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Introduction to Quantitative EEG and Neurofeedback

3rd Edition - June 27, 2023

Editors: Dan R. Chartier, Mary Blair Dellinger, James R. Evans, Helen Kogan Budzynski

Hardback ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 9 8 2 7 - 0

eBook ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 8 4 3 3 - 1

Introduction to Quantitative EEG and Neurofeedback, Third Edition offers a window into brain physiology and function via computer and statistical analyses, suggesting innovative… Read more

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Introduction to Quantitative EEG and Neurofeedback, Third Edition offers a window into brain physiology and function via computer and statistical analyses, suggesting innovative approaches to the improvement of attention, anxiety, mood and behavior. Resources for understanding what QEEG and neurofeedback are, how they are used, and to what disorders and patients they can be applied are scarce, hence this volume serves as an ideal tool for clinical researchers and practicing clinicians. Sections cover advancements (including Microcurrent Electrical Stimulation, photobiomodulation), new applications (e.g. Asperger's, music therapy, LORETA, etc.), and combinations of prior approaches.

New chapters on smart-phone technologies and mindfulness highlight their clinical relevance. Written by top scholars in the field, this book offers both the breadth needed for an introductory scholar and the depth desired by a clinical professional.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
About the editors
Preface
Background
Introduction to Quantitative QEEG and Neurofeedback—the book series
The future
Acknowledgments
In memoriam
Section I: Raw EEG and QEEG and NFB foundational concepts
Chapter 1. Electroencephalography microstates in relation to emotional decision-making
Abstract
I Supporting literature
II Initial application
III Electroencephalography resting-state networks overlap with emotional decision-making model
IV Tobacco example
V One-month observations
VI One-year observations
VII Year-three observations
VIII Summary of microstates observed during Emotional Decision Task and from random data
IX Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2. Quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) clinical applications: a review and update
Abstract
I Diagnostic considerations
II Forensic considerations
III Quantitative electroencephalography methods used in therapeutic discourse
IV A comment about the future of quantitative electroencephalography in the advances of understanding brain–behavior relationships and brain–computer interface devices and interventions
References
Chapter 3. Electroencephalographic imaging and biofeedback training using Z-scores: databases and LORETA-based methods
Abstract
I Introduction
II Database considerations for live Z-score neurofeedback
III Methods
IV Results
V Discussion
VI Conclusions
VII Efficacy issues, problems, and limitations of the live-Z-score training study
VIII Summary
References
Further reading
Chapter 4. Autonomic nervous system and the triple network: an evolutionary perspective with clinical implications
Abstract
I Introduction
II Emergentist monism and network science
III Homeostasis and allostasis
IV Triple network
V Implications for neurofeedback
VI Conclusion
References
Chapter 5. Taking a deeper look into the wiring of baby humans
Abstract
I Conception and early development
II Maternal history and lasting impacts
III Developing consciousness
IV Importance of primitive reflex patterns
V The vestibular connection
VI Tri-angle of development
VII What is stress
VIII In summary
IX Personal training and biography
References
Chapter 6. When can you trust beta: detecting electromyography contamination of the electroencephalogram signal to enhance assessment of quantitative electroencephalogram and electroencephalogram training
Abstract
I Overview
II Artifact filtering methods: more details
III Electromyography characteristics and implications
IV Sub-harmonics and quantitative electroencephalogram
V Electromyography and complexity
VI The witham dilemma
VII What about gamma?
VIII Electromyography can be a valuable indicator of client status
IX Can the research discussed help clinically inform us and guide us further?
X Discussion
References
Chapter 7. Origins of electroencephalogram rhythms and implications for neurofeedback
Abstract
I Introduction
II A brief history of electroencephalogram and neurofeedback
III Physiological origins of the electroencephalogram
IV The human electroencephalogram
V Time-of-day effect
VI What next?
VII Future research
References
Chapter 8. History of the scientific standards of quantitative electroencephalography normative databases
Abstract
I Introduction
II Definitions of digital electroencephalography and quantitative electroencephalography
III Simultaneous digital electroencephalography tracings and quantitative electroencephalography
IV Test-retest reliability of quantitative electroencephalography
V History of standards of quantitative electroencephalography normative databases
VI History of inclusion/exclusion criteria and “representative samples”
VII History of artifact free data and reliability measures
VIII History of sample size per age group
IX History of age stratification vs. age regression
X History of gaussian distribution approximation and cross-validation
XI History of the use of the Z score and quantitative electroencephalography normative databases
XII Cross-validations of normative databases: new york university and university of maryland
XIII History of amplifier matching and quantitative electroencephalography normative databases
XIV Content validity of quantitative electroencephalography normative databases: neuropsychological correlations
XV Content validity of quantitative electroencephalography normative databases: example for traumatic brain injury
XVI History of three-dimensional current source normative databases
XVII History of three-dimenional source correlation normative databases
XVIII History of real-time Z-score normative databases
XIX Active tasks vs eyes closed and eyes open quantitative electroencephalography databases
XX Summary of normative database validation and sensitivity tests
XXI Gold standard check list for a normative quantitative electroencephalography database
XXII Problems in combining Substandard quantitative electroencephalography Databases with scientifically acceptable databases
XXIII Future standardization of quantitative electroencephalography normative databases
References
Chapter 9. Electroencephalogram neuroimaging, brain networks, and neurofeedback protocols
Abstract
I History: raw scores to z-scores
II Advances in electroencephalogram source localization
III Accuracy of 19 channel electroencephalogram inverse solution
IV The present: linking symptoms to dysregulated brain hubs and networks
V Compensatory versus weak systems
VI Z-score neurofeedback publications
VII Peak performance
VIII Examples of z-score change toward z=0 over sessions
IX The future: cerebellar z-score neurofeedback
X Conclusions
XI Value of z score neurofeedback
References
Further reading
Chapter 10. Electroencephalography in depth: seeing psyche in brainwaves
Abstract
I Introduction
II A brief history of psychology’s beginning
III Jung and Freud’s respective “structures of the psyche”
IV The unconscious
V Jung’s collective unconscious: instincts and archetypes
VI Brainwaves of the collective unconscious: Delta
VII The preconscious and personal unconscious in psychodynamics and neurodevelopment
VIII Brainwaves of the personal unconscious: Theta
IX Dreams and the personal unconscious
X Dissociation and the neurobiology of trauma
XI Brainwaves at the cusp of consciousness and unconsciousness: Alpha-Theta
XII Brainwaves that bridge the unconscious and the ego: Alpha
XIII The ego: Beta
XIV The ego in neuroses and psychoses
XV Brainwaves of individuation: Gamma
References
Chapter 11. Theories of brain functioning and the quantitative electroencephalography
Abstract
I Luria’s neuropsychological approach
II Network Neuroscience
III Holonomic brain theory
IV Coordinated allocation of resource model of brain functioning
V Specific cognitive tasks
VI Auditory memory task
VII Auditory verbal list recall
VIII F4 phase alpha enigmatic variable
IX Learning disabled population
X Rehabilitation approaches
XI Discussion
XII Conclusions
References
Section II: Clinical applications of NFB
Chapter 12. Multiple-channel advanced standardized weighted low-resolution electromagnetic tomography training for sustained clinical outcome
Abstract
I Introduction
II Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13. Utilizing quantitative electroencephalographic assessment and standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography neurotherapy in the treatment of trauma and dissociation
Abstract
I Introduction
II Acknowledgments
III The Brownback, Mason, and associates neurofeedback system manual series
References
Chapter 14. Neurofeedback and developmental trauma: theory and practice
Abstract
I Introduction
II An overview of attachment theory
III Adult attachment categories
IV The neurobiology of affect regulation
V A history of treatment failure
VI Neurofeedback and the treatment of developmental trauma
VII Protocols
VIII The role of the therapist
IX Conclusion
References
Further reading
Chapter 15. Advances in analysis and training
Abstract
I Stimulation as neurofeedback and where to stim
II Neuronavigator, an analysis technique in the neuroguide database
III tDCs, tACs, PEMF, pink, and brown noise that I use for training
IV EVENT event-related potential
V What is event-related potential?
VI Independent component analysis
VII Photobiomodulation, that is, vielight
VIII Career as a neurotherapist and qelectroencephalogrameeg diplomate
References
Further reading
Chapter 16. The importance of contingency between electroencephalographic patterns and neurofeedback for sustained clinical outcome
Abstract
I Introduction
II Part one: 1970–2000
III Part two: 2000 to present
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 17. Endogenous neuromodulation at infra-low frequencies
Abstract
I Tonic state regulation
II Resonance frequency training
III Historical roots of feedback via endogenous neuromodulation
IV Protocols, tactics, and mechanisms
V Theory and foundational studies
VI Summary and conclusion
References
Chapter 18. Neurofeedback in elite and athlete performance
Abstract
I Introduction
II Characteristics of elite athletes and elite performance
III Neurofeedback brain training
IV Results of neurofeedback brain training
V Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Further reading
Chapter 19. Application of electroencephalogram and other neurophysiological measures in assessment of cue-reactivity in individuals with substance use disorder
Abstract
I Introduction
II Craving
III Cue-reactivity
IV Emotional abnormalities in addiction
V Neurobiology of craving, cue-reactivity, and anhedonia neuroimaging studies
VI Quantitative electroencephalogram and event-related potential studies
VII Modification of cue-reactivity and affect using pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy in opioid use disorder
VIII Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 20. Quantitative electroencephalogram, event-related potential, and neurofeedback in substance use disorders research and treatment
Abstract
I Introduction
II Substance use disorder prevalence and quantitative electroencephalography changes
III Studies of neurofeedback in substance abuse treatment
IV Comorbidities of substance use disorder and implications for individualized neurofeedback
V Integrating neurotherapy with other therapies
VI Further research
References
Chapter 21. Asperger’s syndrome intervention: combining neurofeedback, biofeedback, and metacognition
Abstract
I Introduction
II Background regarding: history of diagnosis, prevalence, and symptoms
III Symptom correlation with functional neuroanatomy and EEG findings
IV Regions of the brain identified as dysfunctional in Asperger’s syndrome
V More about the polyvagal theory
VI Intervention
VII Discussion
VIII Conclusion
References
Chapter 22. Effective intervention for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using quantitative electroencephalography and neurofeedback
Abstract
I Introduction
II Background about attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
III Diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (DSM-5 criteria)
IV Neurofeedback for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
V Scientific basis of using neurofeedback
VI Setting up an individualized neurofeedback training program
VII Evidence-based practice, research design, and combined treatments
VIII The international scene and future directions
IX Conclusion
References
Chapter 23. Alpha–theta neurotherapy and the neurobehavioral treatment of addictions, mood disorders, and trauma
Abstract
I Introduction
II Peniston protocol
III Effectiveness of alpha–theta neurotherapy
IV Alpha–theta neurofeedback in the neurobehavioral treatment of trauma disorder
V Conclusion
References
Section III: Complementary Approaches and Adjunctive Concepts for Neuromodulation and NFB
Chapter 24. Exchanges between the gastrointestinal system and the brain
Abstract
I Gastrointestinal microbiota and the central nervous system
II Traumatic brain injury and gastrointestinal microbiota
III Endocrine (hypothalamus and pituitary gland)
IV Imaging: connections between the gastrointestinal system and brain
V Digestion and central nervous system connection
VI Amino acids and vitamins-digestion, absorption, and central nervous system effects
References
Chapter 25. pIR HEG neurofeedback and nIR HEG neurofeedback, best practices
Abstract
I Introduction
II Similarities between pIR HEG and nIR HEG
III PIR HEG neurofeedback
IV NIR HEG neurofeedback
Further reading
Chapter 26. “Wearables”: a new age of personal empowerment
Abstract
I Introduction
II Overview and neuro applications
III Categories of headsets
IV Discussion
V Conclusions and future research
References
Chapter 27. Optimal biofeedback: combining neurofeedback and integrative neuromodulation through light, sound, vestibular/cerebellar stimulation, and heart rate variability
Abstract
I Introduction
II Quantitative electroencephalography as a measure of the effects of light stimulation
III Increased performance case using neurofeedback enhanced by light stimulation and other biofeedback modalities for 20 sessions
IV The Symmetron relaxation system in combination with P-ROSHI, case studies
References
Further reading
Chapter 28. Music and neuromodulation
Abstract
I General functions of music
II Music and Disorders
III Using music for neuromodulation in the practice of neurotherapy
References
Chapter 29. Physiology of audio–visual entrainment technology
Abstract
I Introduction
II Brain wave driving (entrainment)
III Dissociation/hypnotic induction
IV Autonomic nervous system calming
V Increased cerebral blood flow
VI Increased neurotransmitters
VII Increased lactate and adenosine triphosphate
VIII Increased heat shock protein
IX Effects on glia and cytokines
X Direct effects on neuronal efficiency
XI Conclusion
References
Chapter 30. Lifestyle and environmental influences on electroencephalography, quantitative electroencephalography, and neurofeedback
Abstract
I Introduction
II Value of resting state electroencephalography: an overview
III Value of quantitative electroencephalography interpretation: an overview
IV Implications for neuromodulation training
V S.A.F.E. M.E.D.S
VI Section 1: move
VII Section 2: eat
VIII Section 3: disconnect
IX Time exposure
X High-energy visible-blue light exposure
XI Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields/Wi-Fi exposure
XII Section 4: sleep
XIII Conclusion
XIV Recommended resources
References
Section IV: Ethical and legal issues
Chapter 31. Quantitative electroencephalography goes to court: applications in liability and capital cases
Abstract
I Introduction
II History of admissibility of quantitative electroencephalography results and related testimony
III Admissibility of quantitative electroencephalography results
IV Guaranteed admissibility
V Becoming an expert witness on quantitative electroencephalography assessments
References
Further reading
Chapter 32. Ethical principles in neurofeedback standards of care and clinical practice
Abstract
I Introduction
II What is a professional code of ethics?
III Why do we care?
IV Models of ethical behavior
V Standards of care
VI Components of a code of ethics or ethical principles
VII Licensure
VIII Ethics committees
IX Scope of practice
X First do no harm
XI Supervision
XII Training and certification
XIII Professional versus nonprofessional relationships
XIV Informed consent
XV Use of touch
XVI Technology, specialized treatments and interventions, cutting edge treatments, and traditional treatments and therapies
XVII Monetary benefit
XVIII Integration in practice
XIX Ethical decision-making
XX Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
Index

Dan R. Chartier

Dr. Chartier is a licensed psychologist and health service provider. He completed his undergraduate education in psychology and a Master’s degree program in counseling at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He then earned a Ph.D. degree in psychology from North Carolina State University. He began working with biofeedback in 1983 and in 1989 was an early adopter of neurofeedback and QEEG technology. Dr. Chartier was a founding member of SNR (now ISNR) and served as president in 1999. He was also a founding member of the Society for Advanced Brain Analysis (SABA) and the QEEG Certification Board (now the International QEEG Certification Board) serving as IQCB chairperson 2016 - 2018. Dr. Chartier is also a board member for the Southeastern Biofeedback and Clinical Neuroscience Association. His academic service has included a clinical associate professorship in the Psychiatry Department, UNC-CH School of Medicine. Dr. Chartier provides an annual lecture on QEEG, neurofeedback and biofeedback for the UNC-CH School of Medicine Complementary and Alternative Medicine Program. His recent publications include a chapter in Alpha-Theta Neurofeedback in the 21st Century: a handbook for clinicians and researchers and a chapter in The First 50 Years of Neurofeedback.

Affiliations and expertise

Life Quality Resources, Raleigh, NC, United States

Mary Blair Dellinger

Mary Blair Dellinger is a Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of South Carolina. She completed her Masters in Professional Counseling at Liberty University. A graduate of Psychology and Neuroscience from the University of South Carolina in Columbia, Dellinger is BCIA Board Certified in neurofeedback. She has eight years experience conducting neurofeedback sessions with adults and children. She has specialized training in use of advanced procedures such as LORETA neurofeedback and NeuroGuide Software and BCIA certification in Heart Rate Variability (HRV) biofeedback. She is both an ISNR member and a Magellan Scholar. Editor of recent publication Neurofeedback: The First Fifty Years.

Affiliations and expertise

Sterlingworth Center, Greenville, SC, United States

James R. Evans

Dr. James Evans is licensed in clinical and school psychology. Following graduation with a bachelor's degree in education, and a tour of duty in the U.S. Army, he taught in a public high school. Later he earned a master's degree in psychology. After working for six years at a state hospital and a county mental health center, he attended Peabody College of Vanderbilt University where he received a Ph.D. degree in psychology. He was on the faculty of the Psychology Department at the University of South Carolina for thirty years, and is retired from that position. He has completed postdoctoral work in neuropsychology at the University of California at San Francisco, the University of Georgia and the Medical College of Georgia. For over thirty years he also has maintained a successful private practice involving working with children and adults in hospital, school, prison, and private office settings. He has expertise in psychological, neuropsychological and psychoeducational assessment, as well as years of experience in psychotherapy and neurotherapy. He is the author of thirty-five journal articles and nine book chapters, and editor or co-editor of ten psychology-related books, including Rhythmic Stimulation Procedures for Neuromodulation (2017) and Neurofeedback: The First Fifty Years ( 2019). Presently he is self-employed as a psychologist at the Sterlingworth Center in Greenville, SC.

Affiliations and expertise

Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, SC, USA

Helen Kogan Budzynski

Helen Kogan Budzynski worked in the Department of Psychosocial and Community Health at the University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle, WA, United States.

Affiliations and expertise

Department of Pyschosocial and Community Health, University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle, WA, United States