Indian Geological Sequences

Salient Features and Major Events

1st Edition - June 18, 2024
Author: Jai Krishna
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 1 2 7 0 - 7
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 3 2 2 3 - 1

Indian Geological Sequences: Salient Features and Major Events focuses on the first ever differentiation of the entire Indian record into a five-tier hierarchical succession of… Read more

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Indian Geological Sequences: Salient Features and Major Events focuses on the first ever differentiation of the entire Indian record into a five-tier hierarchical succession of geological sequencesfive giga, 12 mega, 25 1st order, 68 2nd order and over 100 3rd order ones as its basic skeleton. Using the developed grid of sequence timelines, the diverse interdisciplinary geological manifestations on the broad tectonostratigraphically homogenous supraregion of GTM (Gondwanian Tethyan Margin from Arabia to Australia) have been mutually integrated towards chronicling of events with precision never ever realized earlier. The giga-sequences GS-I to GS-IV comprising eight mega-sequences MS-I to MS-VIII deal with the Precambrian in brief.

Within GS-V (¬ 635 ma onward), the MS-IX (¬ 635-444 ma), and MS-XII (¬ 61.6 onward) include orogenies while MS-X (¬ 444-259 ma) and MS-XI (¬ 259-61.6 ma) are dominated by dismemberment tectonics. The prime focus is on the correlation of events across scores of sedimentary basins from outcrop to subsurface, onshore to offshore, marine to non-marine, shallow to deep water, plant to animal, micro- to macrofossils, and Proto-Paleo-Neotethys to Indian Ocean.

Among the major Phanerozoic events time precised are the ¬ 500 ma Acantha Zone mega MFS accretion of the then alien Tethys Himalaya to the Indian margin, and the ¬ 50 ma P8 Zone mega MFS impingement of India on Asia while the important dismemberment events include the ¬ 159 ma late Middle Oxfordian Orientalis Zone Schilli Subzone 1st order MFS initiation of the Indian Ocean which culminated in steps with oceanic separation of Sri Lanka from Antarctica at the ¬ 107 ma early Middle Albian Dentatus Zone mega MFS, ¬ 90 ma 1st order SB initiation of separation of Madagascar so also of Mascaranes basin, Central Indian basin and Wharton basin, separation of Greater Seychelles from India at the ¬ 64.5 ma intra Danian 2nd order Quadratus Zone MFS and ¬ 24 ma Complanata Zone MFS thrusting due south of Greater Himalaya upon Lesser Himalaya.

Indian Geological Sequences: Salient Features and Major Events is a valuable reference for researchers and scientists of both academia and exploration industry in the field of Earth Sciences.

Cover image
Title page
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
List of figures
List of field photos
List of tables
About the author
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgment
Abbreviations
Section I Giga-sequences GS-I to GS-IV (Mostly Precambrian up to the base of Vendian)
CHAPTER 1 Introduction – rationale, holistic composite chronicle, cratonic framework and outline of the presentation
1.1 Approach and rationale
1.2 Holistic composite chronicle
1.3 Parameters used for piecing together the common threads into a Mosaic
1.4 Hierarchical differentiation of the geological record
1.5 India as composite framework of four main cratons
1.6 Quasi-tectono-stratigraphic homogeneity and contemporaneity of geodynamic framework in the erstwhile East Gondwana cratonic ensemble
1.7 Organization of the presentation
CHAPTER 2 Pre-Archean and mostly Archean record
2.1 Hadean and Eoarchean (∼4500–3600 ma)
2.2 Singhbhumian giga/mega sequence (∼4500–3600 ma)
2.3 Presumable start of the modern plate-tectonics distinctly after the close of the Singhbhumian giga-sequence
2.4 Evidence of the Singhbhumian mega-sequence elsewhere in India
2.5 Probable origin of hydrosphere during the Hadean
2.6 Mostly Archean and early Paleoproterozoic span up to ∼2350 ma
2.7 Characteristic rocks of the Archean
2.8 A few parameters particularly relevant to Archean and Proterozoic
2.9 First signals of life in the geological record
2.10 Episodic phases of oxygenation through time
2.11 Giga-sequence – GS-II (∼3600–2350 ma)
2.12 GS-II MS-II Sargurian ∼3600–2900/2850 ma mega-sequence
2.13 GS-II MS-III Dharwarian mega-sequence (∼2900–2850 ma – ∼2350 ma)
CHAPTER 3 Proterozoic excluding basal ∼2500–2350 ma Paleoproterozoic and ∼635–541 ma Vendian
3.1 Proterozoic span into two giga-sequences GS-III and GS-IV
3.2 A few phenomena especially relevant to Proterozoic
3.3 Acceleration in organic evolutive processes
3.4 The principal mobile belts – ADMB, SMB, and EGMB
3.5 Broad Paleogeographic back-drop with focus on configuration of land/sea distribution at the start of the Giga-sequence GS-III
3.6 Giga-sequence GS-III (∼2350–1550 ma mostly Paleoproterozoic)
3.7 GS-III MS-IV Delwaraiian mega-sequence
3.8 GS-II MS-V Aravallian mega-sequence
3.9 Columbia assembly during the span of GS-III mega-sequence (∼2350–1550 ma)
3.10 Giga-sequence GS-IV (∼1550–635 ma)
3.11 GS-IV MS-VI Singhoraiian mega-sequence (∼1550–∼1200 ma)
3.12 GS-IV–MS-VII Raipurian ∼1200–820 ma mega sequence
3.13 GS-IV MS-VIII Blainiian mega-sequence (late Tonian – terminal Cryogenian ∼850/820 ma–∼635 ma)
3.14 Isotopic systems applied to geochronometry and other geological domains
3.15 Salient features and major events in India and erstwhile East Gondwana constituents during Precambrian up to the close of Cryogenian (∼4500–635 ma)
3.16 Summary of Section I – Chapters 1 to 3 on the Indian Precambrian giga-sequences GS-I–GS-IV (∼4500–635 ma)
References
Section II Chapters 4 and 5 Himachalian and Muthian mega-sequences
CHAPTER 4 Giga-sequence GS-V
4.1 A few significant concepts and aspects under the headings/subheadings 4.1 to 4.3 relevant to the entire span of GS-V are discussed
4.2 Stratigraphic fundamentals and units in brief
4.3 Sequence stratigraphic studies
4.4 Himachalian mega-sequence
4.5 1st order sequences within the Himachalian mega-sequence
4.6 2nd order differentiation within the Himachalian mega-sequence
Late Vendian – Cambrian Series 1
4.7 HM-IV. Fourth 1st order sequence of the Himachalian mega-sequence of ∼521–482 ma base Sankholi Formation in LH and Kunzam-la to Kurgiakh units in Spiti – Zanskar and Deshichiling to Quartzite units in Bhutan having MFS within the Karsha Formation above the ∼500 ma Acantha Zone in TH
Ordovician (∼485.5–444 ma)
4.8 ∼482–444 ma intra Tremadocian – end/intra Hirnantian 1st order sequence with ∼449 ma intra-Katian MFS
4.9 Himachalian mega-sequence imprints in the Indian Proterozoic igneous – metamorphic terranes evidenced through radiometric ages of tectonothermal revival
4.10 Numerous marked alien features of TH vis-à-vis Indian plate until the ∼521 ma 1st order SB
4.11 Tell-Tale of the Kurgiakh tectonic cycle in a nutshell
4.12 Summary
References
CHAPTER 5 Muthian mega-sequence Silurian – Intra Permian (∼444–259 ma)
Base Silurian – Middle Permian ∼185 myr long Muthian mega-sequence with Early Silurian Mid-Llandovery Aeronian ∼439 ma Convolutus Zone mega MFS
5.1 Differentiation from the underlying mega-sequence
5.2 Paleogeographic scenario
5.3 Possible parentage of the Lhasa block to the Australian margin
5.4 Age-constraining the Muthian mega-sequence surfaces
5.5 Differentiation into 1st and 2nd order sequences
5.6 First 1st order ∼444–419 ma sequence
5.7 MT-II. second 1st order ∼419–365 ma base Lochkovian – intra Famennian sequence with ∼409.5-410 ma Early Givetian Varcus Zone MFS
5.8 Summary
References
Section III Late Permian onward geological span
CHAPTER 6 GSV-MSXI-NT Neotethyan mega-sequence (∼259–61.6 ma)
6.1 Paleogeographic backdrop
6.2 Outline of the four 1st order sequences of mostly Mesozoic age
6.3 Base Wuchiapingian – end Pliensbachian 1st order sequence with intra-Anisian MFS – stratotype in Spiti from the base of Gungri to Tagling units
6.4 2nd order sequences
6.5 On the development of the Jurassic 2nd order sequences
6.6 2nd order sequences in the Jurassic
6.7 Summarized update on the earlier sequence stratigraphic differentiation in the Indian Cretaceous
6.8 NTIV(4) – PI. Early Paleocene 2nd order sequence
6.9 Major events of the Neotethyan mega-sequence occurring at 1st order surfaces outlined along with a few important events at 2nd order surfaces
6.10 Summary
References
CHAPTER 7 Mega-sequence GSV-MSXII-HL Himalayan mega-sequence (Cenozoic)
7.1 Structure of the ∼61.6 ma mega SB onward mega-sequence
7.2 Paleogene
7.3 Sequence stratigraphic formulations
7.4 HL-I. Intra-Paleocene end Eocene ∼27.7 myr long ∼61.6 – 33.9 ma 1st order sequence with intra Eocene intra Ypressian intra Cuisian ∼50 ma P8/P9 boundary mega MFS
7.5 HL-I. ∼61.6 – 33.9 ma 1st order sequence
7.6 HL-II. ∼33.9 ma base Rupelian base SBZ 21/P18 onward second 1st order sequence with Late P22 Complanata Zone MFS (Figs. 7.12--7.13)
7.7 HLII-NII. ∼23 ma base Neogene base Aquitanian intra N4 – ∼11.6/10.9 ma end Middle Miocene 2nd order sequence with N6 Excentrica Zone ∼18.3 ma MFS above the beds 106–107 of the Khari unit succession of Chasra Formation
7.8 3rd order Neogene sequences, their sequence surfaces and related events
7.9 Varying Indian North margin since Archean and precise chronicle of events in the action arena of Himalaya
7.10 Summary
References
Section IV
CHAPTER 8 Sequence stratigraphic context to hydrocarbon source rocks in the Indian Phanerozoic geological record
8.1 Basic conceptual premises
8.2 Outline of the Indian tectono-stratigraphic framework
8.3 Hydrocarbon prospects in the Indian Phanerozoic geological record
8.4 East Arabian / Northwest Australian / Pakistan / South China context
8.5 Summarized evaluation of the Indian hydrocarbon prospects in the Vendian onward giga-sequence GS-V
8.6 ∼444–259 ma Silurian – Early Permian Muthian mega-sequence
8.7 Late Permian – Early Paleocene ∼259–61.6 ma Neotethyan mega-sequence
8.8 ∼61.6 ma base intra P3 Zone onward Himalayan mega-sequence in reference of Arabia
8.9 ∼33.9–24 ma 1st order TST of the terminal ∼33.9 ma onward 1st order sequence
8.10 Summary
References
Section V
CHAPTER 9 Conclusions
Preamble
Synoptic Chronicle
Approach and Rationale
Basic Premise
Outline Of The Multi-Tier Hierarchical Sequence Stratigraphic Framework In The Indian Geological Record
Long Distance Integrated Geodynamic Comprehension
Salient Features Of GS-I To GS-IV of Mostly Precambrian
9 Intra/inter basinal high-resolution chronicle
9.1 Mostly Precambrian
9.2 Summary of organic evolutionary landmarks in sequence stratigraphic context as invariably evidenced in the global and Indian geological record with focus on Precambrian
9.3 635 ma onward GS-V
9.4 Vendian – Phanerozoic
9.5 Re-enactment in nutshell of the major acts in the Indian Vendian – Phanerozoic Geological record
9.6 A few more important events from each of the ∼15 Vendian – Phanerozoic 1st order sequences of the giga-sequence GS-V
Index

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Jai Krishna