International and Life Course Aspects of COVID-19

1st Edition - June 13, 2024
Editors: Rajkumar Rajendram, Victor R Preedy, Vinood Patel
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 5 6 4 8 - 2
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 5 6 4 9 - 9

International and Life Course Aspects of COVID-19 describes the nuances and international variations of COVID-19 in different populations and age groups. This volume details those… Read more

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International and Life Course Aspects of COVID-19 describes the nuances and international variations of COVID-19 in different populations and age groups. This volume details those differences in chapters examining the effects of the virus at different life stages, including newborns, children, adolescents, and older populations. Consideration of the age-specific effects of COVID-19 on the brain are a major focus unique to this resource. International observations and global outcomes are also described. This volume is relevant for all clinicians working to ensure the best outcomes for patients with COVID-19 worldwide.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Section A: Introductory chapters and setting the scene
Chapter 1 COVID-19 and mortality in children
Abstract
Introduction
Policies and procedures
COVID-19 infection vs MIS-C
Applications to other areas
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
References
Chapter 2 Congenital and perinatal COVID-19: Diagnostic challenges, current management, and outcomes
Abstract
Introduction
Mother to neonate SARS-CoV-2 transmission
Diagnostic challenges
Outcomes of neonates born to SARS-CoV-2-positive pregnant women
The clinical spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 infection in neonates
Management
Summary points
References
Chapter 3 COVID-19 vaccine strategies
Abstract
Introduction
Vaccine strategies
Strategies for optimizing vaccine efficacy through lifestyle changes
Limitations of COVID-19 vaccine development and administration
Potential side effects: Myth or reality?
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Conclusion
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
References
Chapter 4 Social and community responses to public health and social measures for COVID-19: Community engagement for risk preparedness
Abstract
Introduction
Barriers to public compliance with PHSMs
Community engagement in relation to PHSMs
Preparedness and response to public health threats and risks via community engagement
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Section B: International aspects
Chapter 5 The COVID-19 pandemic in Italy: Ecological background and epidemiological dynamics
Abstract
Introduction: Disease ecology
Emerging diseases and zoonoses
Epidemiology of COVID-19 in Italy: The very beginning
Epidemiology of COVID-19 in Italy: The subsequent development
Epidemiological models of COVID-19 in Italy
The spatial dynamics of COVID-19
The effect of containment measures
The vaccination campaign
COVID-19 epidemiological open data in Italy
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 6 COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria
Abstract
Introduction
Full lockdown
Education
Livelihoods
Household food security
Mental health
Changes in cases and variants after the relaxation of the lockdown
Hospital protocols
Infection and hospitalization rates of COVID-19 in Nigeria
Poor emergency healthcare response
States’ dense populations and demographics
Limited healthcare resources
Accessibility of vaccines
Borders and control
Cleaning of public transportation
Closures and reopening of the nonessential indoor congregation
First responder protocols
Non-COVID-19 health impacts
Mask-wearing mandates
Commonly used masks in Nigeria
Screening and quarantine
Public engagement
Economic support
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 7 A bird’s eye view of the COVID-19 pandemic in India: The past, present, and future
Abstract
Acknowledgment
Introduction to COVID-19, global trends, Indian context
India’s initial response to the pandemic
Trends of disease progression—different waves and their impacts
Experiences and effects in urban v/s rural areas
COVID-19 and comorbidities
Impact on physicians and healthcare workers
Exploring the ethics of clinical research with respect to vaccine trials
Role of alternative systems of medicine
The role played by India in vaccine diplomacy
Postlockdown challenges for the healthcare sector
Future implications and conclusion: Lessons learned from the pandemic and its management
References
Chapter 8 COVID-19 pandemic in Europe
Abstract
Introduction
Number of opinions on the pandemic throughout the subsequent waves
Health-related, economic, and social consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in European countries
Policies and procedures
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 9 COVID-19 in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)
Abstract
Introduction
COVID-19 cases in LAC
Mortality in LAC due to COVID-19
Aspects related to COVID-19 lethality in LAC
Poverty in LAC and its implications during the COVID-19 pandemic
Education disparities
Access to healthcare services in response to COVID-19
Vaccination in LAC
Drug development
Long-COVID-19 implications in LAC
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary
Summary points
References
Chapter 10 COVID-19 in Sudan: A multiperspective review
Abstract
Introduction
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Summary points
References
Chapter 11 Asymptomatic infection by SARS-CoV-2 at the beginning of the epidemic in Cuba: Evidence from case series
Abstract
Introduction
Development
Limitations of the studies presented
Conclusions
Politics and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 12 Stress and anxiety due to COVID-19 in India
Abstract
Introduction
COVID-19: An unprecedented stressor
Psychological distress in the general population vs healthcare professionals
Special populations
Substance use in relation to COVID-19
Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with mental illnesses
Role of the media in causing psychological distress during the pandemic
The way forward
Summary
References
Chapter 13 COVID-19 pandemic in Korea: A focus on medical management
Abstract
Introduction
Policies and procedures: The back and forth medical management in Korea
Applications to other areas: Forward medical management
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 14 Stigma experienced by healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: Global and Egyptian perspectives
Abstract
Introduction
Definition and conceptual framework of COVID-19 stigma in HCWs
Manifestations of COVID-19 Stigma in HCWs
Magnitude of COVID-19 Stigma in HCWs
Risk factors and social disparities associated with COVID-19 stigma in HCWs
Policies to face COVID-19-related stigma in HCWs worldwide and in Egypt
Antistigma campaigns or programs
Scales for measuring COVID-19 stigma
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Section C: Reproduction, pregnancy and new-borns
Chapter 15 The COVID-19 pandemic and breastfeeding
Abstract
Introduction
The breastfeeding dyad
The development of guidance on SARS-CoV-2
Impact of mother-infant separation during COVID-19
Mothers’ experiences and concerns with respect to breastfeeding
Maintaining breastfeeding counselling
Breastmilk substitute promotion in COVID-19 emergency
Conclusion and lessons learned
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 16 Impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on female fertility
Abstract
Introduction
Conclusion
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 17 Fetal death due to maternal COVID-19
Abstract
Acknowledgment
Introduction
Mechanisms by which the SARS-CoV-2 enters the placenta
Applications to other area
Case study
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 18 The COVID-19 pandemic and identification of SARS-CoV-2 in the prostate
Abstract
Introduction
Presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the prostate
Prostate cancer
Genetics of prostate cancer and COVID-19
Diagnosis of prostate cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic
Outcomes of patients with prostate cancer and COVID-19 infection
BPH and COVID-19
Relationship between BPH treatment and COVID-19
Epidemiology of urologic disease and COVID-19
Policies and procedures
Application to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 19 COVID-19 in pregnant women: Clinical course, treatment, and maternal/fetal outcome of vaccination during pregnancy
Abstract
Introduction
COVID-19 in pregnant women
Different COVID-19 vaccine types
Maternal outcome after vaccination during pregnancy
COVID-19 vaccines and breastfeeding
Conclusions
Summary points
References
Chapter 20 Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibodies and their vertical transfer
Abstract
Introduction
The placenta
The neonatal Fc receptor and the transport of maternally derived IgG immunoglobulins across the maternal-fetal placental barrier
Gestational age and its effects on antibody transfer
Health of the mother and its effects on antibody transfer
Acute SARS-CoV-2 maternal infection
SARS-CoV-2 maternal vaccination against SARS-CoV-2
Duration of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies vertically transferred to infants
Future research
Application to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary of points
References
Chapter 21 COVID-19 vaccination during lactation
Abstract
Introduction
SARS-CoV-2-infection-induced immunity via breastmilk
COVID-19 vaccination during lactation
Discussion
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 22 Being pregnant during the COVID-19 pandemic: Impact of the trimester of gestation and measures of maternal mental health
Abstract
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal mental health during pregnancy
Clinical impacts and conclusions
Summary points
References
Chapter 23 COVID-19 related maternal mortality and SARS-CoV-2 variants
Abstract
Introduction
Maternal mortality rate
Causes of mortalities
Symptoms and comorbidities related with maternal mortality
The effect of social variables and healthcare services
The variant effect
Policies
Procedures
Applications to other areas
Triage and monitoring disease with lung ultrasound
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 24 COVID-19-associated complications in pregnant women and neonates
Abstract
Introduction
Pathophysiology of COVID-19 in pregnancy
Clinical presentation
Diagnosis and evaluation
Management
Fetal and neonatal considerations
Conclusion
Directions for future research and management of COVID-19 in pregnancy
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary of key points
References
Chapter 25 SARS-CoV-2 and its impact on the developing fetal neurologic system
Abstract
Neurological development
Imaging of the fetal brain
The placenta, the fetal brain, and infection
SARS-CoV-2 and pregnancy
The effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the fetal brain
Summary
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 26 Impact of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in the placenta
Abstract
Introduction
Placental SARS-CoV-2 infection
Placental histopathology in maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection
Molecular changes in SARS-CoV-2 infection
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Summary points
References
Section D: Children and adolescents
Chapter 27 T cells and their subsets in children with COVID-19
Abstract
Introduction
CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets in pediatric COVID-19
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) in pediatric COVID-19 cases
Naïve T and memory T cells in pediatric COVID-19 cases
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
References
Chapter 28 Pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome and SARS-CoV-2
Abstract
What is COVID-19? Brief characteristics with pediatric aspects
What is PIMS?
Epidemiology of PIMS
Risk factors for PIMS
Clinical features of PIMS
Pathophysiology of PIMS
Management of patients with PIMS
Conclusions
Summary points
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
References
Chapter 29 Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on nutritional status of children
Abstract
Introduction
Prediction
Factors responsible for the change during COVID-19
Real scenario from a low- and middle-income country, Bangladesh
Mitigation strategies
Applications
Conclusion
Summary points
References
Chapter 30 COVID-19 in hospitalized children: Nutrition care
Abstract
Introduction
Nutritional assessment
Nutrition therapy (NT)
Oral supplement (OS)
Enteral nutritional therapy (ENT)
Parenteral nutritional therapy (PNT)
Mobilization and NT
Applications to other conditions
Summary points
References
Chapter 31 Eating disorders in children during the COVID-19 pandemic
Abstract
Introduction
Pediatric neuropsychiatric disorders
Eating disorders (ED)
Eating disorders epidemiology: Pre- and post-COVID-19 comparison
Treatment of ED
NPD outbreak and the COVID-19 pandemic
Recommendations
Conclusion
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 32 Body composition in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection: Short and long term consequences
Abstract
Introduction
Body composition and SARS-CoV-2 during infection
Body composition and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)
Behavioral changes during the pandemic and long term consequences
Key drivers (diet, physical activity, sleep) affecting long-term body composition
Conclusion
Summary points
References
Chapter 33 Risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and childhood obesity
Abstract
Introduction
Childhood obesity and immune system function
Obesity as a risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection
Proinflammatory cytokines
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) activity or expression
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 34 The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic during the lockdown and the post-COVID-19 effects on the family system of children with disabilities
Abstract
Introduction
The new or remembered terms for the ordinary person
Unequal impacts on inequalities during the pandemic
Unmet educational needs of children with disabilities
A new normal of parents as teachers
Silver benefits or positive impacts of the pandemic on the family system
What we learned from the pandemic
A pathway for families of children with disabilities to the new normal
Synopsis
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 35 The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ordinary vaccination programs for very young children: BCG, MMR, poliomyelitis, and beyond
Abstract
Introduction
COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil
Brazilian national immunization program
Vaccine hesitancy
Evidence of the impact of COVID-19 on routine immunizations in Brazil
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 36 Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in children
Abstract
Introduction
Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection
Immune responses underlying MIS-C and long COVID-19
Immune responses to COVID-19 vaccination
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Summary points
References
Chapter 37 The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: How physical fitness changes in children
Abstract
Introduction
Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on physical fitness of children and adolescents
Differences in physical fitness profiles detected in the DAFIS project
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 38 The COVID-19 pandemic and children: Impact on physical activity
Abstract
Introduction
General trends in physical activity during the pandemic
Distance learning and physical education during the COVID-19 pandemic
The influence of socioeconomic factors and family on PA of children and adolescents during the pandemic
The impact of the COVID-19 disease on PA of children and adolescents
Physical activity and mental health
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Summary points
References
Chapter 39 The COVID-19 pandemic and stress related to schooling
Abstract
Stress related to school closure
Stress related to distance learning
Policies and procedures
Application to other areas
Conclusion and recommendations
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 40 Suicidal thoughts and behaviors among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic
Abstract
Introduction
How could a global pandemic influence STBs?
Changes in suicidal ideation during the pandemic
Linking changes in suicidal ideation to motivational drivers of suicide
Changes in suicidal behavior
What have we learned and what remains to be learned?
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 41 The COVID-19 pandemic: Attending to hand hygiene measures in young people (a review of different studies)
Abstract
Introduction
Hand hygiene measures in children during the pandemic
Adolescents, young adults, and hand hygiene against SARS-CoV-2
The future of hand hygiene programs at the educational level
Conclusions
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 42 Child and adolescent COVID-19 vaccination: Trends, hesitancy, and strategies for increasing vaccination in the United States
Abstract
History of COVID-19 vaccine availability and recommendations
COVID-19 vaccine coverage for children and adolescents
Childhood and adolescent COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy
Motivators for vaccination
Strategies for increasing COVID-19 vaccination in children and adolescents
Impact of COVID-19 on delivery of other vaccines
Conclusions
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Summary points
References
Chapter 43 Social distancing behavior and mental health in US adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic
Abstract
Introduction
Policies, procedures, and theory pertaining to adolescent social distancing
Motivating and sustaining American adolescents’ social distancing
Adolescent social distancing, mental health, and coping
Social distancing and adolescent psychological wellbeing in the United States
Adolescent coping with social distancing in the United States
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 44 Thrombotic complications in children and adolescents with SARS-CoV-2 infection
Abstract
Introduction
Policies and procedures
Application to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
Epidemiology of COVID-19-related thromboses in children and adolescents
Presentation of COVID-19-associated thrombosis in children and adolescents
Mechanisms of COVID-19 thrombosis
Coagulopathy in COVID-19 and MIS-C
Vaccine-related thrombosis/vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia and thrombosis
COVID-19-related thrombosis: Prophylactic and treatment strategies
COVID-19-related thrombosis: Complications and outcomes
References
Chapter 45 Features of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in children: A focus on magnetic resonance imaging of the heart
Abstract
Introduction
Cardiac magnetic resonance in myocarditis
CMR in PIMS
CMR in PCVM
PIMS vs. PCVM
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 46 SARS-CoV-2 infection and the cytokine levels and pathway in children: An updated narrative
Abstract
Introduction
Cytokines in childhood COVID-19
Cytokine storm in children with COVID-19
Cytokine profiling in children with other SARS-CoV-2-related conditions
Therapeutic options in children with elevated cytokines during COVID-19 and MIS-C
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Section E: Older adults
Chapter 47 Risk factors related to COVID-19 among older adults
Abstract
Introduction
How it all began
Risk factors and spectrum from SARS-CoV-2 infection to severe and lethal COVID-19
How have we learned about SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 risk factors?
Studies in a hospital setting
Studies in outpatient settings
What mainly health institutions consider as risk factors for COVID-19
People at increased risk
Other probable risk factors
What about risk factors of mortality?
Differences in COVID-19 mortality related to age and sex
Risk factors for COVID-19 mortality in hospital and community settings
Considering older adults
Conditions affecting the risk attributable to age
Age and comorbidities interactions
Comorbidity burden
Frailty and COVID-19
Role of frailty scales
COVID-19 and health inequalities
Race and ethnicity
Residents of long-term care facilities (LTCFs)
Why advanced age favors infection and a greater severity of the disease?
Policies and procedures
Application to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 48 Reducing loneliness and social isolation among the elderly during the COVID-19 pandemic
Abstract
Introduction
Loneliness and social isolation
Loneliness before and since the outbreak of the pandemic
Social isolation before and since the outbreak of the pandemic
Measurements of loneliness and social isolation in the aging population
Other psychological needs related to loneliness and social isolation
Vulnerable population characteristics related to loneliness and social isolation
Theoretical pathways and mechanisms linking loneliness and social isolation to health
Preventions and interventions on loneliness and social isolation
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 49 Features and measures of depression in the elderly and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: Linking in preexisting mental health
Abstract
Introduction
Mental disorders in old age
Mental disorders and COVID-19 in old age
Mental disorders and COVID-19 in old age: Direct infection by the virus
Mental disorders and COVID-19 in old age: Risk factors
Preexisting mental disorders and COVID-19
Preexisting mental disorders and COVID-19: Deterioration
Preexisting mental disorders and COVID-19: Resilience
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 50 Experiences of disabled older adults in adult day care centers during the COVID-19 pandemic
Abstract
Introduction
Effectiveness of ADC
ADCs in Japan
ADC closure
Case study: One ADC’s history of financial difficulties
Narrowing world among ADC clients
ADC under the narrowing world
Changes in ADC care due to COVID-19
Efforts to prevent negative impacts during ADC closure
Policy recommendations
Adaptation to other fields
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 51 Using single-cell analysis to investigate disease severity in elderly patients with COVID-19
Abstract
Introduction
Elderly-specific NK cell subset upregulates proinflammatory cytokines
Identification of impaired defense mechanisms in alveolar type II cells
Identification of aging-related shared and cell type-specific gene expression changes among the immune cell population
Reduced abundance of naïve CD8 T cells with downregulated antiviral defense response in elderly patients with severe COVID-19
Limitations of single cell RNA-seq analysis
Mini-dictionary of terms
Applications to other areas
Summary points
References
Chapter 52 COVID-19 and older adult food practices: A social determinants of health perspective
Abstract
Introduction
COVID-19 impacts on food practices
Conclusion
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 53 Older subjects and immunogenicity of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines
Abstract
Introduction
Immunosenescence
COVID-19 and older adults’ immunology
Geriatric vaccinology
COVID-19 vaccines
Age-related changes in immunogenicity of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines
Impact of frailty and multimorbidity on the immunogenicity of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines
Policies and procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 54 Noninvasive respiratory support in octogenarian patients with COVID-19
Abstract
Introduction
Factors increasing the risk of poor outcomes in older patients with COVID-19
Use of noninvasive respiratory support in older patients with COVID-19
Conclusions
Procedures
Applications to other areas
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Section F: Case studies with mini review
Chapter 55 Case study: COVID-19 severity in diabetic patients with and without seizure
Abstract
Introduction
Review of literature
Case presentation
Discussion and conclusions
Summary points
References
Chapter 56 Case study: Nonpharmaceutical interventions for COVID-19 and their social impact in Japan
Abstract
Introduction
Mini-review 1: Factors related to the spread of COVID-19 and NPIs utilizing these factors
Mini-review 2: Impact of NPIs on the foodservice industry
Overview of COVID-19 outbreaks and NPIs in Japan in 2020
People flow and restaurant visits during the COVID-19 pandemic and NPIs in Tokyo, Japan
Causal loop diagram (CLD) of the COVID-19 pandemic and NPIs in Tokyo, Japan
Conclusion
Summary points
References
Chapter 57 Case study: Factors affecting vaccine uptake—Australian perspectives
Abstract
Introduction
Factors affecting vaccine uptake
COVID-19 vaccine uptake in the Australian setting
Case study: COVID-19 vaccine uptake among younger rural women in Australia
Summary points
References
Chapter 58 The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on an older disabled person
Abstract
Introduction
Older people with disabilities in Japan
History of Japanese anti-COVID-19 measures
Case study: Disruption of telecare has led to a sharp increase in the burden on neighboring families
Case study: Cases of long-term seclusion resulting in loss of contact with society
Pathways through which COVID-19 affects the lives of older people with disabilities
Policy recommendations
Adaptation to other sectors
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 59 COVID-19 in the newborn: Clinical course and effects of maternal vaccination in pregnancy
Abstract
Introduction
COVID-19 in neonates
Neonatal outcomes after vaccination during pregnancy
Conclusions
Summary points
References
Section G: Resources
Chapter 60 Recommended resources for the international and life course aspects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Resources
Other resources
Summary points
References
Index

Rajkumar Rajendram

Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas Medical School, King’s College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects.

Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford.

Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Dr Rajendram’s focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of King’s College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.

Affiliations and expertise

Consultant in Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Victor R Preedy

Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King’s College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King’s College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King’s College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King’s College Hospital, London, UK; Emeritus Professor, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, UK Visiting Professor, University of Hull, UK

Vinood Patel

Vinood B. Patel, BSc, PhD, FRSC, is currently Professor in Clinical Biochemistry at the University of Westminster. In 2014 Dr Patel was elected as a Fellow to The Royal Society of Chemistry. Dr Patel graduated from the University of Portsmouth with a degree in Pharmacology and completed his PhD in protein metabolism from King’s College London in 1997. His postdoctoral work was carried out at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical School, NC, USA studying structural-functional alterations to mitochondrial ribosomes, where he developed novel techniques to characterize their biophysical properties. Research is being undertaken to study the role of nutrients, antioxidants, phytochemicals, iron, alcohol and fatty acids in the pathophysiology of liver disease. Other areas of interest are identifying new biomarkers that can be used for the diagnosis and prognosis of disease and understanding mitochondrial oxidative stress in neurological disorders and iron dysregulation in diabetes. Dr Patel is a nationally and internationally recognized researcher and has several edited biomedical books related to the use or investigation of active agents or components. These books include The Handbook of Nutrition, Diet, and Epigenetics, Branched Chain Amino Acids in Clinical Nutrition, Cancer: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Toxicology: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Molecular Nutrition: Vitamins, The Neuroscience of Pain, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. He is Editor of the ten-volume series Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications.

Affiliations and expertise

Reader, Clinical Biochemistry, University of Westminster, London, UK

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