
Intelligent Nanobiosystems in Medicine and Healthcare, Volume 1
Fundamentals, Fabrication and Commercialization
- 1st Edition - March 28, 2025
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Editors: Vijay Mishra, Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, Yachana Mishra
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 0 2 5 2 - 6
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 0 2 5 3 - 3
Intelligent Nanobiosystems in Medicine and Healthcare, Volume One: Fundamentals, Fabrication and Commercialization provides an overview of recent progress in the nanobi… Read more

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Request a sales quote- Discusses details of intelligent nanobiosystems, including a new roadmap towards medicine and healthcare applications
- Evaluates intelligent nanobiosystems and other transformational integrational options for diagnostics and therapeutics
- Provides an overview on the production, characterization and applicability of nanobiosystems
- Explains the foundations and potential of nanobiosystems in a comprehensive and clear manner
- Title of Book
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Contributors
- Chapter 1. Nanotechnology-based nanobiosystems in the development of nanomedicines
- 1 Introduction
- 1.1 Vision for the next decade
- 2 Brief description of nanobiosystems and their therapeutic uses
- 2.1 Nanobiosystems
- 2.2 Types of nanobiosystems
- 2.2.1 Building blocks
- 2.2.2 Solid core nanoparticles
- 2.2.3 Nanostructure (geometric and biologic)
- 2.2.4 Nano biosensors
- 2.2.5 Nanorobotics
- 3 Applications of nanobiosystems
- 4 Characterization of nanobiosystems
- 4.1 How do we observe and quantify nanobiosystems?
- 4.2 Nanobiosystems direct visualization
- 4.3 Indirect measurement
- 4.4 Nanobiosystems topographical analysis
- 4.5 Nanobiosystem detection in biological environments
- 4.6 Visualization of nanobiosystems
- 5 Conclusion and future perspective
- Chapter 2. Nanomedicine research, development, and current clinical status
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Applications in diagnosis
- 2.1 Imaging:
- 2.2 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):
- 2.3 Positron emission tomography:
- 2.4 Ultrasound:
- 2.5 CT (Computed tomography):
- 3 Applications of nanomedicine in drug delivery
- 3.1 Ophthalmic (Table 2.1)
- 3.2 GIT related disorders (Table 2.2)
- 3.3 Topical drug delivery (Table 2.3)
- 3.4 Cardiovascular disorders (Table 2.4)
- 4 Clinical status of Nanomedicine
- 5 Conclusion
- Chapter 3. Advanced characterization techniques for nanobiosystems
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Characterization techniques
- 2.1 Field emission scanning electron microscopy
- 2.2 Environmental scanning electron microscopy
- 2.3 Atomic force microscopy
- 2.4 Electron cryo-microscopy
- 2.5 Liquid-cell and atomic-resolution TEM
- 2.6 Axial bright-field STEM tomography
- 2.7 Tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS) technology
- 2.8 Single particle inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)
- 2.9 Small angle X-ray scattering
- 2.10 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- 2.11 Auger electron spectroscopy (AES)
- 3 Conclusion
- Chapter 4. Targeted delivery via nucleic acid–functionalized gold nanoparticles
- 1 Introduction
- 2 DNA nanotechnology
- 3 DNA-AuNPs conjugates
- 4 RNA-AuNPs conjugates
- 5 Gold nanoparticles for siRNA delivery
- 6 Conclusion
- Chapter 5. Multifunctional liposome-based nanobiosystems
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Liposomes
- 2.1 Structural composition and characterization of liposomes
- 2.1.1 Liposomal composition
- 2.1.2 Functionalization
- 2.2 Physicochemical characteristics of liposomes
- 2.2.1 Size
- 2.2.2 Poly dispersibility index
- 2.2.3 Zeta potential
- 2.2.4 Shape
- 2.2.5 Lamellarity
- 2.2.6 Phase transition
- 2.2.7 Encapsulation efficiency
- 2.2.8 In vitro drug release
- 3 Methods of liposome preparation
- 3.1 Physical dispersion technique
- 3.2 Physical dispersion technique
- 3.2.1 Lipid thin film hydration (Xiang & Cao, 2021)
- 3.3 High shear homogenization
- 3.4 Membrane extrusion method
- 3.5 Reverse phase evaporation
- 3.6 Solvent dispersion technique
- 3.6.1 Ethanol injection
- 3.7 Ether injection
- 3.8 Detergent Solubilization technique
- 4 Biological characterization and stability of liposomes
- 4.1 Biological characterization
- 4.2 Stability of liposomes
- 4.2.1 Stability testing of liposomes
- 5 Mechanism of liposome
- 6 Applications of liposomes
- 6.1 Liposomes as radio-diagnostic agent
- 6.2 Genomic alterations and role of liposomes in gene therapy
- 7 Liposome-based drug delivery
- 7.1 Liposomes in enzyme immobilization
- 8 Conclusion
- Chapter 6. Functionalized carbon nanotubes
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Methods of carbon nanotube functionalization
- 2.1 Covalent modification
- 2.2 Noncovalent modification
- 2.3 Exohedral and endohedral functionalization
- 3 Applications of functionalized carbon nanotubes
- 3.1 Drug delivery
- 3.2 Anticancer treatments
- 3.3 Tissue engineering
- 3.4 Water purification
- 3.5 Antimicrobial activities
- 3.6 Material science
- 3.7 Vaccine delivery
- 4 Properties of functionalized carbon nanotubes
- 5 Biofate of functionalized carbon nanotubes
- 6 Comparative analysis of pristine and functionalized carbon nanotubes
- 7 Conclusion
- Chapter 7. Microfluidics platforms of nanobiosystems: Fabrication aspects
- 1 Introduction
- 1.1 Properties of microfluidics
- 1.1.1 Surface effects
- 1.1.2 Flow
- 1.1.3 Diffusion
- 1.2 Mechanism/working of microfluidics
- 1.3 Application of microfluidics
- 1.3.1 Delivery of drugs
- 1.3.2 Biosensing
- 1.3.3 Analysis
- 1.3.4 Bioimaging
- 1.3.5 Devices
- 1.4 Types of microfluidic systems
- 1.4.1 Digital microfluidics
- 1.4.2 Continuous microfluidics
- 1.4.3 Droplet-based microfluidics
- 2 Introduction of nanocarriers and uses and application
- 2.1 Classification of nanocarriers
- 3 Microfluidic methods
- 3.1 Etching technique
- 3.2 Soft lithography
- 3.2.1 Two-photon lithography
- 3.3 Hot embossing
- 3.4 In situ construction
- 3.5 Injection molding
- 3.6 Laser ablation
- 3.7 3D printing
- 4 Microfluidics-based fabrication of nanobiosystems
- 4.1 Liposomes fabricated through microfluidics
- 4.2 Quantum dots fabricated through microfluidics
- 5 Nanorods and nanowires fabricated through microfluidics
- 5.1 Metallic nanoparticles fabricated through microfluidics
- 5.2 Magnetic nanoparticles fabricated through microfluidics
- 5.3 Microspheres fabricated through microfluidics
- 5.4 Microparticles fabricated through microfluidics
- 6 Challenges during fabrication and remedies
- 6.1 Fabrication challenge
- 6.2 Diagnosing challenge
- 6.3 Challenges during drug delivery
- 7 Conclusion
- Chapter 8. Quality by design (QbD) based systematic development of nanobiosystems
- 1 Introduction to QbD
- 2 Benefits of QbD
- 3 Elements of QbD
- 3.1 Quality target product profile
- 3.2 Critical quality attributes: These are the output variables
- 3.3 Critical material attributes
- 3.4 Critical process parameters
- 3.5 Quality risk management
- 3.6 Design space
- 3.7 Control strategy
- 4 QbD tools
- 4.1 Flowcharts
- 4.2 Ishikawa diagram
- 4.3 Design of experiment
- 4.3.1 Independent variable
- 4.3.2 Dependent variable
- 4.3.3 Full factorial design
- 4.3.4 Fractional factorial design
- 4.3.5 Response surface methodology
- 4.3.6 Central composite design
- 4.3.7 Box Behnken design
- 4.3.8 Screening designs
- 4.4 Process analytical technology
- 5 General steps for QbD implementation
- 6 Application of QbD to liposomes
- 6.1 Critical material attributes
- 6.2 Critical process parameters of thin-film hydration method for liposomes preparation
- 7 Application of QbD to nanoparticles
- 8 Conclusion
- Abbreviations
- Chapter 9. Fabrication of eco-friendly silver nanoparticles–based nanobiosystems
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Synthesis of silver nanoparticles
- 2.1 Physical method
- 2.2 Ball milling method
- 2.3 Electrical arc-discharge method
- 2.4 Laser ablation method
- 2.5 Physical vapor deposition method
- 2.6 Chemical method
- 2.7 Chemical reduction method
- 2.8 Photochemical method
- 2.9 Electrochemical method
- 2.10 Microwave-assisted method
- 2.11 Sonochemical method
- 2.12 Biological method
- 3 Green synthesis strategies for silver nanoparticles
- 3.1 Bacteria-mediated synthesis
- 3.2 Fungi-mediated synthesis
- 3.3 Algae-mediated synthesis
- 3.4 Plant-mediated synthesis
- 4 Conclusion
- Chapter 10. Development of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles–based nanobiosystems
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Aging and degradation
- 2.1 Environmental degradation
- 2.2 Mechanism of environmental polymer degradation
- 2.2.1 Physical/physiochemical degradation
- 2.2.2 Chemical degradation
- 2.2.3 Biodegradation/enzymatic degradation
- 3 Polymer
- 3.1 Biodegradable polymers
- 3.2 Approaches to biopolymers
- 3.3 Classification of biodegradable polymers
- 3.3.1 Natural biodegradable polymers
- 3.3.2 Semisynthetic biodegradable polymers
- 3.3.3 Synthetic biodegradable polymers
- 4 Nano-biosystems
- 4.1 Nano-biosystems: cutting edge on conventional drug delivery system
- 4.2 Constraints (risks) of employing nano-biosystems
- 4.3 Types and classification of nanoparticles
- 4.4 Preparation of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles
- 5 Theranostics: Revolutionizing medical science
- 5.1 Deployment of nanoparticles in theranostic
- 6 Nanoparticles applications
- 6.1 Therapeutic potential of nanoparticles
- 6.1.1 Pulmonary diseases
- 6.1.2 Cardiovascular diseases
- 6.1.3 Ocular diseases
- 6.1.4 Autoimmune diseases
- 6.1.5 Infectious diseases
- 6.1.6 Cancer
- 6.1.7 Neurodegenerative diseases
- 7 Conclusion
- Chapter 11. Regulatory aspect of nanomedicines and nanobiosystems development
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Opportunities and challenges related to nanomedicine
- 3 Regulatory aspects related to nanomedicine
- 4 Regulatory aspects related to specific nanotechnology used for drug/therapeutic delivery
- 4.1 Liposomes
- 4.2 Block copolymer and micelle products
- 4.3 Iron-based nano-colloidal products
- 4.4 Nucleic acid-loaded nanotechnology-based drug products
- 4.5 Coated nanomedicine products
- 4.6 Products containing nanosilver
- 4.7 Carbon nanotubes
- 5 Toxicity relating to nanomedicines
- 6 Stability aspects of nanomedicines
- 7 Nanomedicines approved for clinical use and in the market
- 8 Global policies on nanomedicine regulation
- 8.1 The United States food and Drug Administration (USFDA)
- 8.2 Medicines and Health Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), United Kingdom
- 8.3 European Medicines Agency (EMA), European Union (EU)
- 8.4 Health Canada
- 8.5 The ministry of health, labor and welfare (MHLW), Japan
- 8.6 Department of Science and Technology (DST), India
- 8.7 Therapeutic goods administration (TGA), Australia
- 8.8 National health surveillance agency (ANVISA), Brazil
- 9 Future aspects related to nanomedicine and regulatory processes
- 10 Conclusion
- Chapter 12. Exploring the toxicological profile of nanobiosystems: Implications for biomedical applications
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Classification of nanostructures in drug delivery
- 3 Toxicity profile of nanocarriers
- 3.1 Dendrimers
- 3.1.1 Synthesis
- 3.1.2 Properties of dendrimers
- 3.1.3 Applications
- 3.2 Nanoparticles (NPs)
- 3.3 Polymeric micelles
- 3.4 Fullerenes
- 3.5 Other nanostructures
- 3.6 Liposomes
- 3.6.1 Classification of liposomes
- 3.6.2 Method of preparation
- 3.6.3 Applications of liposomes
- 3.6.4 Toxicity related to liposomes
- 3.7 Carbon nanotubes
- 3.7.1 Structure of nanotubes
- 3.7.2 Method of preparation
- 3.7.3 Activation of nanotubes
- 3.7.4 Properties of nanotubes
- 3.7.5 Applications of nanotubes
- 3.7.6 Toxicity related to carbon nanotube
- 3.8 PLGA nanoparticles
- 3.8.1 Method of preparation
- 3.8.2 Surface activation of PLGA nanoparticles
- 3.8.3 Mechanism of drug delivery by PLGA
- 3.8.4 Drawbacks of PLGA nanoparticles
- 3.8.5 Toxicity related to PLGA nanoparticles
- 3.9 Quantum dots
- 3.9.1 Method of preparation
- 3.9.2 Applications
- 3.9.3 Toxicity related to PLGA nanoparticles
- 3.10 Silica based nanoparticles
- 3.10.1 Types of silica-based nanoparticles
- 3.10.2 Applications
- 3.10.3 Toxicological aspects
- Chapter 13. Commercialized nano-biosystems: An overview
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Types of biosystems
- 2.1 Development of nanostructures
- 2.2 Solid core nanoparticles
- 2.3 Nano structure geometry
- 2.4 Biological nanostructures
- 3 Advantages and disadvantages
- 4 Challenges in commercialization of product development
- 5 Marketed formulations
- 6 Applications of nano-biosystems
- 6.1 Therapeutic delivery
- 6.2 Biomedical imaging
- 6.3 Tissue engineering
- 7 Fate of nano-biosystems
- 8 Future prospective
- 9 Conclusion
- Chapter 14. Modern industrial perspective of nanobiosystems
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Nano biosystems
- 3 Liposomes
- 4 Challenges for commercial production of liposomes
- 4.1 Material of construction
- 4.2 Assurance of sterility
- 4.3 Production cost
- 5 Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs)
- 5.1 Large scale production of SLNs by static mixing technique
- 5.2 Continuous manufacturing (scale-up) of SLNs by hot melt extrusion (HME)
- 5.3 Challenges in preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles
- 5.3.1 Selection of suitable lipid matrix
- 5.3.2 Particle size control
- 5.3.3 Drug loading and encapsulation efficiency
- 5.3.4 Stability and storage
- 5.3.5 Scale-up and manufacturing processes
- 5.3.6 Regulatory considerations
- 5.3.7 Cost-effectiveness
- 6 Nanostructure lipid carriers
- 6.1 High pressure homogenization (HPH) method
- 6.2 Hot homogenization
- 6.3 Cold homogenization
- 6.4 Sonication
- 6.5 Micro emulsion method
- 6.6 Method of membrane contractor
- 6.7 Phase inversion temperature method
- 6.8 Coacervation method
- 6.9 Double emulsion technique
- 6.10 Microemulsion cooling technique
- 6.11 Solvent evaporation method
- 7 Polymeric nanoparticles
- 7.1 Solvent evaporation method
- 7.2 Emulsification or solvent diffusion technique
- 7.3 Salting out method
- 7.4 Nanoprecipitation
- 7.5 Challenges in preparation of nanostructure lipid carriers
- 7.5.1 Lipid composition optimization
- 7.5.2 Particle size control
- 7.5.3 Drug loading and encapsulation efficiency
- 7.5.4 Stability and physical changes
- 7.5.5 Scale-up and manufacturing processes
- 7.5.6 Quality control and characterization
- 7.5.7 Regulatory considerations
- 8 General production challenges of nano systems
- 8.1 The commercial breakdown
- 8.2 Development considerations
- 8.3 Therapeutic efficacy
- 8.4 Scalability
- 8.5 Reproducibility
- 8.6 Safety
- 8.7 Quality control and characterization
- 8.8 Conversion into suitable dosage forms
- 8.9 Inadequate multidisciplinary platform
- 8.10 Lack of proper regulation for commercialization
- 9 Conclusion
- Index
- Edition: 1
- Published: March 28, 2025
- Imprint: Academic Press
- No. of pages: 470
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN: 9780323902526
- eBook ISBN: 9780323902533
VM
Vijay Mishra
CM
Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain is an Adjunct Professor and Director of Laboratories in the Department of Chemistry & Environmental Sciences at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Newark, New Jersey, United States. His research is focused on the applications of nanotechnology and advanced materials, environmental management, analytical chemistry, and other industries. Dr. Hussain is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals as well as a prolific author and editor in his research areas. He has published with Elsevier, the American Chemical Society, the Royal Society of Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, CRC Press, and Springer.
YM
Yachana Mishra
Dr. Yachana Mishra, PhD, is an Associate Professor at the School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (Punjab), India. She received her Ph.D. degree from Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute (IGFRI), Bundelkhand University, Jhansi (U.P.), India. Dr. Mishra has published more than 55 research and review articles in journals of high repute, 25 book chapters, 7 books, 4 Indian patents (Filed) and 5 Indian Copyrights (Granted). She has 15+ years of academic and research experience. She is a life member of different reputed organizations like Indian Science Congress Association, Kolkata (India), and the Society of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), India. She also serves as a reviewer of various journals of high repute. Her research areas include nanomedicine, cancer, diabetes, phytopharmaceuticals, and nanocarriers.