Immunopotentiators in Modern Vaccines
- 1st Edition - December 13, 2005
- Editors: Virgil E.J.C. Schijns, Derek T. O'Hagan
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 0 8 8 4 0 3 - 2
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 0 4 5 7 2 1 - 5
Immunopotentiators in Modern Vaccines provides an in-depth insight and overview of a number of most promising immunopotentiators in modern vaccines. In contrast to existing books… Read more
Immunopotentiators in Modern Vaccines provides an in-depth insight and overview of a number of most promising immunopotentiators in modern vaccines. In contrast to existing books on the subject it provides recent data on the critical mechanisms governing the activity of vaccine adjuvants and delivery systems. Knowledge of immunological pathways and scenarios of the cells and molecules involved is described and depicted in comprehensive illustrations.
- Contributions from leading international authorities in the field
- Well-illustrated, informative figures present the interactions between immunopotentiators and the host immune system
- Each chapter lists advantages and potential hurdles for achieving a practical application for the specific immunopentiator
Immunologists, virologists, microbiologists, oncologists, neuroscientists, and academics working in vaccinology
- Preface
- List of contributors
- Part I: Perspective on immunological mechanisms underlying adjuvant activity
- Chapter 1: Unraveling “the immunologist’s dirty little secret”
- Publisher Summary
- Introduction
- Adjuvants provide start signals for immune reactivity and guide the response to an acceptable magnitude
- Regulation of immune responses by antigen deliverance (signal I)
- Facilitation of signal 1
- Regulation of signal 2
- Facilitation of signal 2
- Adjuvants provide signal 3, regulating the quality of immunity
- Outlook
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 1: Unraveling “the immunologist’s dirty little secret”
- Part II: Host-derived immunopotentiators
- Chapter 2: Dendritic cells as targets and tools in vaccines
- Publisher Summary
- Introduction
- DCs as targets for modern vaccines
- New adjuvants and DCs
- DCs as tools for the development of therapeutic vaccines
- Final remarks
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 3: Host-derived molecules as adjuvants
- Publisher Summary
- Introduction
- Cytokines as immunological adjuvants
- C3d-based adjuvants
- Heat shock proteins
- Host cell surface proteins
- Special applications of host-derived adjuvants
- Concluding remarks
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 2: Dendritic cells as targets and tools in vaccines
- Part III: Natural and synthetic immunopotentiators
- Chapter 4: Innate immune mechanisms and the identification of immune potentiators as vaccine adjuvants
- Publisher Summary
- Introduction
- Innate immunity: a trigger point for the immune system
- Pathogen-associated molecular patterns and pattern recognition receptors
- Innate immunity conditions the host for subsequent adaptive immunity
- Adjuvants in vaccine research
- Structure and function of TLRs and Nods
- Ligands of TLRs and Nods
- Signaling through PRRs
- Small-molecule immune potentiators: the future of adjuvants?
- Drug discovery strategies for immune potentiators
- Random screening based on functional outcome
- Targeted screening
- Future directions
- Acknowledgment
- Chapter 5: CpG oligodeoxynucleotides as vaccine adjuvants
- Publisher Summary
- Introduction
- CpG oligodeoxynucleotides
- CpG as a vaccine adjuvant
- Safety of CpG ODN as a vaccine adjuvant
- Conclusions
- Chapter 6: Toll-like receptor 4 agonists as vaccine adjuvants
- Publisher Summary
- Introduction
- Toll-like receptors: the missing link between innate and adaptive immunity
- MPL and AGPs:TLR4 agonists as vaccine adjuvants
- Clinical experience with TLR4 agonists as adjuvants
- Safety of TLR agonists as vaccine adjuvants
- Regulatory approval of the first TLR agonist as a vaccine adjuvant
- Mechanism (s) of action of TLR4 agonists
- TLR4 agonists as nonspecific immunomodulators
- Rapid-acting vaccines
- Concluding remarks
- Chapter 7: Immunomodulatory adjuvants from Quillaja saponaria
- Publisher Summary
- Introduction
- Structure of Quillaja saponaria saponins
- Saponin purification and development
- Adjuvant activity of saponins
- Structure/function studies
- Saponin adjuvants in clinical trials
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 4: Innate immune mechanisms and the identification of immune potentiators as vaccine adjuvants
- Part IV: Particulate immunopotentiators and delivery systems
- Chapter 8: Microparticles as vaccine delivery systems
- Publisher Summary
- Introduction
- Role of adjuvants in vaccine development
- Immunopotentiator adjuvants
- Particulate vaccine delivery systems
- Alternative routes of immunization
- Adjuvants for therapeutic vaccines
- Future of microparticles for vaccine delivery
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 9: MF59: a safe and potent adjuvant for human use
- Publisher Summary
- Introduction
- Initial development of MF59 adjuvant
- Mechanism of action of MF59
- Composition of MF59
- Manufacturing of MF59
- Preclinical experience with MF59
- Clinical experience with MF59 adjuvant
- Combination of MF59 with immunopotentiators
- Use of MF59 in prime/boost settings
- Future perspectives on the use of MF59
- Chapter 10: Development and evaluation of AS04, a novel and improved adjuvant system containing MPL and aluminum salt
- Publisher Summary
- Introduction
- AS04 adjuvant system
- AS04 formulation process
- MPL dose selection
- Safety aspects of adjuvants for use in vaccines
- Examples of AS04-based vaccines
- Summary
- Abbreviations
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 11: Virosomes for vaccine delivery
- Publisher Summary
- Introduction
- Development of the IRIV concept
- Incorporation of antigens into IRIVs
- IRIVs and registered vaccines
- IRIVs and malaria prophylaxis
- IRIVs and cancer therapy
- Chapter 12: The ISCOMATRIX™ adjuvant
- Publisher Summary
- Introduction
- Preparation and properties of ISCOMATRIX™ adjuvant
- Nonclinical studies
- Clinical experience
- Mechanism of Action
- Summary
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 13: Mineral adjuvants
- Publisher Summary
- Introduction
- Preparation and crystalline structure of mineral adjuvants
- Application of mineral adjuvants
- Dosing mineral adjuvants
- Mechanisms of adjuvant activity
- Mineral adjuvants and stimulation of IgE
- Limitations to the applicability of mineral adjuvants
- In vivo clearing of aluminum and calcium adjuvants
- Side effect profile of mineral adjuvants
- Conclusion
- Chapter 8: Microparticles as vaccine delivery systems
- Part V: Mucosal/nonparenteral adjuvants
- Chapter 14: Mucosal adjuvants based on cholera toxin and E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin
- Publisher Summary
- Introduction
- The need for mucosal vaccines and adjuvants
- Cholera toxin and E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin as mucosal immunogens and adjuvants
- Development of nontoxic derivatives as mucosal adjuvants
- CTand CTB as adjuvants for dendritic cell vaccination
- Mucosal immunotherapy based on cholera toxin B subunit
- Conclusions
- Chapter 15: Transcutaneous immunization using the heat-labile enterotoxin of E. coli as an adjuvant
- Publisher Summary
- Introduction
- Background
- Molecular structure
- Trafficking within the cell
- Cell biology
- Safety and efficacy of bAREs
- Systemic and mucosal responses
- Delivery optimization
- Regulatory considerations
- Comparison with other skin delivery technologies
- Summary
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 14: Mucosal adjuvants based on cholera toxin and E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin
- Part VI: Th-1/CTL adjuvants
- Chapter 16: T cell adjuvants and novel strategies for their identification
- Status of T cell adjuvant testing in humans
- T lymphocyte polarization
- Implications for vaccine design
- New strategies to screen synthetic T cell adjuvants
- Conclusions
- Chapter 16: T cell adjuvants and novel strategies for their identification
- Part VII: Adjuvants in noninfectious disease vaccines
- Chapter 17: Vaccination to treat noninfectious diseases: surveying the opportunities
- Publisher Summary
- Introduction
- Adjuvants in antibody-based immunotherapy
- Adjuvants to stimulateT cell immunity
- Adjuvants inducing immune deviation or immunosuppression
- Summary and conclusions
- Chapter 17: Vaccination to treat noninfectious diseases: surveying the opportunities
- Part VIII: Clinical practice
- Chapter 18: Clinical evaluation of adjuvants
- Publisher Summary
- Introduction
- Definitions
- Characteristics of an ideal adjuvant
- Components of rational adjuvant development
- Regulatory issues
- Adjuvants used in licensed vaccines for humans
- Experimental adjuvants in humans
- Summary and conclusion
- Chapter 19: Regulatory considerations in the nonclinical safety assessment of adjuvanted preventive vaccines
- Publisher Summary
- Introduction
- Definitions
- Current status of relevant, global regulatory guidance and initiatives
- Relevant US (FDA) regulatory requirements and considerations
- Toxicity studies for preventive vaccines
- Special considerations for adjuvanted vaccines
- Conclusions
- Additional information
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 18: Clinical evaluation of adjuvants
- Index
- Edition: 1
- Published: December 13, 2005
- Language: English
VS
Virgil E.J.C. Schijns
Dr. Virgil E.J.C. Schijns is special guest Professor in Cell Biology & Immunology group, Wageningen University, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands. Dr. Schijns received his PhD degree at Utrecht University in 1990. Recent professional appointments are Chief Scientific Officer at ERC in Belgium and The Netherlands, (2011 to present); Chief Technology Officer, Vice President at a small biotech spin-off from Utrecht University (2008 to 2011); Special Professor, Immune Intervention, Wageningen University and Research Center (2008 to present); Special Professor in Immunology and Virology at North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh. Department of Population Health and Pathobiology (2002 to present) and Head of Department for Vaccine Technology and Immunology (VTI), AKZO NOBEL (1999 to 2008).
Affiliations and expertise
Visiting professor, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, UK and Professor, Cell Biology and Immunology Group; Special Professor in Immunology and Virology at North Carolina State University, USADO
Derek T. O'Hagan
Dr. Derek T. O’Hagan is a formulation scientist and vaccine adjuvant expert with extensive industry experience. He served as Global Head of Vaccine Chemistry and Formulation Research at Novartis Vaccines before its acquisition by GSK. With a background in pharmacy from the UK, he has worked in vaccine delivery research since 1993, including academic roles at the University of Nottingham. Dr. O’Hagan has led research on adjuvants such as MF59, now licensed in flu vaccines in over 40 countries. He has authored over 140 research publications, 60+ patents, and numerous book chapters. Recognized for innovation, he received the Royal Pharmaceutical Society’s Conference Science Medal and the Controlled Release Society’s Young Investigator Award. His work focuses on adjuvant development, nucleic acid vaccines, and needle-free delivery systems, making him a leading figure in vaccine formulation science.
Affiliations and expertise
Formulation Scientist and Manager, Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Chiron Corporation, CA, USARead Immunopotentiators in Modern Vaccines on ScienceDirect