List of Contributors
Preface
1. Introduction
I. Use of Insect Colonies to Facilitate Research in Entomology
II. Use of Colonized Insects to Develop Methods of Control
III. Mass Rearing of Insects for Use in Control
IV. Conclusions
Section A. Animal Parasites and Haematophagous Arthropods
2. Body Lice
II. Introduction
III. General Conditions of Maintenance
IIII. Methods of Feeding
IIV. Starting Colonies from Wild Lice
References
3. Parasitic Mites
I. Basic Principles
II. Basic Methods
III. Specific Examples with Bionomic Data
References
4. Ticks
I. Introduction
II. Rearing Room
III. Source of Tick Material
IV. Selection of Hosts
V. Maintenance of Parasitic Stages
VI. Maintenance of Free-Living Stages
VII. Artificial Feeding
VIII. Selected Examples of Rearing
References
5. Rat Fleas
I. Laboratory Rearing of Fleas
II. Materials and Methods for Rearing Fleas
III. Factors Affecting Production of Fleas
IV. Need for Vigilance against Contamination of Cultures
References
6. Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say
I. Introduction
II. Source of Insects
III. Rearing Room
IV. Care of the Adults
V. Collection of Eggs
VI. Care of the Larvae
VII. Care of the Pupae
VIII. Discussion
References
7. Culex pipiens fatigans Wied.
I. Introduction
II. Colonies for General Purposes
III. Maintaining Colonies for High Variability in Stock
IV. Maintenance of Pure Strains for Genetic Studies
V. Mass Rearing
References
8. Culicoides Biting Midges
I. Introduction
II. History
III. General Considerations for Colonization
IV. Colonization Procedures
References
9. Black Flies
I. Introduction
II. Initiating Cultures with Material from Larval Habitats
III. Laboratory-Rearing Techniques
IV. The Initiation of Simulium Cultures from Eggs
V. Physiological Activity in Confinement
VI. Discussion
References
10. Stable Flies
I. Introduction
II. Rearing Conditions
III. Adult Care
IV. Collection and Handling of Eggs
V. Larval Rearing
VI. Separation and Care of Pupae
VII. Life Cycle
References
11. Tsetse Flies
I. Introduction
II. Implications of the Reproductive Physiology
III. Techniques
IV. Conclusions
References
12. Bed Bugs
I. Introduction
II. Rearing and Feeding Chambers
III. Repository Materials and Egg Collections
IV. Nutritional Requirements and Rearing Environments
V. Laboratory Host Animals
VI. Discussion
References
13. Reduviid Bugs
I. Laboratory Culture of Triatominae
II. Laboratory Culture of Predaceous Reduviidae
References
Section B. Domestic and Stored Product Insects
14. House Flies
I. Introduction
II. Rearing and Handling Laboratory Colonies
III. Some Variations and Comments
IV. Rearing from Single Pairs and Small Groups
V. Mass Culture
References
15. Cockroaches
I. Introduction
II. General Requirements
III. Rearing Procedure for Periplaneta americana (L.)
IV. Rearing Procedure for Blattella germanica (L.)
V. Procedures Used for Other Species
VI. Parasites
VII. Methods Used to Handle Cockroaches
References
16. Coleoptera Infesting Stored Products
I. Introduction
II. Internal Feeders
III. External Feeders
References
17. Lepidoptera Infesting Stored Products
I. Nutritional Requirements
II. Rearing Media
III. Obtaining Culture Stocks
IV. Rearing Chambers
V. Rearing Containers
VI. Seeding with Adults
VII. Seeding with Eggs
VIII. Seeding with Larvae
IX. Seeding with Pupae
X. Life History
XI. Rearing Precautions
References
Section C. Phytophagous Insects and Mites
18. Defined Diets for Phytophagous Insects
I. Introduction
II. Definition of Defined Diet
III. Chemical, Physical, and Biological Requirements for Feeding
IV. Composition of Diets
V. Preparation of Diets and Rearing Procedures
VI. Nutritional Requirements for Growth
VII. Reproduction
VIII. Nutrient Reserves
IX. Conclusion
References
19. Southern Pine Beetles
Text
References
20. Grasshoppers
I. Introduction
II. Literature Review
III. Equipment
IV. Methods
V. Desirable Species for Colonization
References
21. European Corn Borer
I. Introduction
II. Artificial Diet
III. Handling of Larvae
IV. Handling of Pupae
V. Handling Adults
VI. Handling Egg Masses
VII. Disease Prevention
VIII. Diapause
IX. Laboratory Colony
References
22. Codling Moths
I. Introduction
II. Methods of Collection
III. The Green Apple Method of Rearing
IV. Mass Rearing
V. Semisynthetic Diets for Colonizing Codling Moths
References
23. Pink Bollworms
I. General Biology
II. Review of Literature on Artificial Diets
III. Mass Rearing Procedure
IV. Automation and Mass Rearing
References
24. Corn Rootworms
I. Introduction
II. Rearing of the Southern Corn Rootworm
III. Rearing of the Western and Northern Corn Rootworm
References
25. False Wireworms
I. Introduction
II. Rearing of Eleodes suturalis
III. Rearing of Other False Wireworms
References
26. Aegeriidae, with Special Reference to the Peach Tree Borer
I. Biological Characteristics of the Family
II. Economic Importance of the Family
III. Problems in Colonization
IV. Colonization of the Peach Tree Borer
References
27. Boll Weevils
I. Egg Production
II. Larval Diets and Rearing
III. Problems in Mass Rearing
References
28. Wheat Stem Sawflies
I. Rearing Wheat Stem Sawfly Larvae on Artificial Media
II. Rearing Adults from Infested Stubble
References
29. Lygus Bugs
I. Food and Oviposition Medium
II. Collection and Maintenance of Cultures
References
30. Aphids
I. Introduction
II. General Biology and Methods
III. Colonizing Some Common Species
References
31. Phytophagous Mites
I. Introduction
II. Establishing the Colony
References
32. Coneworms
I. Rearing Method for Dioryctria abietella
II. Rearing Method for Dioryctria amatella
References
33. Cabbage Loopers
I. Introduction
II. Laboratory Sanitation
III. Factors Affecting Oviposition
IV. Handling Eggs
V. Larval Rearing
VI. Handling Pupae and Imagos
VII. Production Costs
References
34. Tobacco Hornworms
I. Introduction
II. Mating and Oviposition
III. Feeding Requirements
IV. Collection of Larvae, Pupation, Storage of Pupae, Emergence
V. Conclusion
References
Section D. Insect Parasites, Predators, and Pathogens
35. Insect Parasites and Predators
I. Introduction
II. Mass Liberations
III. Establishment of Exotic Species
IV. Methods of Mass Production
References
36. Insect Viruses
I. Introduction
II. Possible Methods of Insect Virus Production
III. Semisynthetic Diet Used to Rear Heliothis and Trichoplusia
IV. Microbial Contamination
V. Production of the Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus of Heliothis
VI. Production of the Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus of Trichoplusia ni
VII. Virus Purification, Standardization, and Storage
VIII. Application to Other Insect Viruses
Appendix A: Costs and Sources of Diet Ingredients
Appendix B: Equipment Used in Heliothis Program
Appendix C: Equipment Used in Trichoplusia Program
References
Section E. Insects by the Million
37. Screw-Worms
I. Introduction
II. Distribution
III. Biology
IV. Colonization of Wild Strains
V. Genetic Selection
VI. Diseases, Parasites, and Predators
VII. Mass Production, Irradiation, and Release Procedures for the Southeastern and Southwestern (United States) Screw-Worm Eradication Programs
VIII. Nutritional Requirements
References
38. Tephritid Fruit Flies
I. Introduction
II. Some Important Biological and Ecological Parameters in Laboratory and Field
III. Practical Mass Production Procedures, Formulas, and Facilities
IV. Production Costs
References
39. Yellow Fever Mosquitoes
I. Introduction
II. Procedures
III. Discussion
References
Author Index
Subject Index