Introduction to Modern Physics

PrefacePreface to the First EditionAcknowledgments1 The Atomic Nature of Matter and Electricity 1.1 Kinetic Theory of Gases 1.2 The Electron 1.3 Determination of Avogadro's Number Problems2 The Theory of Relativity 2.1 Experiments Preceding the Theory of Relativity 2.2 Explanations 2.3 The Lorentz Transformation 2.4 Relativistic Dynamics; Four-Vectors Problems3 The Old Quantum Theory 3.1 Black-Body Radiation 3.2 The Photoelectric Effect 3.3 Line Spectra and the Bohr Atom 3.4 The Correspondence Principle 3.5 The Franck-Hertz Experiment4 Waves and Particles 4.1 X-Rays 4.2 Matter Waves 4.3 Wave Packets 4.4 The Uncertainty Principle Problems5 Schrodinger Equation I: One Dimension 5.1 Construction of the Schrodinger Equation 5.2 Boundary Conditions 5.3 Probability Current 5.4 One-Dimensional Square Well Potential 5.5 Barrier Penetration 5.6 Expectation Values and Operators 5.7 The Harmonic Oscillator Problems6 Schrodinger Equation II: Three Dimensions 6.1 Extension of the Schrodinger Equation to Three Dimensions 6.2 Spherically Symmetric Potentials and Angular Momentum 6.3 Measurement of Angular Momentum 6.4 An Example: The Three-Dimensional Harmonic Oscillator 6.5 The Radial Equation 6.6 The Three-Dimensional Square Well 6.7 Scattering of Particles from a Spherically Symmetric Potential Problems7 The Hydrogen Atom 7.1 Wavefunctions for More than One Particle 7.2 Energy Levels of the Hydrogen Atom 7.3 Fine Structure in the Hydrogen Spectrum 7.4 Spin and Relativity Problems8 Further Applications of Quantum Theory 8.1 Time-Independent Perturbation Theory 8.2 Identical Particles 8.3 The Helium Atom 8.4 The Periodic Table of the Elements Problems9 Atomic and Molecular Spectra 9.1 Atomic Spectroscopy 9.2 The Zeeman Effect Revisited 9.3 Molecular Structure 9.4 Molecular Spectra Problems10 Atomic Radiation 10.1 Time-Dependent Perturbation Theory; Transition Rates 10.2 Spontaneous Transitions 10.3 Selection Rules 10.4 Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation — The Maser and the Laser Problems11 Quantum Statistics 11.1 The Three Kinds of Statistics; An Example 11.2 Derivation of the General Form for Each Distribution Function 11.3 Applications of Bose-Einstein Statistics 11.4 Application of Fermi-Dirac Statistics: Free Electron Theory of Metals Summary Problems12 The Electronic Structure of Solids 12.1 Energy Levels for a System of Ν Atoms 12.2 Traveling Electron Waves in a Solid 12.3 Solutions of Schrodinger's Equation for a Periodic Potential 12.4 Superconductivity 12.5 Brillouin Zones and the Fermi Surface 12.6 Insulators and Semiconductors Problems 13 Nuclear Radiation 13.1 Early Work with Radioactivity 13.2 Passage of Radiation through Matter 13.3 Positron Annihilation 13.4 Recoilless Resonant Absorption of Gamma Rays (Mossbauer Effect) 13.5 Biological Effects of Radiation Problems14 Properties of the Nucleus 14.1 Charge 14.2 Radius 14.3 Angular Momentum and Magnetic Dipole Moment 14.4 Electric Quadrupole Moment 14.5 Mass and Binding Energy 14.6 Parity 14.7 Stability 14.8 Shell Structure 14.9 Collective Motions 14.10 Properties of the Deuteron Problems15 Nuclear Transformations 15.1 Theory of Alpha Decay 15.2 Theory of Beta Decay 15.3 Gamma Decay 15.4 Nuclear Reactions Problems16 Particles and Interactions 16.1 Meson Theory of the Nuclear Force 16.2 Properties of the Pion 16.3 Leptons and the Weak Interaction 16.4 Discovery of "Strange Particles" 16.5 Conservation Laws 16.6 Properties of the Κ Mesons 16.7 Resonances 16.8 Classification of Particles 16.9 Unified Theories ProblemsAppendix Α: Probability and StatisticsAppendix B: Derivation of the Bragg Scattering LawAppendix C: Solution of the Radial Equation for the Hydrogen Atom or Hydrogenlike IonAppendix D: Table of Atomic SpeciesAppendix E: "Stable" ParticlesAppendix F: Table of Physical ConstantsAnswers to Selected ProblemsIndex