Solution
18 VIEWs and TEMPORARY TABLEs
18.1 VIEWs in Queries
18.2 Updatable and Read-Only VIEWs
18.3 Types of VIEWs
18.3.1 Single-Table Projection and Restriction
18.3.2 Calculated Columns
18.3.3 Translated Columns
18.3.4 Grouped VIEWs
18.3.5 UNION VIEWs
18.3.6 JOINs in VIEWs
18.3.7 Nested VIEWs
18.4 How VIEWs Are Handled in the Database System
18.4.1 View Column List
18.4.2 VIEW Materialization
18.4.3 In-Line Text Expansion
18.4.4 Pointer Structures
18.4.5 Indexing and Views
18.5 WITH CHECK OPTION Clause
18.6 Dropping VIEWs
18.7 TEMPORARY TABLEs
18.8 Hints on Using VIEWs and TEMPORARY TABLEs
18.8.1 Using VIEWs
18.8.2 Using TEMPORARY TABLEs
18.8.3 Flattening a Table with a VIEW
19 Partitioning Data
19.1 Coverings and Partitions
19.1.1 Partitioning by Ranges
Range Tables
Single-Column Range Tables
19.1.2 Partition by Functions
19.2 Relational Division
19.2.1 Division with a Remainder
19.2.2 Exact Division
19.2.3 Note on Performance
19.2.4 Todd's Division
19.2.5 Division with JOINs
19.2.6 Division with Set Operators
20 Grouping Operations
20.1 GROUP BY Clause
20.1.1 NULLs and Groups
20.1.2 GROUP BY and HAVING
20.1.3 Grouped VIEWs for Multiple Aggregation Levels
20.1.4 Sorting and GROUP BY
20.1.5 Grouped Subqueries for Multiple Aggregation Levels
20.1.6 Grouping on Computed Columns
20.2 Ungrouping a Table
20.2.1 Ungrouping by Splitting a Table
20.2.2 Ungrouping Using a Join
21 Aggregate Functions
21.1 COUNT Functions
21.2 SUM Functions
21.3 AVG Functions
21.3.1 Averages with Empty Groups
21.4 Extrema Functions
21.4.1 Simple Extrema Functions
21.4.2 Generalized Extrema Functions
21.4.3 Multiple-Criteria Extrema Functions
21.5 Other Aggregate Functions
21.5.1 The LIST() Aggregate Function
The LIST() Function with a Procedure
The LIST() Function by Crosstabs
21.5.2 The PROD() Aggregate Function
PROD() Function by Expressions
The PROD() Aggregate Function by Logorithms
22 Auxiliary Tables
22.1 The Sequence Table
22.1.1 An Example of the Sequence Table
22.2 The Calendar Table
22.2.1 An Example of the Calendar Table
22.3 Interpolation with Auxiliary Function Tables
23 Statistics in SQL
23.1 The Mode
23.2 The Median
23.2.1 Date's First Median
23.2.2 Celko's First Median
23.2.3 Date's Second Median
23.2.4 Murchison's Median
23.2.5 Celko's Second Median
23.2.6 Vaughan's Median with VIEWs
23.2.7 Median with Characteristic Function
23.2.8 Celko's Third Median
23.3 Variance and Standard Deviation
23.4 Average Deviation
23.5 Cumulative Statistics
23.5.1 Running Totals
23.5.2 Running Differences
23.5.3 Cumulative Percentages
23.5.4 Rankings and Related Statistics
23.6 Cross Tabulations
23.6.1 Crosstabs by Cross Join
23.6.2 Crosstabs by Outer Joins
23.6.3 Crosstabs by Subquery
24 Regions, Runs and Sequences
24.1 Finding Subregions of Size n
24.2 Finding Regions of Maximum Size
24.3 Bound Queries
24.4 Run and Sequence Queries
25 Array Structures in SQL
25.1 Representing Arrays in SQL
25.2 Matrix Operations in SQL
25.2.1 Matrix Equality
25.2.2 Matrix Addition
25.2.3 Matrix Multiplication
25.2.4 Other Matrix Operations
25.3 Flattening a Table into an Array
25.4 Comparing Arrays in Table Format
26 Set Operations
26.1 UNION and UNION ALL
26.1.1 Duplicates and Union Operators
26.1.2 Order of Execution
26.1.3 Mixed UNION and UNION ALL Operators
26.2 Set Difference Operator
26.2.1 Set Difference with Outer Join
26.3 Intersection
26.4 A Note on ALL and SELECT DISTINCT
27 Subsets
27.1 Every nth Item in a Table
27.2 Picking Random Rows from a Table
27.3 The Contains Operators
27.3.1 Proper Subset Operators
27.3.2 Set Equality
28 Adjacency List Model of Trees in SQL
28.1 Adjacency List in a Single Table
28.2 Finding the Root Node
28.3 Finding Leaf Nodes
28.4 Finding Levels in a Tree
28.5 Functions in the Adjacency List Model
28.6 Tree Operations
28.6.1 Subtree Deletion
28.6.2 Subtree Insertion
28.7 Vendor Tree Extensions
28.7.1 Oracle Tree Extensions
28.7.2 XDB Tree Extension
28.7.3 DB2's WITH Operator
28.7.4 Date's Explode Operator
28.7.5 Tillquist and Kuo's Proposals
28.8 The Transitive Closure Model
28.8.1 Estimating Table Size
28.8.2 Deleting Nodes
28.8.3 Subtree Insertion
28.8.4 Summary Functions
28.8.5 The Transitive Closure Model with Fixed Depth
29 Nested Set Model of Trees in SQL
29.1 Finding Root and Leaf Nodes
29.2 Finding Subtrees
29.3 Finding Levels and Paths in a Tree
29.3.1 Finding the Height of a Tree
29.3.2 Finding Immediate Subordinates
29.3.3 Finding Oldest and Youngest Subordinates
29.3.4 Finding a Path
29.4 Functions in the Nested Set Model
29.5 Deleting Nodes and Subtrees
29.5.1 Deleting Subtrees
29.5.2 Deleting a Single Node
29.6 Closing Gaps in the Tree
29.7 Summary Functions on Trees
29.8 Inserting and Updating Trees
29.9 The Linear Version of the Nested Set Model
29.10 Converting Adjacency List to Nested Set Model
30 Graphs in SQL
30.1 Two-Table Representation of a Graph
30.2 Path Enumeration in a Graph
30.3 Path Aggregation in a Graph
30.4 Node Splitting
31 Optimizing Code
31.1 Access Methods
31.1.1 Sequential Access
31.1.2 Indexed Access
31.1.3 Hashed Indexes
31.1.4 Bit Vector Indexes
31.2 Expressions and Unnested Queries
31.2.1 Use Simple Expressions
31.2.2 String Expressions
31.3 Give Extra Join Information in Queries
31.4 Index Tables Carefully
31.5 Watch the IN Predicate
31.6 Avoid UNIONs
31.7 Prefer Joins over Nested Queries
31.8 Avoid Expressions on Indexed Columns
31.9 Avoid Sorting
31.10 Avoid Cross Joins
31.11 Learn to Use Indexes Carefully
31.12 Order Indexes Carefully
31.13 Recompile Static SQL after Schema Changes
31.14 Temporary Tables Are Handy
Appendix: Readings and Resources
General References
Logic
Mathematical Techniques
Random Numbers
Scales and Measurements
Missing Values
Graph Theory
Introductory SQL Books
Optimizing Queries
Temporal Data and the Year 2000 Problem
Books
Newsletters
SQL Programming Techniques
Classics
Updatable Views
Theory, Normalization, and Advanced Database Topics
Books on SQL-92
Standards and Related Groups
Web Sites Related to SQL
References
Index
About the Author
- Edition: 1
- Published: October 11, 1999
- Imprint: Morgan Kaufmann
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN: 9781558605763
- eBook ISBN: 9780080509648
JC
Joe Celko
Joe Celko served 10 years on ANSI/ISO SQL Standards Committee and contributed to the SQL-89 and SQL-92 Standards.
Mr. Celko is author a series of books on SQL and RDBMS for Elsevier/MKP. He is an independent consultant based in Austin, Texas.
He has written over 1200 columns in the computer trade and academic press, mostly dealing with data and databases.
Affiliations and expertise
Independent Consultant, Austin, Texas