Intelligent Nanobiosystems in Medicine and Healthcare, Volume 2

Applications of Intelligent Nanobiosystems

1st Edition - March 28, 2025
Imprint: Academic Press
Editors: Vijay Mishra, Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, Yachana Mishra
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 0 2 5 4 - 0
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 0 2 5 5 - 7

Intelligent Nanobiosystems in Medicine and Healthcare, Volume 2: Applications of Intelligent Nanobiosystems provides recent progress in the nanobiosystems arena, helping reader… Read more

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Intelligent Nanobiosystems in Medicine and Healthcare, Volume 2: Applications of Intelligent Nanobiosystems provides recent progress in the nanobiosystems arena, helping readers better design and develop novel drug delivery systems and devices that take advantage of recent advances in nanomedical technologies. The book explores a wide range of promising approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases using the latest advancements in cutting-edge nanomedical technologies. This updated volume includes chapters by experts in the field, featuring an exploration of targeted therapy and drug delivery systems, analytical and imaging tools, theranostics, tissue engineering and regenerative medicines, dentistry tools and modern developments.This book will be a useful resource for researchers and postgraduate students in pharmaceutical sciences and biotechnology industries as well as medical professionals, biologists, chemists, materials scientists, clinical researchers, and biochemical and biomedical engineers working both in industry and academia.

Title of Book
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Chapter 1. Dendrimeric polymers-based nanobiosystems for targeted drug delivery
1 Introduction
2 Dendrimer: A brief history, its unique properties, and mechanism of action
3 PAMAM dendrimers: An example of efficient nanobiosystems for targeted drug delivery
4 Administration routes for dendrimer-based nanobiosystems
4.1 Oral route of administration
4.2 Nasal route of administration
4.3 Ocular route of administration
4.4 Intravenous, subcutaneous, and intraperitoneal route of administration
4.5 Topical route of administration
5 Classification of dendrimers commonly used for targeted drug delivery
5.1 Metallodendrimers
5.2 Amphiphilic dendrimers
5.3 Peptide dendrimers
5.4 Dendrimer hydrogel
5.5 Stimuli-responsive dendrimers
6 Targeted drug delivery of dendrimer-based nanobiosystems in various diseases
6.1 Cancer
6.2 Neurodegenerative disorders
6.3 Cardiovascular diseases
6.4 Microbial diseases
6.5 Inflammation
7 Challenges
8 Conclusion
Chapter 2. Solid core nanoparticles-based nanobiosystems
1 Introduction
1.1 Nanoparticles
1.1.1 Core/shell nanoparticles
2 Synthesis of core/shell nanoparticles
2.1 Hydrothermal/solvothermal process
2.1.1 Sol-gel method
3 Characterization of core/shell nanoparticles
3.1 Transmission and scanning electron microscopy
3.1.1 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
4 Types of core/shell nanoparticles
4.1 Silica coated core/shell nanoparticles
4.1.1 Polymeric coated core/shell nanoparticles
5 Applications of core/shell nanoparticles
5.1 Targeted drug delivery
5.1.1 Biomedical application
Chapter 3. Biomimetic high-density lipoproteins for cardiovascular diseases
1 Introduction
2 Role of HDLP in cardiovascular diseases
3 Physical and biochemical properties of HDLP
4 Reconstituted HDLP
4.1 Synthesis of reconstituted HDLP
4.1.1 Sonication method
4.1.2 Cholate dialysis method or detergent dialysis method
4.1.3 Urea assisted rHDLP synthesis method
4.1.4 Thermal cyling method/colyophilization method
4.1.5 Microfluidics method
4.1.6 Homogenization method
4.2 rHDLP under clinical trials
4.3 Blood–brain barrier transcytosis
4.4 Endosomal/lysosomal avoidance and escape capacity
5 Case studies of HDLP nano-soldiers for strategic management of CVSD
5.1 Drug targeting in atherosclerotic plaques
5.2 PEGylated rHDLP NP for prolonged plasma circulation
5.3 Smart fusogenic rHDLP NP
5.4 rHDLP contrast agents for imaging of atherosclerotic plaques
6 Conclusion and future perspectives
Chapter 4. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems in targeted delivery of bioactives
1 Introduction
2 Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems
3 SNEDDS for oral drug delivery
4 Formulation considerations and potential components
4.1 Hydrophilic–lipophilic balance
4.2 Formulation considerations
5 Conclusion
Chapter 5. Nanobiosystems-based chronotherapeutics in treatment of asthma
1 Introduction
2 Correlation of asthma and circadian rhythm
2.1 Influence of circadian rhythm in asthma symptoms
2.2 Influence of circadian rhythm in airway inflammation
3 Regulation of circadian rhythm
3.1 Suprachiasmatic nucleus
3.2 Melatonin
4 Contemporary and evolving chronotherapies for asthma
4.1 Glucocorticoids chronotherapeutics
4.1.1 Inhaled corticosteroid-based chronotherapeutics
4.1.2 New-generation aerosol corticosteroid chronotherapeutics
4.2 Chronotherapy with theophylline
4.3 Chronotherapy with β2 adrenergic agonist
4.4 Chronotherapy with transdermal patch of β2-agonist tulobuterol
4.3.1 Chronotherapy with rectal suppositories of β2-agonist aminophylline
4.4 Chronotherapy with LABA inhaler medication
4.5 Chronotherapy with leukotriene receptor antagonists (leukotriene modifiers)
4.6 Chronotherapy with anticholinergic agents
4.6.1 Nanotechnology and its advancement in asthma treatment
4.6.2 Nano-modified chronotherapeutic
4.6.3 Liposomes
4.6.4 Solid lipid nanoparticles
4.6.5 Natural and synthetic polymer-based nanoparticles
5 Dendrimers
5.1 Inorganic nanoparticles
5.2 Nanobiosystem-based chronotherapeutic
5.3 Route and principle of targeted delivery and in-vivo performance of nanobiosystems
5.4 Determinants for the pulmonary delivery of nanoparticles
6 Conclusion
Chapter 6. Graphene oxide-based nanobiosystems for drug delivery
1 Introduction
2 Structure of GO nanobiosystem
3 Properties of GO nanobiosystem
4 Synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) nanobiosystem
4.1 Brodie-Staudenmaier-Hummers based methods
4.2 Tour method
4.3 Free-water oxidation method
4.4 Monolithic crystalline swelling method
5 Characterization of GO nanobiosystem
5.1 Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
5.2 Surface electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
5.3 Raman Spectroscopy (RS)
5.4 Strong state nuclear magnetic resonance (SS-NMR)
5.5 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
5.6 X-ray induced photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
5.7 X-ray diffraction (XRD)
5.8 Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
6 Therapeutic applications of GO nanobiosystem in different drug delivery
6.1 Unmodified GO
6.2 Covered/encapsulated GO
6.3 Coated GO
6.4 Functionalized GO
6.5 Magnetic GO
6.6 GO used in photo responsive and photothermal therapy
6.7 Reduced GO
7 Challenges of GO-based nanocarriers for drug delivery
8 Toxicity of GO in cell models
9 Toxicity of GO in vivo
9.1 Pathways of GO entry into the body and biological barrier
9.2 Biodistribution, biotransformation, and excretion of GO
9.3 Toxicity in the respiratory system
9.4 Toxicity in the digestive system
9.5 Toxicity in the urinary system
9.6 Toxicity in the central nervous system
9.7 Toxicity in reproductive and development system
9.8 Genotoxicity
10 Conclusion
Chapter 7. Polymeric biodegradable ophthalmic nanogel: Novel prospect and progress in ophthalmic drug delivery
1 Introduction
2 Anatomy of the ocular system
2.1 Anatomical and physiological barriers of ocular drug delivery
2.2 Nanosystems in ocular drug delivery systems
3 Types of nanogels in ocular drug delivery systems
3.1 Polymeric nanogels
3.2 Lipids nanogels
4 Mechanism of nanogels in ocular delivery
4.1 Temperature-sensitive nanogel systems
4.2 pH-sensitive nanogel systems
4.3 The ion-sensitive nanogel systems
4.4 Ultrasound-responsive nanogel systems
4.5 Iontophoresis
5 Application of nanogel as ocular drug delivery system
5.1 Glaucoma
5.2 Corneal sicknesses
5.3 Corneal neovascularization
5.4 Autoimmune uveitis
5.5 Age-related macular degeneration
5.6 Choroidal neovascularization
6 Safety aspect of nanogel in ocular drug delivery system
7 Conclusion and future prospects
Chapter 8. Nanoscale sensors for monitoring of human health
1 Introduction
2 Construction and types of a smart nano-biosensor
3 Nanobiosensor's action before a foreign body affects the biosystem
3.1 Heavy metal detection and potable water purification
3.2 Pathogen detection in plants and agriculture: The need and mechanism
3.3 Nanosensors for monitoring food quality
4 Nano-biosensor's action after a foreign body affects the biosystem
4.1 Bacterial detection needs and mechanism
4.1.1 Sensor development
4.1.2 Bacterial detection procedure
4.2 Virus detection—need and mechanism
4.2.1 Case study of (SARS COVID-19)
5 Nanosensors for medical needs and extremities
5.1 Nanosensors in cancer diagnosis and evaluation
5.2 Nanosensors in respiratory ailments detection and treatment
5.3 Nanosensors in-breath analysis
5.4 Nanosensors in glucose level monitoring
5.5 Nanosensors for stress biomarkers detection
5.6 Nanosensors in tissue engineering and organ transplanting procedures
6 Future scope
7 Conclusion
Chapter 9. Nanoparticle based bio-barcode systems and their research applications in in vitro diagnostics
1 Introduction
2 Design and use of bio-barcodes
3 In vitro development of bio-barcode detection technology
3.1 Detection of multiple or single molecules
3.1.1 Determination of proteins
3.1.2 Detection of nucleic acids
3.1.3 Detection of multiple residues of macromolecules
3.2 In vitro detection of diseases and pathogenic organisms
3.2.1 Detection of diseases with quantum dot bio-barcode technology
3.2.2 Detection of different pathogenic organisms in in vitro culture
4 Bio-barcode production according to usage needs
4.1 Multicolor bio-barcode production
4.2 Optical bio-barcode production
4.3 Digital bio-barcode production
Chapter 10. Nanoimaging in gynecological cancers
1 Introduction
2 Nano-imaging
3 Gynecological cancers
4 Types of nano-imaging
4.1 In-vivo nano-imaging
4.2 In-vitro nano-imaging
5 Nano-substances used for nano-imaging and therapies
5.1 Quantum dots (QD)
5.2 Gold (Au) nanoparticles
5.3 Graphene-based nanoparticles
5.4 Carbon nanotubes
6 Methods and working procedure
6.1 Targeted enabled in situ ligand assembly (TESLA) nanoparticle technological system
6.2 Photodynamic therapy (PDT)
7 Current research and future applications
8 Advantages and limitations
9 Conclusion
Chapter 11. Biomarkers and precision medicines in pharmaceutical industry
1 Biomarkers
2 Applications of biomarkers
2.1 ELISA for a breast cancer biomarker
2.2 Glycated albumin as diabetes biomarker
2.3 Biomarkers in pediatric traumatic brain injury
2.4 Biomarkers for kidney injury
3 Precision medicines
3.1 Precision medicine in lung cancer
3.2 Precision medicine in migraine
3.3 Precision medicine in asthma
4 Conclusion and future aspects
Chapter 12. Quantum dots-based theranostics for molecular imaging and treatment of cancer
1 Introduction
2 Barriers to early detection
3 Synthesis of QD's
4 Properties of QDs
5 Quantum dot surface modification technology
6 Surface silanization
7 Quantum dots coating with amphiphilic molecules
8 Micellar phospholipid coatings for surface modification of quantum dots
9 Ligand exchange approach for quantum dots functionalization
10 Quantum dot bio conjugation
11 Biomedical applications of quantum dots
11.1 Tumor research
11.2 Photodynamic therapy
11.3 QDs as drug delivery systems
12 Future perspectives
13 Summary and conclusion
Chapter 13. Solid lipid-based nanobiosystems as theranostics
1 Introduction
2 Vesicular carriers
2.1 Liposomes
2.2 Niosomes
2.3 Transferosomes
3 Colloidal carriers
3.1 Microemulsion
3.2 Nanosuspension
3.3 Polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs)
3.4 Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs)
4 Advantages of SLNs
5 The comparative analysis of other different nano carriers with solid lipid nanoparticles
5.1 SLNs and liposomes
5.2 SLNs and niosomes
5.3 SLNs and elastic liposomes
5.4 SLNs and ethosomes
5.5 SLN and polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs)
5.6 SLN and nanoemulsion
6 Conclusion
Chapter 14. Intelligent nanobiosystems in tissue engineering
1 Introduction
2 Historical development of tissue culture
3 Strategies of tissue engineering
4 Factor influencing the designing of scaffolds
5 Biomaterial scaffold
5.1 Characteristics of scaffolds
6 Nanobiosystems
7 Nanofabricated scaffolds
7.1 Fabrication techniques of nanofibrous scaffolds
7.1.1 Molecular self-assembly
7.1.2 Amphiphilic peptide self-assembly nano-scaffolds
7.1.3 Future development of molecular self-assembly
7.2 Phase separation
7.2.1 Method of preparation of nanofibrous scaffold
7.2.2 Future development of phase separation
7.3 Electrospinning
7.3.1 Collecting device of electrospinning
7.3.2 Factors influencing the fiber formation
7.3.3 Advantages and application of electrospinning
7.4 Other techniques
7.4.1 Solvent casting
7.4.2 Particulate-leaching techniques
7.4.3 Porogen leaching
7.4.4 Melt molding
7.4.5 Membrane lamination
7.4.6 Rapid Prototyping (RP)
7.4.7 Gas foaming
7.4.8 Fiber bonding
7.4.9 Fiber mesh
7.4.10 Freeze drying
8 Applications of nanostructured scaffolds in tissue engineering
8.1 Neural tissue
8.2 Cardiovascular tissue
8.3 Musculoskeletal tissues
8.3.1 Bone tissue engineering
8.3.2 Cartilage tissue engineering
8.3.3 Muscle tissue engineering
8.4 Skin tissue engineering
9 Conclusion
Chapter 15. Electrospun nanofibers as multifunctional nanobiosystems for drug delivery and regenerative medicine
1 Introduction
2 Method of preparation of nanofibers
2.1 Physical fabrication techniques
2.1.1 Physical vapor deposition (PVD)
2.1.2 Laser ablation method
2.1.3 In mechanical milling method
2.2 Chemical fabrication technique
2.2.1 In chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
2.2.2 The sol-gel method
2.2.3 In sonochemical synthesis or sonochemistry
2.2.4 In microwave synthesis
2.3 Setup and principle of electrospinning
2.4 Types of electrospinning
2.4.1 Solution electrospinning
2.4.2 Coaxial electrospinning
2.4.3 Melt electrospinning
2.4.4 Blend electrospinning
2.4.5 Emulsion electrospinning
2.4.6 Gas jet electrospinning
2.5 Parameters affecting electrospinning technique
2.5.1 Solution parameters
2.5.2 Concentration
2.5.3 Viscosity
2.5.4 Surface tension
2.5.5 Conductivity
2.5.6 Molecular weight
2.5.7 Solvents
2.5.8 Processing parameters
2.5.9 Applied voltage
2.5.10 Flow rate
2.5.11 Needle tip to collector distance
2.5.12 Diameter of needle tip
2.5.13 Ambient parameters
2.5.14 Temperature
2.5.15 Humidity
2.6 Limitations of electrospinning technique
3 Types of NFs
3.1 Drug loading in nanofibers
3.2 Release of drugs loaded in the nanofibers
3.2.1 Immediate drug release NFs
3.2.2 Modified drug release nanofibers
3.2.3 Prolonged drug-release nanofibers
3.3 Degradation of nanofibers
4 Regenerative medicines
4.1 Types of regenerative medicines
4.1.1 Stem cell treatment
4.1.2 Cartilage regeneration
4.1.3 Platelet-rich plasma (PRP)
4.2 Various tissues treated by regenerative medicines
5 Future prospects
Chapter 16. Metallic nanoparticles-based nanobiosystems as dentistry tools
1 Introduction
2 Smart materials in restorative dentistry
3 Metallic nanoparticles in dentistry
3.1 Iron oxide nanoparticles
3.2 Gold nanoparticles
3.3 Silver nanoparticles
3.4 Titanium dioxide nanoparticles
3.5 Zinc oxide nanoparticles
3.6 Silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles
3.7 Hybrid nanoparticles
4 Characterization of metallic nanoparticle
4.1 Absorbance spectroscopy
4.2 Infrared spectroscopy
4.3 TEM
4.4 SEM
4.5 AFM
4.6 XRD
4.7 EXAFS
4.8 XPS
5 Applications of metallic nanoparticles in dentistry
6 Conclusion
Chapter 17. Wearable intelligent nanobiosystems
1 Introduction
2 Evolution of nano-biosystems with the advent of new technology
2.1 Nanotechnology in the modern era
3 Fundamental elements of wearable nano-biosystems
3.1 Flexible elements
3.2 Sensor-based elements
3.3 Conductive material-based elements
4 Type of nanomaterials employed in wearable nano-biosystem
4.1 Carbon nanotubes
4.2 Metal nanowires
4.3 Graphene-based nanomaterials
4.4 Hybrid nanomaterials
5 Detection targets for wearable nano-biosystems in healthcare
5.1 Molecular detection
5.1.1 Ions
5.1.2 Common molecules
5.2 Physiological detection
5.2.1 Body temperature
5.2.2 Blood pressure
5.2.3 Bioelectrical signals
6 Conclusion and future prospective
Chapter 18. Point-of-care with intelligent nanobiosystems
1 Introduction
2 Types of nano-biosensors for POCT
2.1 Signal transduction based nanobiosensors
2.1.1 Electrochemical biosensor
2.1.2 Optical nanobiosensors
2.1.3 Mass sensitive nanobiosensors
2.1.4 Calorimetric nanobiosensors
2.2 Biorecognition based nanobiosensors
2.2.1 DNA/RNA nanobiosensors
2.2.2 Immune nanobiosensors
2.2.3 Enzyme nanobiosensors
2.2.4 Whole-cell nanobiosensors
3 Target analytes for POCT
3.1 Metabolic by-products
3.2 Proteins
3.3 Cell count
3.4 Microbes/pathogens
3.5 Nucleic acids
4 POC diagnosis for diseases
4.1 POC diagnosis for infectious disease
4.1.1 POC diagnosis for bacterial infections
4.1.2 POC diagnosis for viral infections
4.2 POC diagnosis for noncommunicable diseases
4.2.1 POC diagnosis for diabetes mellitus
4.2.2 POC diagnosis for cardiovascular diseases
4.2.3 POC diagnosis for cancer
5 Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 19. Industry 4.0 in medicine and healthcare
1 Introduction
2 Evolution of industry 4.0 from industry 1.0
3 Evolution of healthcare 4.0 from healthcare 1.0
4 Functions of industry 4.0 in healthcare
5 Industry 4.0 technologies in healthcare 4.0 services
5.1 IoT and big data technologies in healthcare 4.0
5.2 Blockchain technology in healthcare 4.0
5.3 AI in healthcare 4.0
5.4 Cloud computing in healthcare 4.0
6 Important applications of industry 4.0 in healthcare
7 Conclusions
Index

Vijay Mishra

Dr. Vijay Mishra, PhD, is a Professor at the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (Punjab), India. He earned his doctoral degree in Pharmaceutical Sciences from Dr. H.S. Gour Central University, Sagar (MP), India. He has 15+ years of academic and research experience. Dr. Mishra has authored more than 160 research and review articles in various peer-reviewed international journals of high repute, 25 book chapters, 9 books, 10 Indian patents (filed and published), 1 Australian and 1 Indian patent (granted) and 5 Indian Copyrights (Granted). He has an h-index 43 and 6400+ citations to his credit. He has been a recipient of several internationally acclaimed fellowships and awards including Graduate Research Fellowship (AICTE, New Delhi), UGC-BSR Senior Research Fellowship (UGC, New Delhi) and International Travel Award/Grant (DBT, New Delhi). He is a life member of Indian Science Congress Association, Kolkata, India. He serves as an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed journals. Dr. Mishra has been selected as the World’s Top 2% scientists in 2021, 2022, 2023, and 2024 as per Stanford University, USA report. His current research interests encompass nanomedicine, cancer, phytotherapeutics, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, and novel drug delivery systems.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (Punjab) India

Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain is an Adjunct Professor and Director of Laboratories in the Department of Chemistry & Environmental Sciences at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Newark, New Jersey, United States. His research is focused on the applications of nanotechnology and advanced materials, environmental management, analytical chemistry, and other industries. Dr. Hussain is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals as well as a prolific author and editor in his research areas. He has published with Elsevier, the American Chemical Society, the Royal Society of Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, CRC Press, and Springer.

Affiliations and expertise

Adjunct Professor & Director of Laboratories, New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Newark, NJ, USA

Yachana Mishra

Dr. Yachana Mishra, PhD, is an Associate Professor at the School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (Punjab), India. She received her Ph.D. degree from Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute (IGFRI), Bundelkhand University, Jhansi (U.P.), India. Dr. Mishra has published more than 55 research and review articles in journals of high repute, 25 book chapters, 7 books, 4 Indian patents (Filed) and 5 Indian Copyrights (Granted). She has 15+ years of academic and research experience. She is a life member of different reputed organizations like Indian Science Congress Association, Kolkata (India), and the Society of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), India. She also serves as a reviewer of various journals of high repute. Her research areas include nanomedicine, cancer, diabetes, phytopharmaceuticals, and nanocarriers.

Affiliations and expertise

Associate Professor, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (Punjab), India

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Intelligent Nanobiosystems in Medicine and Healthcare, Volume 2

Applications of Intelligent Nanobiosystems

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Vijay Mishra

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Yachana Mishra

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