Interfacial Phenomena

PrefaceChapter 1 The Physics of Surfaces Conditions at a Phase Boundary The tension within a Liquid Surface Kinetics of Molecules in the Surface Vapour Pressures Over Curved Surfaces Excess Pressures Inside Bubbles Solubility from Small Droplets Surface Tension and Curvature Total Surface Energy Surface Entropy Molecular Theories of Surface Energy Interfacial Tension Interfacial Entropy Cohesion and Adhesion Spreading Spreading of One Liquid on Another Kinetics of Spreading Spreading from Solids Relations Between Surface Tensions and Interfacial Tension Treatment of Gibbs Antonoff’s Relationship Drops of Oils on Water Contact Angles Theory Magnitude of Contact Angles of Liquids on Solids Spreading Coefficients of Liquids on Solids Adhesion of Liquids to Solids De-Wetting by Surface-Active Agents Contact Between Two Liquids and a Solid Measurements of Surface and Interfacial Tension The Ring Method The Drop-Weight Method The Wilhelmy Plate Method The Pendant Drop Method Other Methods Differential Measurements Experimental Studies of Solid-Liquid Interfaces The Plate Method for Obtaining θ Other Methods for Obtaining θ The “Wetting Balance” Method for Finding θ, W and Negative S The Sessile Drop Method for Negative S Values Direct Measurement of Positive S Values Indirect Measurement of Positive S Values Adhesion Energies ReferencesChapter 2 Electrostatic Phenomena Introduction Distribution Potentials Diffusion Potentials Miscellaneous Experimental Results Interfacial and Surface Potentials Components of ΔV Due to a Monolayer Calculation of ψ Near the Surface from the Equations of Gouy Corrections to the Gouy Equation Calculation of ψ Near the Surface from the Equations of Donnan Specific Adsorption—Reversal of Charge Specific Adsorption—The Stern Theory Position of Polarized Counter-Ions at a Liquid Surface Relation of ψδ and ζ Position of Counter-Ions Held in a Liquid Surface by van der Waals Forces Film Properties and ψ0 The pH Near a Charged Surface Weakly Ionized Monolayers Electrocapillary Curves Electrical Capacity of the Double Layer ReferencesChapter 3 Electrokinetic Phenomena Surface Conductance Experimental Methods Electro-Osmosis Streaming Potentials Streaming Currents Flow through Fine Pores and ζ Electrophoresis Experimental Methods Applications of Electrophoresis Sedimentation Potentials Retardation of Settling Velocity and ζ Influence of Surface Roughness on ζ The ratio ζ/ψ Experiments on ζ in relation to ψ0 Freedom of the Counter-Ions Origin of Charges on Surfaces Spray Electrification Freezing Potentials ReferencesChapter 4 Adsorption at Liquid Interfaces Adsorption Processes Inter-Chain Cohesion and Desorption Energies The Oil-Water Interface Polar Groups and Desorption Energies Surface Concentrations Fluorinated Compounds Measurement of Adsorption Thermodynamics of Adsorption and Desorption Aqueous Solutions and the Air-Water Surface Aqueous Solutions and Oil-Water Interfaces Oil Solutions and the Oil-Water Interface Organic Vapours and the Air-Water Surface The Vapour-Mercury Surface Adsorption Kinetics Experiments on Rates of Adsorption at the Air-Water Surface Experiments on Rates of Adsorption at the Oil-Water Interface Desorption Kinetics Net Rates of Adsorption or Desorption Adsorption Equations for Non-Electrolytes Adsorption Equations for Long-Chain Ions Calculation of B1/B2 Explicit Isotherms for Adsorption at the Oil-Water Interface Adsorption in the Absence of Salts Adsorption from Salt Solutions The Temkin Isotherm Surface Equations of State from Adsorption Isotherms The Linear Isotherm The Langmuir Isotherm (Un-Ionized Films) The Küster Isotherm Relations Between Surface Pressure and Concentration The Gibbs Equation Derived Equations for the Air-Water Surface Checking the Derived Equations for the Air-Water Surface Derived Equations for the Oil-Water Interface Checking the Derived Equations for the Oil-Water Interface Adsorption in an Electric Field ReferencesChapter 5 Properties of Monolayers Introductory Surface Pressure Experimental Methods of Spreading Films at the Air-Water Surface Experimental Methods of Measuring Π at the Air-Water Surface Experimental Methods of Spreading Films at the Oil-Water Interface Experimental Methods of Measuring Π at the Oil-Water Interface Types of Force-Area Curve “Gaseous” Films Cohering Films Charged Films “Liquid Expanded” Films “Condensed” Films Values of A0 Other Films Molecular Complexes Partial Ionization of Surface Films Equilibrium in Films Films of Polymers Surface Viscosity Drag of a Monolayer on and by the Underlying Water Insoluble Monolayers (A/W): The Canal Method Insoluble or Soluble Monolayers (A/W): Rotational Torsional Methods Insoluble or Soluble Monolayers (A/W): The “Viscous Traction” Method Insoluble or Soluble Monolayers (A/W or O/W): The Generalized “Viscous Traction” Instrument Viscosities of Insoluble Films Viscosities of Adsorbed Films Compressional Moduli of Monolayers The Elimination of Waves and Ripples Shear Elastic Moduli of Monolayers Yield Values of Monolayers Diffusion in Monolayers Fibres from Monolayers ReferencesChapter 6 Reactions at Liquid Surfaces Reactions in Monolayers Rate Constants Experimental Methods Steric Factors Electrical Factors Reactions in Emulsions Complex Formation in Monolayers Penetration into Monolayers Thermodynamics of Penetration Penetration from the Vapour Phase ReferencesChapter 7 Diffusion through Interfaces Introductory Evaporation Solute Transfer at the Gas-Liquid Surface Surface Instability Theoretical Values of RG Theoretical Values of RL Experiments on Static Systems Experiments on Dynamic Systems Solute Transfer at the Liquid-Liquid Interface Interfacial Instability Theoretical Values of RL Experiments on Static Systems Experiments on Dynamic Systems Practical Extraction Columns Distillation ReferencesChapter 8 Disperse Systems and Adhesion Introductory Collision Rates in Disperse Systems Aerosols Dispersion Methods Condensation Methods Kinetics of Nucleation of a Supercooled Vapour The Stability of Aerosols Evaporation of Aerosol Droplets Accelerated Removal of Aerosols Emulsions Spontaneous Emulsification Tests of Mechanism of Spontaneous Emulsification The Stability of Emulsions Electrical Barriers Hydration Barriers—“Deep Surfaces” Coalescence of Drops—Stability Emulsion Type Clumping of Emulsion Droplets Breaking of Emulsions “Creaming” of Emulsions Solids in Liquids Electrical Barriers Long-Range Attraction Criteria of Stability Electrical Effects in Non-Aqueous Systems Solvation Barriers Weak Aggregation Gases in Liquids Foams Factors Determining Foam Stability Summary of Causes of Foam Stability Foam Stabilizing Additives Destruction of Foam—Foam “Breakers” or “Killers” Anti-Foaming Agents—Foam Inhibitors Closed Shells of Fluids Detergency Flotation of Minerals Modification of the Habits of Crystals Liquids in Fine Pores Adhesion The Stickiness of Particles, Droplets and Cells Sliding Friction Lubrication Structure of the Lubricating Layer Mechanism of Boundary Lubrication Extreme Pressure Lubricants The Friction of Plastics Rolling Friction Wetting Non-Wetting ReferencesPrincipal SymbolsAuthor IndexSubject Index