Inorganic Chemistry

4th Edition - January 27, 2025
Author: James E. House
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 4 1 0 2 - 7
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 4 1 0 3 - 4

Inorganic Chemistry Fourth Edition provides essential information for students of inorganic chemistry and is updated throughout. The presentation of topics is made with an effort… Read more

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Inorganic Chemistry Fourth Edition provides essential information for students of inorganic chemistry and is updated throughout. The presentation of topics is made with an effort to be clear and concise so that the book is portable and user friendly. The text emphasizes fundamental principles—including molecular structure, acid-base chemistry, coordination chemistry, ligand field theory, and solid state chemistry. It is organized into five major themes (structure, condensed phases, solution chemistry, main group and coordination compounds) with several chapters in each. There is a logical progression from atomic structure to molecular structure to properties of substances based on molecular structures, to behavior of solids, etc.

The textbook contains a balance of topics in theoretical and descriptive chemistry. For example, the hard-soft interaction principle is used to explain hydrogen bond strengths, strengths of acids and bases, stability of coordination compounds, etc. Discussion of elements begins with survey chapters focused on the main groups, while later chapters cover the elements in greater detail. Each chapter opens with narrative introductions and includes figures, tables, and end-of-chapter problem sets.

This new edition features updates throughout, with an emphasis on bioinorganic chemistry and a new chapter on nanostructures and graphene. More in-text worked-out examples encourage active learning and prepare students for their exams.

This text is ideal for advanced undergraduate and graduate-level students enrolled in the Inorganic Chemistry course. This core course serves Chemistry and other science majors. The book may also be suitable for biochemistry, medicinal chemistry, and other professionals who wish to learn more about this subject area.

Title of Book
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
About the Author
Preface
Part I. Structure of Atoms and Molecules
CHAPTER 1. Light, electrons, and nuclei
1.1 Some early experiments in atomic physics
1.2 The nature of light
1.3 The Bohr model
1.4 Particle-wave duality
1.5 Electronic properties of atoms
1.6 Nuclear binding energy
1.7 Nuclear stability
1.8 Types of nuclear decay
1.9 Predicting decay modes
Questions and problems
CHAPTER 2. Basic quantum mechanics and atomic structure
2.1 The postulates
2.2 The hydrogen atom
2.3 The helium atom
2.4 Slater wave functions
2.5 Electron configurations
2.6 Spectroscopic states
Questions and problems
CHAPTER 3. Covalent bonding in diatomic molecules
3.1 The basic procedures of molecular orbital methods
3.2 The H2 + and H2 molecules
3.3 Diatomic molecules of second-row elements
3.4 Photoelectron spectroscopy
3.5 Heteronuclear diatomic molecules
3.6 Electronegativity
3.7 Spectroscopic states for molecules
Questions and problems
CHAPTER 4. A survey of inorganic structures and bonding
4.1 Structures of molecules having single bonds
4.2 Resonance and formal charge
4.3 Complex structures—a preview of coming attractions
4.4 Electron-deficient molecules
4.5 Structures having unsaturated rings
4.6 Bond energies
Questions and problems
CHAPTER 5. Symmetry and molecular orbitals
5.1 Symmetry elements
5.2 Orbital symmetry
5.3 A brief look at group theory
5.4 Construction of molecular orbitals
5.5 Orbitals and angles
5.6 Simple calculations using the Hückel method
5.7 Determination of the structure of a triatomic molecule
Questions and problems
Part II. Condensed Phases
CHAPTER 6. Dipole moments and intermolecular interactions
6.1 Dipole moments
6.2 Dipole–dipole forces
6.3 Dipole—induced dipole forces
6.4 London (dispersion) forces
6.5 Van der Waals equation
6.6 Hydrogen bonding
6.6.1 Hydrogen bonding and its effects
6.6.2 Effects of hydrogen bonding on infrared spectra
6.6.3 Structural effects on hydrogen bonding
6.6.4 Solvent effects on hydrogen bonding
6.6.5 Hydrogen bond strengths
6.7 Cohesion energy and solubility parameters
6.8 Miscibility
6.9 Solvatochromism
Questions and problems
CHAPTER 7. Ionic bonding and structures of solids
7.1 Energetics of crystal formation
7.2 Madelung constants
7.3 The Kapustinskii equation
7.4 Ionic sizes and crystal environments
7.5 Crystal structures
7.6 Solubility of ionic compounds
7.7 Proton and electron affinities
7.8 Structures of metals
7.9 Defects in crystals
7.10 Phase transitions in solids
7.11 Heat capacity of solids
7.12 Hardness of solids
Questions and problems
CHAPTER 8. Dynamic processes involving inorganic solids
8.1 Characteristics of solid-state reactions
8.2 Thermal methods of analysis
8.3 Effects of pressure
8.4 Diffusion in solids
8.5 Sintering
8.6 Phase transitions
8.7 Adsorption
8.8 Kinetic models for reactions in solids
8.8.1 First order
8.8.2 The parabolic rate law
8.8.3 Contracting volume rate law
8.8.4 Rate laws for cases involving nucleation
8.8.5 Reactions between two solids
8.8.6 Ball milling (mechanochemistry)
8.9 Reactions in some solid inorganic compounds
8.10 Reactions at interfaces
8.11 Heterogeneous catalysis
8.12 Drift and conductivity
8.13 Photovoltaic materials
8.14 Batteries
Questions and problems
Part III. Acids, Bases, and Solvents
CHAPTER 9. Acid–base chemistry
9.1 Arrhenius theory
9.2 Brønsted–Lowry theory
9.3 Factors affecting strength of acid and bases
9.4 Acid–base character of oxides
9.5 Proton affinities
9.6 Lewis theory
9.7 Catalytic behavior of acids and bases
9.8 The hard–soft interaction principle
9.8.1 Hydrogen bonding
9.8.2 Linkage isomers
9.8.3 Solubility
9.8.4 Reactive site preference
9.8.5 Formation of crystal lattices
9.9 Electronic polarizabilities
9.10 The Drago four-parameter equation
Questions and problems
CHAPTER 10. Chemistry in nonaqueous solvents
10.1 Some common nonaqueous solvents
10.2 The solvent concept
10.3 Amphoteric behavior
10.4 The coordination model
10.5 Chemistry in liquid ammonia
10.5.1 Ammoniation reactions
10.5.2 Ammonolysis reactions
10.5.3 Metathesis reactions
10.5.4 Acid–base reactions
10.5.5 Metal–ammonia solutions
10.6 Liquid hydrogen fluoride
10.7 Liquid sulfur dioxide
10.8 Superacids
Questions and problems
Part IV. Chemistry of the Elements
CHAPTER 11. Chemistry of metallic elements
11.1 The metallic elements
11.2 Bonding in metals
11.3 Group IA and IIA metals
11.3.1 General characteristics
11.3.2 Negative ions
11.3.3 Hydrides
11.3.4 Oxides and hydroxides
11.3.5 Halides
11.3.6 Sulfides, nitrides, carbides, borides, and phosphides
11.3.7 Carbonates, nitrates, sulfates, and phosphates
11.4 Zintl phases
11.5 Aluminum and beryllium
11.6 The first-row transition metals
11.7 Second- and third-row transition metals
11.8 Alloys
11.9 Chemistry of transition metals
11.9.1 Transition metal oxides and related compounds
11.9.2 Halides and oxyhalides
11.10 The lanthanides
Questions and problems
CHAPTER 12. Organometallic compounds of the main group elements
12.1 Preparation of organometallic compounds
12.1.1 Reaction of metals and alkyl halides
12.1.2 Alkyl group—transfer reactions
12.1.3 Reaction of a Grignard reagent with a metal halide
12.1.4 Reaction of an olefin with hydrogen and a metal
12.2 Organometallic compounds of Group IA metals
12.3 Organometallic compounds of Group IIA metals
12.4 Organometallic compounds of Group IIIA metals
12.5 Organometallic compounds of Group IVA metals
12.6 Organometallic compounds of Group VA elements
12.7 Organometallic compounds of Zn, Cd, and Hg
Questions and problems
CHAPTER 13. Chemistry of nonmetallic elements I. Hydrogen, boron, oxygen, and carbon
13.1 Hydrogen
13.1.1 Preparation of Hydrogen
13.1.2 Hydrides
13.2 Boron
13.2.1 Elemental boron
13.2.2 Bonding in boron compounds
13.2.3 Borides
13.2.4 Boron halides
13.2.5 Boron hydrides
13.2.6 Polyhedral boranes
13.2.7 Boron nitrides
13.3 Oxygen
13.3.1 Elemental oxygen
13.3.2 Ozone
13.3.3 Preparation of oxygen
13.3.4 Binary compounds of oxygen
13.3.5 Covalent oxides
13.3.6 Amphoteric oxides
13.3.7 Peroxides
13.3.8 Positive oxygen
13.4 Carbon
13.4.1 The element
13.4.2 Carbon in industry
13.4.3 Chemical behavior of carbon
13.4.4 Carbides
13.4.5 Carbon monoxide
13.4.6 Carbon dioxide and carbonates
13.4.7 Tricarbon dioxide
13.4.8 Carbon halides
13.4.9 Carbon nitrides
13.4.10 Carbon sulfides
Questions and problems
CHAPTER 14. Chemistry of nonmetallic elements II. Groups IVA and VA
14.1 The group IVA elements
14.1.1 Hydrides of the group IVA elements
14.1.2 Oxides of the group IVA elements
14.1.3 Glass
14.1.4 Silicates
14.1.5 Zeolites
14.1.6 Halides of the group IVA elements
14.1.7 Organic compounds
14.1.8 Miscellaneous compounds
14.2 Nitrogen
14.2.1 Elemental nitrogen
14.2.2 Nitrides
14.2.3 Ammonia and aquo compounds
14.2.4 Hydrogen compounds
14.2.5 Nitrogen halides
14.2.6 Oxyhalides
14.2.7 Nitrogen oxides
14.2.8 Oxyacids of nitrogen
14.3 Phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth
14.3.1 Occurrence
14.3.2 Preparation and properties of the elements
14.3.3 Hydrides
14.3.4 Oxides
14.3.5 Sulfides
14.3.6 Halides
14.3.7 Phosphazine compounds
14.3.8 Acids and salts
14.3.9 Phosphoric acids and phosphates
14.3.10 Fertilizer production
Questions and problems
CHAPTER 15. Chemistry of nonmetallic elements III. Groups VIA–VIIIA
15.1 Sulfur, selenium, and tellurium
15.1.1 Occurrence of the elements
15.1.2 Elemental sulfur, selenium, and tellurium
15.1.3 Hydrogen compounds
15.1.4 Polyatomic species
15.1.5 Oxides of sulfur, selenium, and tellurium
15.1.6 Halogen compounds
15.1.7 Oxyhalides of sulfur and selenium
15.1.8 Nitrogen compounds
15.1.9 The oxyacids of sulfur
15.1.10 Sulfurous acid and sulfites
15.1.11 Dithionous acid and dithionites
15.1.12 Dithionic acid and dithionates
15.1.13 Peroxydisulfuric and peroxymonosulfuric acids
15.1.14 Oxyacids of selenium and tellurium
15.1.15 Sulfuric acid
15.2 The halogens
15.2.1 Occurrence
15.2.2 The elements
15.2.3 Interhalogen molecules and ions
15.2.4 Hydrogen halides
15.2.5 Halogen oxides
15.2.6 Oxyhalides
15.2.7 Hypohalous acids and hypohalites
15.2.8 Halous acids and halites
15.2.9 Halic acids and halates
15.2.10 Perhalic acids and perhalates
15.3 The noble gases
15.3.1 The elements
15.3.2 The xenon fluorides
15.3.3 Reactions of xenon fluorides and oxyfluorides
Questions and problems
Part V. Chemistry of Coordination Compounds
CHAPTER 16. Introduction to coordination chemistry
16.1 Structures of coordination compounds
16.2 Metal–ligand bonds
16.3 Naming coordination compounds
16.4 Isomerism
16.4.1 Geometrical Isomerism
16.4.2 Optical isomerism
16.4.3 Linkage isomerism
16.4.4 Ionization isomerism
16.4.5 Coordination isomerism
16.4.6 Hydrate isomerism
16.4.7 Polymerization isomerism
16.5 A simple valence bond description of coordinate bonds
16.6 Magnetism
16.7 A survey of complexes of first-row metals
16.8 Complexes of second- and third-row metals
16.9 The 18-electron rule
16.10 Back donation
16.11 Complexes of dinitrogen, dioxygen, and dihydrogen
Questions and problems
CHAPTER 17. Ligand fields and molecular orbitals
17.1 Splitting of d orbital energies in octahedral fields
17.2 Splitting of d orbital energies in fields of other symmetry
17.3 Factors affecting Δ
17.4 Consequences of ligand field splitting
17.5 Jahn–Teller distortion
17.6 Spectral bands
17.7 Molecular orbitals in complexes
Questions and problems
CHAPTER 18. Interpretation of spectra
18.1 Spectroscopic states in ligand fields
18.2 Orgel diagrams
18.3 Racah parameters and quantitative interpretations
18.4 The nephelauxetic effect
18.5 Tanabe–Sugano diagrams
18.6 The Lever method
18.7 Jørgensen’s method
18.8 Charge transfer absorption
18.9 Solvatochromism
Questions and problems
CHAPTER 19. Composition and stability of complexes
19.1 Composition of complexes in solution
19.2 Job’s method of continuous variations
19.3 Equilibria involving complexes
19.4 Distribution diagrams
19.5 Factors affecting the stability of complexes
Questions and problems
CHAPTER 20. Synthesis and reactions of coordination compounds
20.1 Synthesis of coordination compounds
20.1.1 Reaction of a metal salt with a ligand
20.1.2 Ligand replacement reactions
20.1.3 Reaction of two metal compounds
20.1.4 Oxidation–reduction reactions
20.2.5 Partial decompositions
20.1.6 Precipitation making use of the hard–soft interaction principle
20.1.7 Reactions of metal compounds with amine salts
20.2 Substitution reactions in octahedral complexes
20.2.1 Mechanisms of substitution reactions
20.2.2 Some factors affecting rates of substitution
20.3 Ligand field effects
20.4 Acid-catalyzed reactions of complexes
20.5 Base-catalyzed reactions of complexes
20.6 The compensation effect
20.7 Linkage isomerization
20.8 Substitution in square planar complexes
20.9 The trans effect
20.10 Electron transfer reactions
20.11 Reactions in solid coordination compounds
20.11.1 Anation
20.11.2 Racemization
20.11.3 Geometrical isomerization
20.11.4 Linkage isomerization
Questions and problems
Chapter 21. Complexes containing metal–carbon and metal–metal bonds
21.1 Binary metal carbonyls
21.2 Structures of metal carbonyls
21.3 Bonding of carbon monoxide to metals
21.4 Preparation of metal carbonyls
21.4.1 Reaction of a metal with carbon monoxide
21.4.2 Reductive carbonylation
21.4.3 Displacement reactions
21.4.4 Photochemical reactions
21.5 Reactions of metal carbonyls
21.5.1 Substitution reactions
21.5.2 Reactions with halogens
21.5.3 Reactions with NO
21.5.4 Disproportionation
21.5.5 Carbonylate anions
21.5.6 Carbonyl hydrides
21.6 Structure and bonding in metal–alkene complexes
21.7 Preparation of metal–alkene complexes
21.7.1 Reaction of an alcohol with a metal halide
21.7.2 Reaction of a metal halide with an alkene in a nonaqueous solvent
21.7.3 Reaction of a gaseous alkene with a solution of a metal halide
21.7.4 Alkene substitution reactions
21.7.5 Reactions of a metal carbonyl with an alkene
21.7.6 Reaction of a metal compound with a Grignard reagent
21.8 Chemistry of cyclopentadienyl and related complexes
21.9 Bonding in ferrocene
21.10 Reactions of ferrocene and other metallocenes
21.11 Complexes of benzene and related aromatics
21.12 Compounds containing metal−metal bonds
Questions and problems
CHAPTER 22. Coordination compounds in catalysis
22.1 Elementary steps in catalytic processes
22.1.1 Ligand substitution
22.1.2 Oxidative addition
22.1.3 Mechanistic considerations for oxad reactions
22.1.4 Reductive elimination
22.1.5 Insertion reactions
22.2 Homogeneous catalysis
22.2.1 Hydrogenation
22.2.2 Isomerization of alkenes
22.2.3 Polymerization of alkenes (the Ziegler–Natta process)
22.2.4 Hydroformylation
22.2.5 The Wacker process
22.2.6 The Monsanto process
22.2.7 Other examples
Questions and problems
Chapter 23. Bioinorganic chemistry
23.1 What metals do in some living systems
23.1.1 Role of metals in enzymes
23.1.2 Metals and toxicity
23.1.3 Photosynthesis
23.1.4 Oxygen transport
23.1.5 Cobalamins and vitamin B12
23.2 Cytotoxicity of some metal compounds
23.2.1 Platinum complexes
23.2.2 Complexes of other metals
23.3 Cytotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil
23.4 Antimalarial metallodrugs
23.5 Drugs for treating leishmaniasis
Questions and problems
Appendix A. Ionization energies
Appendix B. Character tables for selected point groups
Index

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James E. House