Introduction to Environmental Forensics

3rd Edition - July 30, 2014
Editors: Brian L. Murphy, Robert D. Morrison
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 4 0 4 6 9 6 - 2
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 4 0 4 7 0 7 - 5

The third edition of Introduction to Environmental Forensics is a state-of-the-art reference for the practicing environmental forensics consultant, regulator, student, academ… Read more

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The third edition of Introduction to Environmental Forensics is a state-of-the-art reference for the practicing environmental forensics consultant, regulator, student, academic, and scientist, with topics including compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA), advanced multivariate statistical techniques, surrogate approaches for contaminant source identification and age dating, dendroecology, hydrofracking, releases from underground storage tanks and piping, and contaminant-transport modeling for forensic applications. Recognized international forensic scientists were selected to author chapters in their specific areas of expertise and case studies are included to illustrate the application of these methods in actual environmental forensic investigations. This edition provides updates on advances in various techniques and introduces several new topics.

Section I. Basic Information

Chapter 1. Applications of Environmental Forensics

1.1. Introduction
1.2. Chemical Characterization and/or Delineation of Contamination
1.3. Reconstructing Historical Releases and Establishing Background
1.4. Determination of Responsibility and Allocation of Liability
1.5. Insurance Litigation
1.6. Toxic Torts

Chapter 2. Essential Historical Research Methods and Their Application to Environmental Forensics

2.1. Introduction
2.2. Historical Research for Site Assessment or Responsibility Assignment
2.3. Historical Research and Analysis for Apportionment and Cost Allocation
2.4. The Historian’s Contribution to Liability Determinations
2.5. The Historian’s Contribution to Cost Allocation
2.6. Historical Research and Analysis for Matters of “Intentionality”
2.7. Conclusion

Chapter 3. Photogrammetry, Photointerpretation, and Digital Imaging and Mapping in Environmental Forensics

3.1. The Aerial Photographic Record
3.2. Principles of Photogrammetry
3.3. Photointerpretation
3.4. Analytical Products and Preparation of Exhibits
3.5. Case Studies
3.6. Conclusion

Chapter 4. The Measurement Process

4.1. Introduction
4.2. Sampling and Analytical Errors in the Measurement Process
4.3. Planning
4.4. Sampling Different Media
4.5. Data Assessment
4.6. Conclusion

Chapter 5. Statistical Methods

5.1. Introduction
5.2. Background
5.3. Applications in Environmental Forensics
5.4. Conclusion

Chapter 6. Identification of Forensic Information from Existing Conventional Site-Investigation Data

6.1. Introduction
6.2. Site History
6.3. Geological Data
6.4. Hydrogeological Data
6.5. Contaminant Chemistry Data
6.6. High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) Data
6.7. Data Reflecting Postrelease Contaminant Concentration Pattern Changes
6.8. Conclusion

Chapter 7. Chemical Partitioning and Transport in the Environment

7.1. Introduction
7.2. Chemical Parameters
7.3. Fugacity Description of Partitioning
7.4. Mass-Transfer Models
7.5. The Advection–Dispersion Equation
7.6. Conclusion
List of Symbols and Abbreviations

Section II. Chemical, Biological, And Isotopic Pattern-Recognition Methods

Chapter 8. Hydrocarbon Fingerprinting Methods

8.1. Introduction
8.2. Overview of Chemical Fingerprinting Methodology
8.3. Quality Assurance and Quality Control
8.4. Volatile Hydrocarbon Fingerprinting Methods
8.5. Semivolatile Hydrocarbon Fingerprinting Methods

Chapter 9. Source Identification and Age Dating of Chlorinated Solvents

9.1. Introduction
9.2. Product Formulations and Diagnostic Stabilizers
9.3. Manufacturing Impurities
9.4. Manufacturing Impurities to Distinguish New and Used Vapor Degreasing Chlorinated Solvents
9.5. Symmetric Tetrachloroethane for Age Dating PCE and TCE
9.6. Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis (CSIA)
9.7. Reconstructed Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Plume Technique
9.8. Conclusion

Chapter 10. Congeners: A Forensics Analysis

10.1. Introduction
10.2. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
10.3. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
10.4. Dioxins and Furans
10.5. Other Chemical Families
10.6. Developing Analytical Tools for Forensic Studies of Congeners
10.7. Conclusion

Chapter 11. Application of Stable Isotopes and Radioisotopes in Environmental Forensics

11.1. Introduction
11.2. Radioisotope Age Dating of Contaminants in Sediments and Groundwater
11.3. Use of Stable Isotopes to Identify Contaminant Sources
11.4. Biodegradation
11.5. Vocs and Vapor Intrusion
11.6. Sources and Sink of Atmospheric Gases
11.7. Combining Isotope Methods with Other Methods
11.8. Inorganic Isotopes
11.9. Shale Gas, Shale Oil, and Hydrofracking
11.10. Developments in LC/IRMS

Chapter 12. Criminal and Environmental Soil Forensics: Soil as Physical Evidence in Forensic Investigations

12.1. Introduction
12.2. Soil and Forensic Context
12.3. Classic Methods of Characterizing Soil for Forensic Investigations
12.4. The Practice of Forensic Investigations Relating to Soil
12.5. Developments in Analysis of Soil Samples
12.6. Characterization of Soil Organic Matter
12.7. Maximization of Soil Evidence by Integration and Use of Databases

Chapter 13. Environmental Forensic Microscopy

13.1. Introduction
13.2. Sampling and Analysis Equipment
13.3. Determining the Nature of Contaminants
13.4. Measuring the Extent of a Specific Contaminant
13.5. Case Studies: Examples of Environmental Forensic Microscopy Investigations
13.6. Conclusion

Chapter 14. Hydraulic Fracturing: Data Analysis Methods to Identify Sources of Dissolved Gas and Chemical Compounds in Drinking Water Wells

14.1. Introduction
14.2. Chemical Characterization of Potential Sources for The Drinking Water Well in Question
14.3. Sampling of Drinking Water Wells
14.4. Laboratory Analysis
14.5. Data Analysis Methods to Investigate The Source(s) of Gases in Drinking Water Wells
14.6. Conclusion

Chapter 15. Forensic Applications of Dendroecology

15.1. Introduction
15.2. Terminology
15.3. Principles
15.4. Dendroecology/Phytoscreening Sampling
15.5. Sample Preparation and Analysis
15.6. Forensic Opportunities
15.7. Interpretation of Dendroecology/Phytoscreening Data
15.8. Conclusion

Section III. Forensic Modeling

Chapter 16. Forensic Applications of Subsurface Contaminant Transport Models

16.1. Introduction
16.2. Contaminant Releases on a Paved and Unpaved Surface
16.3. Contaminant Transport Through a Paved Surface
16.4. Contaminant Transport Through an Unpaved Surface
16.5. Contaminant Transport Through Soil
16.6. Groundwater Models
16.7. Conclusion

Chapter 17. Forensic Investigation of Underground Storage Tanks and Subsurface Piping

17.1. Introduction
17.2. Forensic Sampling During Tank Excavation
17.3. Historical UST Standards
17.4. Corrosion
17.5. Conclusion

Chapter 18. Principal Components Analysis and Receptor Models in Environmental Forensics

18.1. Introduction
18.2. Principal Components Analysis
18.3. Self-Training Receptor-Modeling Methods
18.4. The Influence of Alteration Processes on Mixing Models
18.5. Conclusion

Chapter 19. Multivariate Statistical Methods and Source Identification in Environmental Forensics

19.1. Introduction
19.2. Multivariate Methods

Chapter 20. Receptor Models and Measurements for Identifying and Quantifying Air Pollution Sources

20.1. Introduction
20.2. The General Air Quality Model
20.3. The Chemical Mass Balance Receptor Model
20.4. Chemical Components (i)
20.5. Source Profiles (j)
20.6. Sampling Periods (k)
20.7. Particle Size (m)
20.8. Receptor Locations (l)
20.9. Estimating Uncertainties (σ_Cikl, σ_Fij, and σ_Sjkl)
20.10. Receptor-Model Application and Validation Protocol
20.11. Conclusion

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Introduction to Environmental Forensics

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Brian L. Murphy

Robert D. Morrison