Isotope Chronostratigraphy

Preface 1. Introduction I. Rationale for a New Chemical Stratigraphy II. The Model of Isotope Chronostratigraphy III. The Format of This Synthesis 2. Principles of Interpretation I. An Empirical Approach for Establishing Interwell Correlations and Zonations II. Integration of Isotope Chronostratigraphy and Biostratigraphy III. Effects of Diagenesis on Isotope Records IV. Species Effects 3. Methodology I. Generation of the Stable Isotope Data II. Preparation of Well Samples for Isotopic Analyses A. Foraminifera or Calcareous Nannofossil Analyses B. Analyses of Unspecific Carbonate Phases from Whole Rock (Bulk) Carbonate C. Effects of Sample Handling on δ Values III. Cost Analysis and Turnaround Time IV. New Technological Developments 4. The Tertiary Oxygen Isotope Record I. Development of the Tertiary Isotope Record II. Global δ180 Isotopic Changes in Tertiary Marine Carbonates III. Comparisons between the Nannofossil and Foraminiferal δ18О Records IV. Whole Rock (Bulk Sediment) Analyses and the Tertiary δ18О Record5. The Tertiary Carbon Isotope Record I. The Foraminiferal δ13C Record II. Comparison of the Foraminiferal Nannofossil and Bulk Sediment δ13C Records6. Detailed Studies of the Tertiary δ18O and δ13C Records by Epoch I. Pleistocene δ18O Records A. The Late Pleistocene δ18O Record (0-1.0 MYBP) B. Extension of δ18O Stratigraphy into the Pliocene C. Specific Application to the Gulf of Mexico D. Summary II. Pliocene Isotope Records Pliocene Carbon Isotope Records III. Miocene Isotope Records Miocene Carbon Isotope Records IV. Eocene and Oligocène Oxygen and Carbon Isotope Records A. Eocene-Oligocene Boundary Event B. Results from the Gulf of Mexico V. Isotope Records for the Paleocene and the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary 7. Stable Isotopic Evidence for and against Sea Level Changes during the Cenozoic I. Introduction II. Oxygen Isotopic Model for Cenozoic Sea Levels A. Timing of Global δ180 Events B. Magnitude of δ180 Inferred Sea Level Events C. Rates of δ180 and Sea Level Change III. δ180 Chronostratigraphy, Gulf Coast Regional Unconformities, and Eustatic Sea Levels of the Plio-Pleistocene of Offshore Gulf of Mexico IV. Conclusions and Recommendations8. Prospects for Applying Isotope Chronostratigraphy to Exploration Wells I. Neogene Examples A. The Gulf of Mexico B. Offshore California—The Miocene Monterey Formation II. Paleogene Examples A. Offshore California B. The Gulf of Mexico III. Mesozoic and Paleozoic Examples A. Cretaceous δ13C Events and Black Shales B. Correlation of Basinal Clastics in Permian Strata, Delaware Basin, West Texas C. Summary 9. Paleobathymetric Models Using the δ180 of Foraminifera I. Basis of the Models II. Distinguishing Eustatic from Tectonic Changes in Paleodepth III. Distinguishing Uplift, Subsidence, and Progradation Changes in Paleodepth IV. Summary 10. General Overview of the Empirical Approaches to Isotope Chronostratigraphy 11. Quantitative Methods of Analysis: Theoretical Considerations 12. Semblance Methods 13. Filter and Deconvolution Techniques I. Least Squares Noise Minimization II. The Common Signal Minimization Problem III. The Location-Dependent Common Signal Problem IV. The Magnitude of the Signal Problem V. Maximum Likelihood VI. Prediction Filters A. The Fourier Transform of a Positive Function B. Extrapolating the Fourier Transform C. A Numerical Example D. Relation to Maximum Entropy VII. Relative Rates of Sedimentation VIII. Matched Filters 14. Frequency Domain Methods I. Noise Frequency Spectra II. Autocorrelation and Cross-Correlation Spectral Methods A. Autocorrelation Power Spectra B. Cross-Correlation Power Spectra C. Multiple Cross-Correlation Power Spectra III. Spectral Ratio Methods IV. Homomorphic Deconvolution A. Mathematical Framework B. Intrinsic Isotopic Signal Extraction Methods V. Phase Sensitive Detection of Isotopic Signals A. Basic Arguments B. Data Analysis Algorithms C. Discrete Time Model and Analysis 15. Maximum Entropy and Q-Model Methods I. Unbiased MEM II. Biased MEM III. End Members and Linear Unmixing IV. Q-Model Types of Analysis A. QMODEL Family of Algorithms B. Nonconstant Sum V. Summary 16. Numerical Examples and Case Histories 17. Filter and Deconvolution Methods I. A Filter Response II. Mapping Function Deconvolution, Noise, and Nonlinearity 18. Frequency Domain Methods I. Linear Interpolation and Power Spectra II. Autocorrelation and Cross-Correlation in Time III. Window Effects on Power Spectra IV. Homomorphic Deconvolution V. Multispectral Wiener Filtering VI. Phase Sensitive Detection—Noise Analysis VII. Predictive Wiener Filtering 19. Maximum Entropy Methods I. Unbiased MEM II. Biased MEM III. QMODEL, EXTENDED QMODEL, and FUZZY QMODEL Unmixing IV. End-Member Behaviors for EXTENDED and FUZZY QMODELS 20. An Integrated Application of Multiple Techniques I. Signal Processing Strategy II. Brief Explanation of Data Processing Methods Depth-Time Conversions and Interpolative Filters III. Formulation of a TYPE Pleistocene δ18O Record with Time IV. Comparison of the TYPE Record with Other Pleistocene δ18O Records A. Autocorrelation and Cross-Correlation B. Semblance Methods C. Power Spectra, Cross-Spectra, and Spectral Coherency V. Summary 21. Summary References Index