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Innovative Exploration Methods for Minerals, Oil, Gas, and Groundwater for Sustainable Development

1st Edition - December 3, 2021

Editors: A. K. Moitra, Jayanta Bhattacharya, J. R. Kayal, Biplab Mukerji, A.K. Das

Paperback ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 3 9 9 8 - 8

eBook ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 3 9 9 9 - 5

Innovative Exploration Methods for Mineral, Oil, Gas, and Groundwater for Sustainable Development provides an integrated approach to exploration encompassing geology, geophysics,… Read more

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Innovative Exploration Methods for Mineral, Oil, Gas, and Groundwater for Sustainable Development provides an integrated approach to exploration encompassing geology, geophysics, mining, and mineral processing. In addition, groundwater exploration is included, as it is central to the development of earth resources. As the demand for coal, minerals, oil and gas, and water continues to grow globally, researchers must prioritize sustainable exploration methods. Old technologies are being replaced speedily and exploration work has become fast, focused, meaningful, and readily reproducible keeping in pace with the changing global scenario. The themes of exploration of energy resources, exploration of minerals, groundwater exploration and processing and mineral engineering are separated out into sections and chapters included in these sections include case studies focusing on tools and techniques for exploration. Innovative Exploration Methods for Mineral, Oil, Gas, and Groundwater for Sustainable Development gives insight to modern concepts of exploration for those working in the various fields of energy, mineral, and groundwater exploration.

Cover Image
Title Page
Copyright
Table of Contents
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgment
Chapter 1 Energy resource (Coal, Shale Gas, Geothermal, Oil, Gas)
1.1 Gasification of high ash Indian coals in fluidized bed gasifier
Abstract
1.1.1 Introduction
1.1.2 Experimental
1.1.3 Results and discussion
1.1.4 Conclusions
References
1.2 Exploration of mining method for coal extraction in developed bord and pillar property by powered support long wall equipment
Abstract
1.2.1 Introduction
1.2.2 Shortwall mining
1.2.3 Advantages of the method over conventional B&P mining
1.2.4 Selection of site for shortwall
1.2.5 Geo-mining parameters in an Indian mine
1.2.6 Physiomechanical properties of overlying roof rocks
1.2.7 Premining scientific studies and observations
1.2.8 Production, productivity, and profitability
1.2.9 Future scope on production and productivity
1.2.10 Induced caving
1.2.11 Strata control
1.2.12 Strata control, monitoring, and observations
1.2.13 Conclusions
1.3 Exploration of shale gas in India – Prospects and challenges
Abstract
1.3.1 Introduction
1.3.2 Shale gas exploration
1.3.3 Shale gas resource potential in India
1.3.4 Proterozoic basins – potential areas for closer look
1.3.5 Tackling shale gas challenges in India
1.3.6 Conclusion
References
1.4 Synergy through integrated geophysical acquisition for geothermal and hydrocarbon exploration and production
Abstract
1.4.1 Introduction
1.4.2 System parameters
1.4.3 Processing and interpretation
1.4.4 Applications
1.4.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
1.5 3D seismic expression of a paleo channel within Barail Argillaceous and its hydrocarbon prospect: Makum field
Abstract
1.5.1 Introduction
1.5.2 Methodology
1.5.3 Seismic signature
1.5.4 Discussion
Reference
1.6 A case study of reservoir parameter estimation in Norne oil field, Norway by using Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF)
Abstract
1.6.1 Introduction
1.6.2 Objectives
1.6.3 Tasks
1.6.4 Parameter estimation
1.6.5 Quantifying uncertainty in production forecasts
1.6.6 EnKF methodology
1.6.7 Managing the uncertainties
1.6.8 Advantages of EnKF
1.6.9 Sequential Gaussian simulation
1.6.10 Case study
1.6.11 Norne oil field
1.6.12 General geology of Norne field
1.6.13 Structure of the Norne field
1.6.14 Production history of the Norne field
1.6.15 Semisynthetic case: Norne
1.6.16 Discussion of the cases on the basis of EnKF
1.6.17 Discussion and result
Acknowledgments
References
1.7 Coal bed methane: Changing India's gas market
Abstract
1.7.1 Introduction
1.7.2 CBM as an energy source
1.7.3 CBM extraction technology
1.7.4 Challenges in CBM extraction
1.7.5 Environmental impact
1.7.6 Land acquisition difficulties
1.7.7 Hydrofracturing
1.7.8 Pricing and marketing of CBM in India
1.7.9 Future prospects of CBM
References
1.8 Identification of gas bearing sweet-spots within complex reservoir by integrating modern geophysical measurements -- case studies from upper Assam fields
Abstract
1.8.1 Introduction
1.8.2 Wireline logging technologies, methodologies, and case studies
1.8.3 Discussions
References
1.9 Evolution and future prospects for coalbed methane and coal mine methane in India: Approaches for addressing mine safety, climate change, and energy security⋆
Abstract
1.9.1 Introduction
1.9.2 Genesis, storage, and transport of methane in coal
1.9.3 Coal and lignite deposits in India
1.9.4 Coal mining in India
1.9.5 Mine safety issues and gassiness of coal seams in India
1.9.6 Climate change interlinkages
1.9.7 Coalbed methane and coal mine methane as mitigating measures
1.9.8 Coalbed methane development in India
1.9.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 2 Environment (Environment, Assessment and Control)
2.1 Human health risks from potentially toxic elements in soils of coal mining area
Abstract
2.1.1 Introduction
2.1.2 Materials and methods
2.1.3 Results and discussion
2.1.4 Summary
References
2.2 Health risk of exposure to noise in coal preparation and mineral processing plants
Abstract
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 Noise as an occupational hazard
2.2.3 Adverse health effects of noise exposure
2.2.4 Field studies
2.2.5 Discussion
2.2.6 Noise abatement and mitigation measures
2.2.7 Conclusion
References
2.3 Ecological restoration of waste dump generated from an integrated steel plant: A case study
Abstract
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Materials and methods
2.3.3 Result and discussion
2.3.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
2.4 Environmental sustainability of drilling fluids
Abstract
2.4.1 Introduction
2.4.2 Drilling fluid and its additives
2.4.3 Environmental effects
2.4.4 Viable alternatives
2.4.5 Drill waste analysis
2.4.6 Toxic nature
2.4.7 Reduction of the drilling waste
2.4.8 Methods for disposal and treatment techniques
2.4.9 Conclusion
References
2.5 Estimation of CB ratio for opencast mine in forestry clearance process
Abstract
2.5.1 Introduction
2.5.2 Purpose for cost benefit analysis
2.5.3 Methodology
2.5.4 Box-equations
2.5.5 Administration of model
2.5.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 3 Groundwater (Prospecting, Contamination)
3.1 Self-potential: A low-cost geophysical method in investigating groundwater and contaminant plume
Abstract
3.1.1 Introduction
3.1.2 Brief phenomenological account of self-potential
3.1.3 Techniques of self-potential measurement
3.1.4 Processing self-potential data
3.1.5 Modeling and interpretation of self-potential data
3.1.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
3.2 Fresh water bearing zone identification using VES at Shahjalal University of Science and Technology Campus, Sylhet, Bangladesh
Abstract
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 Study area and geologic setting
3.2.3 Materials and methods
3.2.4 Result and discussion
3.2.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
3.3 Integrated geophysical survey for delineating aquifer zones in Sagar area, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal
Abstract
3.3.1 Introduction
3.3.2 Geology
3.3.3 Hydrogeology
3.3.4 Data acquisition & instrument used
3.3.5 Data processing
3.3.6 Discussion of results
3.3.7 Limitations of both methods
3.3.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
3.4 Augmentation of arsenic free drinking water supply in West Bengal through innovative groundwater exploration technique: A case study
Abstract
3.4.1 Introduction
3.4.2 Infestation of arsenic in West Bengal and its remediation
3.4.3 Case study
3.4.4 Way forward
Acknowledgment
References
3.5 Geogenic sulfate-rich wastewater: Sources, characteristics, effects and treatment technologies
Abstract
3.5.1 Introduction
3.5.2 Sources of sulfate-rich wastewater
3.5.3 Characteristic of sulfate-rich wastewater
3.5.4 Effect of sulfate-rich wastewater
3.5.5 Treatment technologies
3.5.6 Biochemical reactions involved in microbial process
3.5.7 Conclusion
References
3.6 Pyritic sulphur—Its distribution, origin in coal seams and production of acid water in mines
Abstract
3.6.1 Introduction
3.6.2 Distribution of pyritic sulphur in coals
3.6.3 Distribution in coal seams
3.6.4 Microscopic studies of pyrite
3.6.5 Mode of occurrence of pyrite
3.6.6 Diagenetic changes of pyrite
3.6.7 The origin of pyritic sulphur in coal
3.6.8 Production of acid water in mines
3.6.9 Acid water formation
3.6.10 Removal of sulphur from coal
3.6.11 Results of investigation
3.6.12 Summary and conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Mineral Exploration
4.1 Modern techniques for identifying mineralization in virgin area
Abstract
4.1.1 Introduction
4.1.2 Techniques of mineral targetting
4.1.3 Data interpretation
4.1.4 Statistical methods
4.1.5 Conclusion
References
4.2 Integrated geophysical studies of Precambrian mobile belts to constrain evolutionary and mineragenic crustal models (experience from Fennoscandian Shield)
Abstract
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Seismic-based geotectonic model of central Svecofennian accretionary orogen
4.2.3 Geoelecric-based model of southeastern part of Svecofennian orogen
4.2.4 Mineragenic inferences from the geoelectric and tectonic models constructed
4.2.5 Case study of integrated geophysical prospecting in the area of highly conductive near surface structures
4.2.6 Concluding remarks
References
4.3 Gravity field: A potent tool in understanding the tectonic fabric and potential mineralization over a part of the Bastar Craton, India
Abstract
4.3.1 Introduction
4.3.2 Geology
4.3.3 Gravity anomaly map
4.3.4 Results and discussions
4.3.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
4.4 Satellite gravity anomalies: Defining basement structure of the Northern Bay of Bengal
Abstract
4.4.1 Introduction
4.4.2 Data source
4.4.3 Data analysis and qualitative interpretation
4.4.4 Study of selected gravity profiles
4.4.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
4.5 Essential dimensions of geostatistics in mineral Industry
Abstract
4.5.1 Introduction
4.5.2 Necessity of using geostatistics
4.5.3 Essential dimensions
4.5.4 Geological domaining
4.5.5 Semivariography with respect to geological domains
4.5.6 Critical decisions on block
4.5.7 Essential spotlights
4.5.8 Need for additional exploration and risk
4.5.9 Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 5 Mineral processing
5.1 Advanced process control for mineral processing operations
Abstract
5.1.1 Introduction
5.1.2 Model-based predictive controller BrainWave design and development
5.1.3 Implementation of BrainWave in mineral processing operations
5.1.4 Mineral processing applications
5.1.5 Conclusion
References
5.2 Processing of port dredged sand in offshore set-up for value addition—Approach and constraints
Abstract
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Background of port sand dredging
5.2.3 Dredger
5.2.4 Proposed approach
5.2.5 Conclusion
References
5.3 Utilization of archival exploratory data in coal washery design
Abstract
5.3.1 Introduction
5.3.2 Impact of inefficient coal testing
5.3.3 Effect and need of proper coal sampling strategy
5.3.4 Coal sampling rules and its approach
5.3.5 Testing procedures and their approach
5.3.6 Sink–float test—use of organic reagents
5.3.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Modern appliances and techniques
6.1 Wellbore stability modeling for prediction of mud weight in Krishna–Godavari Basin, India
Abstract
6.1.1 Introduction
6.1.2 Study area
6.1.3 Rock failure criteria
6.1.4 Wellbore stability analysis
6.1.5 Results and discussion
6.1.6 Conclusion
References
6.2 Impact of modern exploration techniques in oil & gas reserves to production ratio
Abstract
6.2.1 Introduction
6.2.2 Methodology
6.2.3 Terms used in petroleum evaluation
6.2.4 Evolution of exploration techniques
6.2.5 Methods used in petroleum exploration
6.2.6 Analysis of production statistics
6.2.7 Conclusions
References
6.3 Effective attenuation of coherent and random noises in land seismic data: A case study from Upper Assam Basin
Abstract
6.3.1 Introduction
6.3.2 Theory
6.3.3 Results
6.3.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
6.4 Digitalization in petroleum exploration & production: The new game changer
Abstract
6.4.1 Introduction
6.4.2 Digital transformation or revolution
6.4.3 Application on digital transformation in E&P industry
6.4.4 Case study for instrumented i-field
6.4.5 Geophysical attributes in intelligent field
6.4.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
6.5 New computer technology to solve geological problems for prospecting and exploration of mineral resources
Abstract
6.5.1 Introduction
6.5.2 Visualization, editing, and geological mapping
6.5.3 Geophysical unit
6.5.4 Forecast unit
6.5.5 Borehole unit
6.5.6 Three-dimensional modeling of the territory
6.5.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7 Policies
7.1 National geophysical mapping in Geological Survey of India—An impetus to mineral exploration
Abstract
7.1.1 Introduction
7.1.2 Importance of integration of geophysical methods
7.1.3 Interpretation of geophysical data
References
7.2 Social license in mining: Can it operate outside the realm of sustainable development and responsible mining?
Abstract
7.2.1 The premise
7.2.2 Social license to operate
7.2.3 Social license to operate: an extra-legal, amorphous, and intangible concept?
7.2.4 Alternative discourse: toward an improved and responsible resource governance
7.2.5 Consolidating and concluding from Indian experiences
References
7.3 Why shale gas is a prime option for us from energy perspective and the multitasking software to address the related issues
Abstract
7.3.1 Global scenario
7.3.2 Status of potential shales in India
7.3.3 The software details
7.3.4 Total organic content estimation and organic maturity
7.3.5 Fluid and mineral evaluation
7.3.6 Advanced saturation modeling: nuclear magnetic resonance and dielectric volumes
7.3.7 Mechanical properties and brittleness
7.3.8 3D stress and stress orientation
7.3.9 Permeability
7.3.10 Pay analysis
Reference
7.4 Evaluating coal block auctions
Abstract
7.4.1 Genesis of a crisis
7.4.2 New statute and coal block auctions
7.4.3 Flaws in coal block auctions
7.4.4 Production from the reallocated coal blocks
7.4.5 End result of coal block auctions
7.4.6 Conclusion
References
7.5 Minerals for future generations: Indian perspective
Abstract
7.5.1 Introduction
7.5.2 Li-ion battery—current Indian Scenario
7.5.3 Sources of lithium
7.5.4 Lithium in battery industry
7.5.5 Lithium market
7.5.6 Conclusion
References
Index

A. K. Moitra

Dr. Ajoy Kumar Moitra received his graduate and Doctorate from Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad. He joined the Geological Survey of India and retired in the year 2004 as Director. During his stay in Geological Survey of India (1971-2004), he carried out systematic mapping and exploration. He was engaged in study of stromatolites and related microbiota. After retirement, Dr Moitra carried out detailed exploration for coal, iron ore and limestone for both green and brown fields. Apart from many papers in prestigious journals, he has written two books.

Affiliations and expertise

Formerly, Director, Geological Survey of India

Jayanta Bhattacharya

Dr. Jayanta Bhattacharya is a Professor in the School of Environmental Science and Engineering and a Professor of Mining Engineering at Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur , He is the founding Head of the School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur. Prof. Bhattacharya is a famous scientist in the area of environmental technology and product development. Prof. Bhattacharya pioneered research of laboratory and wetland schemes of wastewater treatment as a constructed plant based systems what presumably one day bioremediation systems would look like and have the capacity to perform. A continuous theme of research by his team is to develop new technologies and products for green treatment options. He is also known all over for his academic contributions in the area of environmental clearance, land acquisition, rehabilitation and resettlement of people. He has more than 120 papers in various national and international journals and conferences, and works as an editorial board member for 3 international journals. He has written 7 books and edited more than 10 books jointly written with his peers from around the world. He has completed guidance of 6 PhD scholars and is in the process for 10 more.

Affiliations and expertise

Visiting Professor, Western Australia School of Mines, Kalgoorlie, Australia

J. R. Kayal

Professor J. R. Kayal did his M Sc (Applied Geophysics) from the Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad and PhD from the Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. He retired as Deputy Director GeneralGSI. He has been an Adjunct Professor at the IIT, Kharagpur, IIT-ISM, Dhanbad, Tezpur University, Assam, an Emeritus Professor at the Jadavpur University, Kolkata, and Visiting Professor at the University of Tokyo, Japan, and Strasbourg University, France. Presently, he is an Adjunct Professor, ISR, Gandhinagar and the NIT, Agartala. He led several international research projects sponsored by the Department of Science & Technology (DST), Government of India, and was a guest faculty to the UNESCO (France) and ICTP (Italy). He is author of more than 130 peered reviewed research papers in national and international journals and authored one book.

Affiliations and expertise

Adjunct Professor, IIT, Kharagpur, IIT-ISM, Dhanbad, Tezpur University, Assam; Emeritus Professor, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India

Biplab Mukerji

Dr. Biblap Mukerji received an M.Sc. in Applied Geology from Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, in 1970, and a Doctorate in “Geospatial Modelling of Copper Mineralization in Singhbhum Belt, Jharkhand” in 2004 from Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad. He served on the Geological Survey of India for 36 years and retired as Deputy Director General, Operation, and West Bengal Sikkim & Andaman. He teaches Statistics, Geostatistics and GIS to officers and students of various organizations. Currently he is a consultant geologist and also an advisor to a mineral exploration company. He has number of scientific papers to his credit, published in National and International Journals. Life Member of Mining Geological and Metallurgical Institute of India.

Affiliations and expertise

Deputy Director General, Operation, and West Bengal Sikkim and Andaman, India

A.K. Das

Dr. Sri Ajoy Kumar Das has put in more than 41 years of overall experience with around 10 years in operation and management of both UG &OC coalmines of Western Coalfield Ltd. and balance in Marketing with M/s Greaves Cotton Ltd and Mahindra & Mahindra. Dr. Das had undergone intensive training in implementation of Modern Mining machines in U.K, Germany, France, and Sweden. In addition to above, he has presented several papers on Longwall Mining, High Speed Roadway Drivage, Dust control in UG Mines and Modern Roof Bolting Techniques in National and International Forum. He is presently Hon. General Secretary of ISM Alumni Association Kolkata Chapter mainly connected with dissipation of knowledge on Earth Science and Technology.

Affiliations and expertise

Hon. General Secretary, ISM Alumni Association Kolkota Chapter, India