Intelligent Nanobiosystems in Medicine and Healthcare, Volume 1

Fundamentals, Fabrication and Commercialization

1st Edition - March 28, 2025
Imprint: Academic Press
Editors: Vijay Mishra, Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, Yachana Mishra
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 0 2 5 2 - 6
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 0 2 5 3 - 3

Intelligent Nanobiosystems in Medicine and Healthcare, Volume One: Fundamentals, Fabrication and Commercialization provides an overview of recent progress in the nanobi… Read more

Intelligent Nanobiosystems in Medicine and Healthcare, Volume 1

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Intelligent Nanobiosystems in Medicine and Healthcare, Volume One: Fundamentals, Fabrication and Commercialization provides an overview of recent progress in the nanobiosystems arena, helping readers design and develop novel drug delivery systems and devices that take advantage of recent advances in nanomedical technologies. The book explores a wide range of promising approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases using the latest advancement in cutting-edge nanomedical technologies. It highlights established research and technology on intelligent nanobiosystems, their rapidly emerging aspects, and future research directions. Sections cover nanobiosystems, explore nano candidates and fabrication aspects, and delve into the challenges of commercialization.This book will be a useful resource for researchers and postgraduate students in pharmaceutical sciences and biotechnology as well as medical professionals, biologists, chemists, materials scientists, clinical researchers, biochemical and biomedical engineers working both in academia and industry.

Title of Book
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Chapter 1. Nanotechnology-based nanobiosystems in the development of nanomedicines
1 Introduction
1.1 Vision for the next decade
2 Brief description of nanobiosystems and their therapeutic uses
2.1 Nanobiosystems
2.2 Types of nanobiosystems
2.2.1 Building blocks
2.2.2 Solid core nanoparticles
2.2.3 Nanostructure (geometric and biologic)
2.2.4 Nano biosensors
2.2.5 Nanorobotics
3 Applications of nanobiosystems
4 Characterization of nanobiosystems
4.1 How do we observe and quantify nanobiosystems?
4.2 Nanobiosystems direct visualization
4.3 Indirect measurement
4.4 Nanobiosystems topographical analysis
4.5 Nanobiosystem detection in biological environments
4.6 Visualization of nanobiosystems
5 Conclusion and future perspective
Chapter 2. Nanomedicine research, development, and current clinical status
1 Introduction
2 Applications in diagnosis
2.1 Imaging:
2.2 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):
2.3 Positron emission tomography:
2.4 Ultrasound:
2.5 CT (Computed tomography):
3 Applications of nanomedicine in drug delivery
3.1 Ophthalmic (Table 2.1)
3.2 GIT related disorders (Table 2.2)
3.3 Topical drug delivery (Table 2.3)
3.4 Cardiovascular disorders (Table 2.4)
4 Clinical status of Nanomedicine
5 Conclusion
Chapter 3. Advanced characterization techniques for nanobiosystems
1 Introduction
2 Characterization techniques
2.1 Field emission scanning electron microscopy
2.2 Environmental scanning electron microscopy
2.3 Atomic force microscopy
2.4 Electron cryo-microscopy
2.5 Liquid-cell and atomic-resolution TEM
2.6 Axial bright-field STEM tomography
2.7 Tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS) technology
2.8 Single particle inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)
2.9 Small angle X-ray scattering
2.10 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
2.11 Auger electron spectroscopy (AES)
3 Conclusion
Chapter 4. Targeted delivery via nucleic acid–functionalized gold nanoparticles
1 Introduction
2 DNA nanotechnology
3 DNA-AuNPs conjugates
4 RNA-AuNPs conjugates
5 Gold nanoparticles for siRNA delivery
6 Conclusion
Chapter 5. Multifunctional liposome-based nanobiosystems
1 Introduction
2 Liposomes
2.1 Structural composition and characterization of liposomes
2.1.1 Liposomal composition
2.1.2 Functionalization
2.2 Physicochemical characteristics of liposomes
2.2.1 Size
2.2.2 Poly dispersibility index
2.2.3 Zeta potential
2.2.4 Shape
2.2.5 Lamellarity
2.2.6 Phase transition
2.2.7 Encapsulation efficiency
2.2.8 In vitro drug release
3 Methods of liposome preparation
3.1 Physical dispersion technique
3.2 Physical dispersion technique
3.2.1 Lipid thin film hydration (Xiang & Cao, 2021)
3.3 High shear homogenization
3.4 Membrane extrusion method
3.5 Reverse phase evaporation
3.6 Solvent dispersion technique
3.6.1 Ethanol injection
3.7 Ether injection
3.8 Detergent Solubilization technique
4 Biological characterization and stability of liposomes
4.1 Biological characterization
4.2 Stability of liposomes
4.2.1 Stability testing of liposomes
5 Mechanism of liposome
6 Applications of liposomes
6.1 Liposomes as radio-diagnostic agent
6.2 Genomic alterations and role of liposomes in gene therapy
7 Liposome-based drug delivery
7.1 Liposomes in enzyme immobilization
8 Conclusion
Chapter 6. Functionalized carbon nanotubes
1 Introduction
2 Methods of carbon nanotube functionalization
2.1 Covalent modification
2.2 Noncovalent modification
2.3 Exohedral and endohedral functionalization
3 Applications of functionalized carbon nanotubes
3.1 Drug delivery
3.2 Anticancer treatments
3.3 Tissue engineering
3.4 Water purification
3.5 Antimicrobial activities
3.6 Material science
3.7 Vaccine delivery
4 Properties of functionalized carbon nanotubes
5 Biofate of functionalized carbon nanotubes
6 Comparative analysis of pristine and functionalized carbon nanotubes
7 Conclusion
Chapter 7. Microfluidics platforms of nanobiosystems: Fabrication aspects
1 Introduction
1.1 Properties of microfluidics
1.1.1 Surface effects
1.1.2 Flow
1.1.3 Diffusion
1.2 Mechanism/working of microfluidics
1.3 Application of microfluidics
1.3.1 Delivery of drugs
1.3.2 Biosensing
1.3.3 Analysis
1.3.4 Bioimaging
1.3.5 Devices
1.4 Types of microfluidic systems
1.4.1 Digital microfluidics
1.4.2 Continuous microfluidics
1.4.3 Droplet-based microfluidics
2 Introduction of nanocarriers and uses and application
2.1 Classification of nanocarriers
3 Microfluidic methods
3.1 Etching technique
3.2 Soft lithography
3.2.1 Two-photon lithography
3.3 Hot embossing
3.4 In situ construction
3.5 Injection molding
3.6 Laser ablation
3.7 3D printing
4 Microfluidics-based fabrication of nanobiosystems
4.1 Liposomes fabricated through microfluidics
4.2 Quantum dots fabricated through microfluidics
5 Nanorods and nanowires fabricated through microfluidics
5.1 Metallic nanoparticles fabricated through microfluidics
5.2 Magnetic nanoparticles fabricated through microfluidics
5.3 Microspheres fabricated through microfluidics
5.4 Microparticles fabricated through microfluidics
6 Challenges during fabrication and remedies
6.1 Fabrication challenge
6.2 Diagnosing challenge
6.3 Challenges during drug delivery
7 Conclusion
Chapter 8. Quality by design (QbD) based systematic development of nanobiosystems
1 Introduction to QbD
2 Benefits of QbD
3 Elements of QbD
3.1 Quality target product profile
3.2 Critical quality attributes: These are the output variables
3.3 Critical material attributes
3.4 Critical process parameters
3.5 Quality risk management
3.6 Design space
3.7 Control strategy
4 QbD tools
4.1 Flowcharts
4.2 Ishikawa diagram
4.3 Design of experiment
4.3.1 Independent variable
4.3.2 Dependent variable
4.3.3 Full factorial design
4.3.4 Fractional factorial design
4.3.5 Response surface methodology
4.3.6 Central composite design
4.3.7 Box Behnken design
4.3.8 Screening designs
4.4 Process analytical technology
5 General steps for QbD implementation
6 Application of QbD to liposomes
6.1 Critical material attributes
6.2 Critical process parameters of thin-film hydration method for liposomes preparation
7 Application of QbD to nanoparticles
8 Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 9. Fabrication of eco-friendly silver nanoparticles–based nanobiosystems
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of silver nanoparticles
2.1 Physical method
2.2 Ball milling method
2.3 Electrical arc-discharge method
2.4 Laser ablation method
2.5 Physical vapor deposition method
2.6 Chemical method
2.7 Chemical reduction method
2.8 Photochemical method
2.9 Electrochemical method
2.10 Microwave-assisted method
2.11 Sonochemical method
2.12 Biological method
3 Green synthesis strategies for silver nanoparticles
3.1 Bacteria-mediated synthesis
3.2 Fungi-mediated synthesis
3.3 Algae-mediated synthesis
3.4 Plant-mediated synthesis
4 Conclusion
Chapter 10. Development of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles–based nanobiosystems
1 Introduction
2 Aging and degradation
2.1 Environmental degradation
2.2 Mechanism of environmental polymer degradation
2.2.1 Physical/physiochemical degradation
2.2.2 Chemical degradation
2.2.3 Biodegradation/enzymatic degradation
3 Polymer
3.1 Biodegradable polymers
3.2 Approaches to biopolymers
3.3 Classification of biodegradable polymers
3.3.1 Natural biodegradable polymers
3.3.2 Semisynthetic biodegradable polymers
3.3.3 Synthetic biodegradable polymers
4 Nano-biosystems
4.1 Nano-biosystems: cutting edge on conventional drug delivery system
4.2 Constraints (risks) of employing nano-biosystems
4.3 Types and classification of nanoparticles
4.4 Preparation of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles
5 Theranostics: Revolutionizing medical science
5.1 Deployment of nanoparticles in theranostic
6 Nanoparticles applications
6.1 Therapeutic potential of nanoparticles
6.1.1 Pulmonary diseases
6.1.2 Cardiovascular diseases
6.1.3 Ocular diseases
6.1.4 Autoimmune diseases
6.1.5 Infectious diseases
6.1.6 Cancer
6.1.7 Neurodegenerative diseases
7 Conclusion
Chapter 11. Regulatory aspect of nanomedicines and nanobiosystems development
1 Introduction
2 Opportunities and challenges related to nanomedicine
3 Regulatory aspects related to nanomedicine
4 Regulatory aspects related to specific nanotechnology used for drug/therapeutic delivery
4.1 Liposomes
4.2 Block copolymer and micelle products
4.3 Iron-based nano-colloidal products
4.4 Nucleic acid-loaded nanotechnology-based drug products
4.5 Coated nanomedicine products
4.6 Products containing nanosilver
4.7 Carbon nanotubes
5 Toxicity relating to nanomedicines
6 Stability aspects of nanomedicines
7 Nanomedicines approved for clinical use and in the market
8 Global policies on nanomedicine regulation
8.1 The United States food and Drug Administration (USFDA)
8.2 Medicines and Health Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), United Kingdom
8.3 European Medicines Agency (EMA), European Union (EU)
8.4 Health Canada
8.5 The ministry of health, labor and welfare (MHLW), Japan
8.6 Department of Science and Technology (DST), India
8.7 Therapeutic goods administration (TGA), Australia
8.8 National health surveillance agency (ANVISA), Brazil
9 Future aspects related to nanomedicine and regulatory processes
10 Conclusion
Chapter 12. Exploring the toxicological profile of nanobiosystems: Implications for biomedical applications
1 Introduction
2 Classification of nanostructures in drug delivery
3 Toxicity profile of nanocarriers
3.1 Dendrimers
3.1.1 Synthesis
3.1.2 Properties of dendrimers
3.1.3 Applications
3.2 Nanoparticles (NPs)
3.3 Polymeric micelles
3.4 Fullerenes
3.5 Other nanostructures
3.6 Liposomes
3.6.1 Classification of liposomes
3.6.2 Method of preparation
3.6.3 Applications of liposomes
3.6.4 Toxicity related to liposomes
3.7 Carbon nanotubes
3.7.1 Structure of nanotubes
3.7.2 Method of preparation
3.7.3 Activation of nanotubes
3.7.4 Properties of nanotubes
3.7.5 Applications of nanotubes
3.7.6 Toxicity related to carbon nanotube
3.8 PLGA nanoparticles
3.8.1 Method of preparation
3.8.2 Surface activation of PLGA nanoparticles
3.8.3 Mechanism of drug delivery by PLGA
3.8.4 Drawbacks of PLGA nanoparticles
3.8.5 Toxicity related to PLGA nanoparticles
3.9 Quantum dots
3.9.1 Method of preparation
3.9.2 Applications
3.9.3 Toxicity related to PLGA nanoparticles
3.10 Silica based nanoparticles
3.10.1 Types of silica-based nanoparticles
3.10.2 Applications
3.10.3 Toxicological aspects
Chapter 13. Commercialized nano-biosystems: An overview
1 Introduction
2 Types of biosystems
2.1 Development of nanostructures
2.2 Solid core nanoparticles
2.3 Nano structure geometry
2.4 Biological nanostructures
3 Advantages and disadvantages
4 Challenges in commercialization of product development
5 Marketed formulations
6 Applications of nano-biosystems
6.1 Therapeutic delivery
6.2 Biomedical imaging
6.3 Tissue engineering
7 Fate of nano-biosystems
8 Future prospective
9 Conclusion
Chapter 14. Modern industrial perspective of nanobiosystems
1 Introduction
2 Nano biosystems
3 Liposomes
4 Challenges for commercial production of liposomes
4.1 Material of construction
4.2 Assurance of sterility
4.3 Production cost
5 Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs)
5.1 Large scale production of SLNs by static mixing technique
5.2 Continuous manufacturing (scale-up) of SLNs by hot melt extrusion (HME)
5.3 Challenges in preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles
5.3.1 Selection of suitable lipid matrix
5.3.2 Particle size control
5.3.3 Drug loading and encapsulation efficiency
5.3.4 Stability and storage
5.3.5 Scale-up and manufacturing processes
5.3.6 Regulatory considerations
5.3.7 Cost-effectiveness
6 Nanostructure lipid carriers
6.1 High pressure homogenization (HPH) method
6.2 Hot homogenization
6.3 Cold homogenization
6.4 Sonication
6.5 Micro emulsion method
6.6 Method of membrane contractor
6.7 Phase inversion temperature method
6.8 Coacervation method
6.9 Double emulsion technique
6.10 Microemulsion cooling technique
6.11 Solvent evaporation method
7 Polymeric nanoparticles
7.1 Solvent evaporation method
7.2 Emulsification or solvent diffusion technique
7.3 Salting out method
7.4 Nanoprecipitation
7.5 Challenges in preparation of nanostructure lipid carriers
7.5.1 Lipid composition optimization
7.5.2 Particle size control
7.5.3 Drug loading and encapsulation efficiency
7.5.4 Stability and physical changes
7.5.5 Scale-up and manufacturing processes
7.5.6 Quality control and characterization
7.5.7 Regulatory considerations
8 General production challenges of nano systems
8.1 The commercial breakdown
8.2 Development considerations
8.3 Therapeutic efficacy
8.4 Scalability
8.5 Reproducibility
8.6 Safety
8.7 Quality control and characterization
8.8 Conversion into suitable dosage forms
8.9 Inadequate multidisciplinary platform
8.10 Lack of proper regulation for commercialization
9 Conclusion
Index

Vijay Mishra

Dr. Vijay Mishra, PhD, is a Professor at the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (Punjab), India. He earned his doctoral degree in Pharmaceutical Sciences from Dr. H.S. Gour Central University, Sagar (MP), India. He has 15+ years of academic and research experience. Dr. Mishra has authored more than 160 research and review articles in various peer-reviewed international journals of high repute, 25 book chapters, 9 books, 10 Indian patents (filed and published), 1 Australian and 1 Indian patent (granted) and 5 Indian Copyrights (Granted). He has an h-index 43 and 6400+ citations to his credit. He has been a recipient of several internationally acclaimed fellowships and awards including Graduate Research Fellowship (AICTE, New Delhi), UGC-BSR Senior Research Fellowship (UGC, New Delhi) and International Travel Award/Grant (DBT, New Delhi). He is a life member of Indian Science Congress Association, Kolkata, India. He serves as an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed journals. Dr. Mishra has been selected as the World’s Top 2% scientists in 2021, 2022, 2023, and 2024 as per Stanford University, USA report. His current research interests encompass nanomedicine, cancer, phytotherapeutics, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, and novel drug delivery systems.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (Punjab) India

Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

Dr. Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD, is an Adjunct Professor and Director of Laboratories in the Department of Chemistry & Environmental Sciences at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Newark, New Jersey, United States. His research is focused on the applications of nanotechnology and advanced materials, environmental management, analytical chemistry, and other various industries. Dr. Hussain is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals as well as a prolific author and editor of around One hundred and fifty (150) books, including scientific monographs and handbooks in his research areas. He has published with ELSEVIER, American Chemical Society, Royal Society of Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, CRC Press, and Springer.

Affiliations and expertise

Adjunct Professor & Director of Laboratories, New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Newark, NJ, USA

Yachana Mishra

Dr. Yachana Mishra, PhD, is an Associate Professor at the School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (Punjab), India. She received her Ph.D. degree from Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute (IGFRI), Bundelkhand University, Jhansi (U.P.), India. Dr. Mishra has published more than 55 research and review articles in journals of high repute, 25 book chapters, 7 books, 4 Indian patents (Filed) and 5 Indian Copyrights (Granted). She has 15+ years of academic and research experience. She is a life member of different reputed organizations like Indian Science Congress Association, Kolkata (India), and the Society of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), India. She also serves as a reviewer of various journals of high repute. Her research areas include nanomedicine, cancer, diabetes, phytopharmaceuticals, and nanocarriers.

Affiliations and expertise

Associate Professor, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (Punjab), India

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Intelligent Nanobiosystems in Medicine and Healthcare, Volume 1

Fundamentals, Fabrication and Commercialization

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Vijay Mishra

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Yachana Mishra

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