Immunology & Serology in Laboratory Medicine
- 8th Edition - December 30, 2024
- Imprint: Elsevier
- Author: Mary Louise Turgeon
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 2 2 9 8 - 9
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 2 3 3 1 - 3
The extremely popular textbook Immunology and Serology in Laboratory Medicine, Eighth Edition provides the foundation you need to master the relevant competencies demanded in to… Read more
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Request a sales quoteThe extremely popular textbook Immunology and Serology in Laboratory Medicine, Eighth Edition provides the foundation you need to master the relevant competencies demanded in today’s clinical laboratory. Immunology and Serology helps you gain the knowledge required by medical laboratory technician (MLT) and medical laboratory scientist (MLS) students to achieve excellent scores on national board certification upon graduation and to display entry-level professional competencies for career success. Featuring a straightforward presentation, each chapter in this edition presents state-of-the-art content in subject areas such as Molecular Diagnostics. A problem-based case study approach that stimulates critical thinking makes it easier to integrate the concepts of theory with laboratory procedures that generate diagnostic information in cases of infectious diseases, immune disorders, tumor immunology, and tissue transplantation. Immunology and Serology is a distinctly unique textbook because the author recognizes the importance of robust professional knowledge and the practice guidelines developed by the American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP) Board of Certification Examination Immunology Content Outlines for MLT and MLS certification levels and the American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science (ASCLS) Professional Body of Knowledge.
- NEW! Updated content includes the most current information related to infectious and immunological diseases, diagnostic testing methods, and vaccines
- Clinical case studies include etiology, pathophysiology, laboratory findings, and critical thinking questions, allowing you to apply your knowledge of concepts and procedures
- Visual learning features make studying easier with algorithms, illustrations, photographs, and summary boxes
- Key Concepts are interwoven throughout each chapter, highlighting the most important facts
- Content correlation between lecture and reading, diagnostic laboratory procedures, and case studies allows for easy reference
- Learning objectives and key terms open each chapter, providing measurable outcomes and a framework for organizing your study efforts
- More than 650 end-of-chapter, multiple-choice questions provide opportunities for review and self-assessment
- Laboratory procedures on the Evolve website and in the eBook help you apply immunology and serology theory to clinical laboratory practice
Clinical Laboratory Science (CLS/MLS) students
- Title of Book
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Quick Reference
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Reviewers
- Preface
- Distinctive Features of Immunology & Serology in Laboratory Medicine 8th Edition
- Highlights of Significant Content REVISIONS or Additions
- Part I—Basic Immunologic Mechanisms (Chapters 1–4Chapter 1Chapter 2Chapter 3Chapter 4)
- Part II—The Theory of Immunologic and Serologic Procedures (Chapters 5–12Chapter 5Chapter 6Chapter 7Chapter 8Chapter 9Chapter 10Chapter 11Chapter 12)
- Part III—Immunologic Manifestations of Infectious Diseases (Chapters 13–18Chapter 13Chapter 14Chapter 15Chapter 16Chapter 17Chapter 18)
- Part IV—Immune Disorders (Chapters 19–24Chapter 19Chapter 20Chapter 21Chapter 22Chapter 23Chapter 24)
- Part V—Transplantation and Tumor Immunology (Chapters 25 and 26Chapter 25Chapter 26)
- Part VI—Vaccines (Chapter 27)
- Overall In-Text Features
- Ancillaries
- For the Instructor
- Evolve
- For the Student
- Evolve
- Acknowledgments
- About the Author
- Part I. Basic Immunologic Mechanisms
- 1. Foundations of Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems
- Milestones in Immunology
- Diversity in Immunology
- Black Male Scientists
- William Augustus Hinton (1883–1959)
- Julian H. Lewis (1891–1989)
- Black Non-Scientific Contributors to Immunology
- Onesimus
- Henrietta Lacks
- Pioneer Women in Immunology
- Olga Raissa Povitzky, M.D. (1877–1948)
- Elise L’Esperance, M.D. (1878–1959)
- Winifred Ashby, Ph.D. (1879–1975)
- Rebecca Craighill Lancefield (1895–1981)
- Kizzmekia S. Corbett, Ph.D. (1986–)
- 1956: Developing Cancer Research Methods
- 1985: Slowing Cancer Growth
- 1988: Advancing Understanding of HIV Infection
- 1989: Learning How Cells Age
- 1993: Exploring How Tuberculosis Makes People Sick
- 2001: Understanding the Infectivity of Ebola and HIV
- 2001: Innovating Single-Cell Imaging
- 2010: Repurposing Thalidomide to Fight Cancer
- 2013: Allowing Research to Continue to Advance Science While Protecting Privacy
- 2019–
- Katalin Karikó, Ph.D. (January 17, 1955–)
- What is Immunology?
- Cells of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems
- Origin and Development of Blood Cells
- Blood and Tissue Cells Associated With Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems
- Granulocytes
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Tissue Basophils (Mast Cells)
- Mononuclear Phagocyte System
- Monocytes
- Macrophages
- Dendritic Cells
- Lymphocyte Variations
- Lymphocyte Development
- T Cells
- B Cells
- Plasma Cells
- Natural Killer Lymphocytes
- Innate Lymphoid Cells
- Primary Lymphoid Organs
- Bone Marrow
- Thymus
- Secondary Lymphoid Organs
- Lymph Nodes
- Spleen
- Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
- Thoracic Duct
- Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
- Skin-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
- Blood
- Circulation of Lymphocytes
- Comparison of Innate and Adaptive Immunity
- Role of Microbiota
- Innate Immunity: The Early Defense
- First Line of Defense
- Second Line of Defense: Innate (Natural) Immunity
- Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns and Pattern Recognition Receptors
- Pattern Recognition Receptors
- Third Line of Defense: Adaptive Immunity
- Humoral-Mediated Immunity
- Cell-Mediated Immunity
- Cellular
- Humoral
- Cellular
- Humoral
- Questions
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Principle
- Results
- Principle
- Reporting Results
- Sources of Error
- Clinical Applications
- Limitations
- 2. Soluble Mediators of the Immune System
- Complement System
- Activation of Complement
- Enzyme Activation
- Complement Receptors
- Classic Pathway
- Recognition
- Amplification of the Proteolytic Complement Cascade
- Membrane Attack Complex
- Alternative Pathway
- Mannose-Binding Lectin Pathway
- Biological Functions of Complement Proteins
- Biological Effects of Complement Activation
- Alterations in Complement Levels
- Elevated Complement Levels
- Decreased Complement Levels
- Rheumatic Diseases With Immune Complexes
- Infectious Diseases
- Deficiency of Control Proteins
- Diagnostic Evaluation
- Hemolytic Method
- Enzyme Immunoassay
- Liposome Assay
- Complement Deficiency Testing
- Complement Deficiency Disorder: Hereditary Angioedema
- Etiology
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Laboratory Assays
- Interpretation of Laboratory Results
- Prevention and Treatment
- Other Soluble Immune Response Mediators
- Biological Response Modifiers
- Cytokines
- Cytokines
- A Cytokine Storm
- Interleukins
- Interferons
- Tumor Necrosis Factor
- Hematopoietic Stimulators
- Stem Cell Factor (c-kit Ligand)
- Colony-Stimulating Factors
- Transforming Growth Factors
- Chemokines
- Acute-Phase Proteins
- Overview
- Synthesis and Catabolism
- C-Reactive Protein
- Other Acute-Phase Reactants
- Laboratory Assessment Methods
- Laboratory Data
- Review Questions
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Principle
- Reporting Results
- Positive Reaction
- Negative Reaction
- Comments
- Sources of Error
- Limitations
- Clinical Applications
- 3. Antigens and Antibodies
- Antigen Characteristics
- General Characteristics of Immunogens and Antigens
- Histocompatibility Antigens
- Major Histocompatibility Complex Regions
- Classes of Human Leukocyte Antigen Molecules
- B27
- B8
- B5
- BW38
- BW15
- Cw6
- DR2
- DR3
- DR4
- DR5
- Autoantigens
- Blood Group Antigens
- Chemical Nature of Antigens
- Adjuvant
- Physical Nature of Antigens
- Foreignness
- Degradability
- Molecular Weight
- Structural Stability
- Complexity
- General Characteristics of Antibodies
- Immunoglobulin Classes
- Immunoglobulin M
- Immunoglobulin G
- Immunoglobulin A
- Immunoglobulin D
- Immunoglobulin E
- Antibody Structure
- Typical Immunoglobulin Molecule
- Heavy Chains
- Light Chains
- Specific Immunoglobulin Characteristics
- Immunoglobulin M
- Immunoglobulin A
- Immunoglobulin D
- Immunoglobulin E
- Immunoglobulin Variants
- Isotype Determinants
- Allotype Determinants
- Idiotype Determinants
- Antibody Synthesis
- Primary Antibody Response
- Secondary (Anamnestic) Response
- Functions of Antibodies
- Antigen–Antibody Interaction: Specificity and Crossreactivity
- Antibody Affinity
- Antibody Avidity
- Immune Complexes
- Molecular Basis of Antigen–Antibody Reactions
- Types of Bonding
- Hydrophobic Bonds
- Hydrogen Bonds
- Van der Waals Forces
- Electrostatic Forces
- Goodness of Fit
- Detection of Antigen–Antibody Reactions
- Influence of Antibody Types on Agglutination
- Neutralizing Antibodies
- Monoclonal Antibodies
- Discovery of the Technique
- Monoclonal Antibody Production
- Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies
- Medical History
- Family History
- Laboratory Data
- Questions
- Critical-Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Principle
- 4. Cellular Activities and Clinical Disorders of Innate and Adaptive Immunity
- Innate Immunity
- Process of Phagocytosis
- Chemotaxis
- Adhesion
- Engulfment
- Digestion
- Oxygen Dependent
- Oxygen Independent
- Subsequent Phagocytic Activities
- Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
- Monocyte-Macrophage Host Defense Functions
- Phagocytosis
- Antigen Presentation and Induction of the Immune Response
- Secretion of Biologically Active Molecules
- Cytokine Storm Syndromes
- Acute Inflammation
- Sepsis
- Cell Surface Receptors
- Disorders of Neutrophils
- Noninfectious Neutrophil-Mediated Inflammatory Disease
- Abnormal Neutrophil Function
- Innate (Congenital) Neutrophil Abnormalities
- Chédiak-Higashi Syndrome
- Chronic Granulomatous Disease
- Complement Receptor 3 Deficiency
- Myeloperoxidase Deficiency
- Specific Granule Deficiency
- Monocyte-Macrophage Disorders
- Gaucher Disease
- Niemann-Pick Disease
- Disease States Involving Leukocyte Integrins
- Adaptive Immunity
- Lymphoid and Nonlymphoid Surface Membrane Markers
- Development of T Lymphocytes
- Early Cellular Differentiation and Development
- Double-Negative Thymocytes
- Double-Positive Thymocytes
- Later Cellular Differentiation and Development of T Lymphocytes
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets
- CD4 Lymphocytes
- Subsets of CD4+ Effector T Lymphocytes
- CD8+ Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes
- Antigen Recognition by T Cells
- T-Cell Activation
- CD4+ T-Cell Responses to Viruses
- CD8+ T-Cell Responses to Viruses
- T-Independent Antigen Triggering
- Antigen Processing and Antigen Presentation to T Cells
- Innate Lymphoid Cells
- T-Regulatory Lymphocytes
- Natural Killer Cells
- B Lymphocytes
- Development and Differentiation of B Lymphocytes
- Cell Surface Antigens
- Plasma Cell Biology
- Alterations in Lymphocyte Subsets
- Changes with Aging
- Immunologic Disorders
- Immune-Mediated Disease
- Laboratory Data
- Flow Cell Cytometry
- Treatment
- Questions
- Critical-Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Laboratory Data
- Questions
- Critical-Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Laboratory Data
- Serum Immunoglobulins
- Questions
- Critical-Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Principle
- Reporting Results
- Sources of Error
- Clinical Applications
- Limitations
- Part II. The Theory of Immunologic and Serologic Procedures
- 5. Basic Safety in the Immunology-Serology Laboratory
- Risk and Risk Management
- Safety Standards and Agencies
- Safety Manual
- Patient Safety
- Prevention of Transmission of Infectious Diseases
- Safe Work Practices for Infection Control
- Protective Techniques for Infection Control
- Selection and Use of Gloves
- Facial Barrier Protection and Occlusive Bandages
- Laboratory Coats or Gowns as Barrier Protection
- Hand Sanitizing and Handwashing
- Other Safety Practices
- Nail Care
- Shoes
- Electronic Devices
- Reducing Risk of Surface-Based Infection
- Traditional Decontamination of Work Surfaces
- Traditional Decontamination of Nondisposable Equipment
- Traditional Decontamination of Spills
- Guidance for SARS-CoV-2 Decontamination
- Disposal of Infectious Laboratory Waste
- Containers for Waste
- Biohazard Containers
- Biohazard Bags
- Final Decontamination of Waste Materials
- Disease Prevention
- COVID-19
- Essential Vaccines for Healthcare Providers
- Laboratory Director
- Safety Coaches
- Questions
- Critical-Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Across
- Down
- 6. Basic Quality Control and Quality Assurance Practices
- Clinical Laboratory Regulatory and Accrediting Organizations
- Nonanalytic Factors Related to Testing Accuracy
- Qualified Personnel
- Established Laboratory Policies
- Laboratory Procedure Manual
- Test Requisitioning
- Patient Identification, Specimen Procurement, and Labeling
- Preventive Maintenance of Equipment
- Appropriate Testing Methods
- Inaccurate Results
- Errors Related to Phase of Testing
- False-Positive Errors
- False-Negative Errors
- False-Positive or False-Negative Errors
- Quality Descriptors
- Definitions
- Coefficient of Variation
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Sensitivity
- Specificity
- Sensitivity and Specificity Related to SARS-CoV-2
- Limits of Detection
- Predictive Values
- Positive and Negative Predictive Values Related to SARS-CoV-2
- Monitoring Quality
- Proficiency Testing
- Control Specimens
- Reference Range Statistics
- Testing Outcomes
- Validating New Procedures
- Parallel Testing of Test Kits
- Questions
- Critical-Thinking Group Discussion Question
- 7. Basic Serologic Laboratory: Techniques and Clinical Applications
- Procedures Manual
- Blood Specimen Preparation
- Types of Specimens Tested
- Inactivation of Complement
- Pipettes
- Micropipettors
- Automatic Dispensers or Syringes
- Diluter-Dispensers
- Dilutions
- Diluting Specimens
- Dilution Factor
- Single Dilutions
- Serial Dilutions
- Antibody Testing
- Serial Dilution
- Principle
- Interpretation of Results
- Antibody Titer
- Rapid Point-of-Care Testing
- Testing Categories
- Waived Testing
- Quality Control
- Quality Control Standards for Moderate- and High-Complexity Testing
- Examples of Non–Instrument-Based Testing
- HIV Testing
- Pregnancy Testing
- Questions
- Critical-Thinking Group-Discussion Questions
- Questions
- Critical-Thinking Group-Discussion Questions
- Reporting Results
- Positive
- Negative
- Invalid
- Clinical Applications
- Limitations
- Cross-Reactivity
- 8. Precipitation and Particle Agglutination Methods
- Principles of Precipitation and Particle Agglutination Assays
- Precipitation Assays
- Particle Agglutination Assays
- Latex Agglutination
- Pregnancy Testing
- Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
- Agglutination Inhibition
- Principle
- Results
- Technical Sources of Error
- False-Positive Results
- False-Negative Results
- Alternative Procedural Protocols
- Flocculation Tests
- Direct Bacterial Agglutination
- Hemagglutination
- Mechanisms of Agglutination
- Sensitization
- Lattice Formation
- Methods of Enhancing Agglutination
- Graded Agglutination Reactions
- Microplate Agglutination Reactions
- Nephelometry
- Principle
- Physical Basis
- Optical System
- Measuring Methods
- Advantages and Disadvantages
- Clinical Application: Cryoglobulins
- Questions
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Principle
- Reporting Results
- Reactions of Patient Serum and Reagent Erythrocytes
- Procedure Notes
- Biological Sources of Error
- Technical Sources of Error
- Limitations
- Reference
- 9. Electrophoresis Techniques and Chromatography
- Electrophoresis
- Serum Protein Electrophoresis
- Principle
- Results
- Reference Values
- Clinical Interpretation
- Immunofixation Electrophoresis
- Principle
- Interpretation
- Clinical Applications
- Follow-Up Laboratory Testing
- Capillary Electrophoresis
- Chromatography and Immunochromatography
- Capillary Zone Electrophoresis
- Isotachophoresis
- Capillary Isoelectric Focusing
- Types of Chromatographic Methods
- Lateral or Vertical Flow Immunoassays (Immunochromatography)
- Laboratory Results
- Questions
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Principle
- 10. Labeling Techniques in Immunoassay
- Immunoassay Formats
- Types of Labels
- Immunoassays
- Radioimmunoassay
- Solid-Phase Immunoassays
- Advantages
- Disadvantages
- Antigen Detection
- Antibody Detection
- Noncompetitive Enzyme Immunoassay
- Competitive Enzyme Immunoassay
- Capture Enzyme Immunoassay
- Multiple and Portable Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Enzyme Immunoassay Modification
- Chemiluminescence
- Direct Labels
- Indirect Labels
- Specific Clinical Applications
- Immunofluorescence
- Stage 1: Excitation
- Stage 2: Excited-State Lifetime
- Stage 3: Fluorescent Emission
- Direct Immunofluorescent Assay
- Inhibition Immunofluorescent Assay
- Indirect Immunofluorescent Assay
- Alternative Labeling Technologies
- Signal-Amplification Technology
- Magnetic Labeling Technology
- Time-Resolved Fluoroimmunoassay
- Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay
- Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
- Questions
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Principle
- Principle
- 11. Flow Cytometry
- Characteristics of Instrumentation
- Flow Cell Cytometry
- Fundamentals of Laser Technology
- Principles of Cell Cytometry
- Fluorophores
- Fluorochromes and Conjugated Antibodies
- The Flow Process
- The Use of Monoclonal Antibodies
- Immunofluorescence
- Tandem Dyes for Flow Cytometry
- A Multicolor System
- The Luminex Flow Cytometry System
- Sample Preparation
- Clinical Immunology Applications
- Lymphocyte Subsets
- Other Cellular Applications
- Admission Laboratory Data
- Follow-Up
- Diagnostic Imaging
- Hematology
- Hematology (4 days after admission):
- Flow Cytometry (4 days after admission):
- Cytogenetic Analysis
- Questions
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- The Science of Flow Cytometry Part 1
- The Science of Flow Cytometry Part 2
- Discussion Questions
- Part 1
- Part 2
- 12. Molecular Laboratory Techniques
- Characteristics of Nucleic Acids
- How Does DNA Replicate?
- Forms of Ribonucleic Acid
- Mutations and Polymorphisms
- Molecular Amplification Methods
- Amplicons
- Amplification Methods
- Target Amplification Methods
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Modified Polymerase Chain Reaction Techniques
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transcription-Mediated Amplification (TMA)
- Nucleic Acid Sequence–Based Amplification (NASBA)
- Signal Amplification Methods
- Serial Invasive Signal Amplification
- Probe Amplification Methods
- Strand Displacement Amplification
- Alternative Target Amplification Techniques
- Molecular Analysis of Amplification Products
- Electrophoresis-Based Techniques
- Polymerase Chain Reaction Product Length
- Real-Time Fluorescent Methods
- TaqMan Assays and SYBR Green Dye–Based Assays
- TaqMan Method
- SYBR Green
- Sanger (Chain Termination) Sequencing
- Alternatives to Electrophoresis
- Pyrosequencing
- Hybridization Assays (Box 12.2)
- Solid-Phase Hybridization
- Solution-Phase Hybridization
- Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
- Principle of the Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Technique
- Use of Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in the Clinical Laboratory
- Microarrays
- Spotted Arrays on Glass
- Self-Assembled Arrays
- DNA Methylation Analysis
- Illumina assays
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Array-Based Methods
- Massively Parallel Sequencing/Next-Generation Sequencing Technology
- Target Enrichment Strategies
- Steps of Next-Generation Sequencing
- Advantages
- Disadvantages
- Adaptation of DNA Methylation Detection Technologies for NGS
- Laboratory Results
- Follow-Up
- Questions
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Principles
- Clinical Application
- Part III. Immunologic Manifestations of Infectious Diseases
- 13. Infectious Diseases: Overview and TORCH Diseases
- Characteristics of Infectious Diseases
- Development of Infectious Diseases
- Traditional Infectious Disease Laboratory Testing
- Bacterial Diseases
- Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
- Etiology
- Pathophysiology
- Parasitic Diseases
- Fungal Diseases
- Histoplasmosis
- Aspergillosis
- Coccidioidomycosis
- North American Blastomycosis
- Sporotrichosis
- Cryptococcosis
- Viral, Rickettsial, and Mycoplasmal Diseases
- COVID-19 (SARS-COV-2 VIRUS)
- Etiology
- Epidemiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Immunologic Manifestations
- Diagnostic Laboratory Evaluation
- Hematology and Coagulation Laboratory
- Immunology-Serology Laboratory
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory
- Severe Clinical Complications
- Molecular and Serologic Laboratory Testing
- Molecular-Based Techniques
- Serologic-Based Techniques
- Qualitative Chemiluminescent Immunoassay
- Pooled Testing
- Treatment and Prevention
- Convalescent Plasma
- Monoclonal Antibodies
- Additional Types of Treatments
- Dengue Fever
- Etiology
- Epidemiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Laboratory Diagnostic Testing
- Torch Test Panel
- Toxoplasmosis
- Etiology
- Epidemiology
- Transplacental Transmission
- Seroprevalence
- Signs and Symptoms
- Acquired Infection
- Congenital Infection
- Immunologic Manifestations
- Diagnostic Evaluation
- Serologic Tests
- Sabin-Feldman Dye Test
- Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Histologic Diagnosis
- Cell Culture
- Rubella
- Etiology
- Epidemiology
- Pregnant Women
- Healthcare Personnel
- Signs and Symptoms
- Acquired Rubella Infection
- Immunologic Manifestations
- Acquired Rubella Infection
- Congenital Rubella Syndrome
- Diagnostic Evaluation
- Rubeola (Measles)
- Epidemiology
- Prevention
- Laboratory Testing
- Cytomegalovirus
- Etiology
- Epidemiology
- Transmission
- Infection From Blood Transfusion
- Infection From Breast Milk
- Other Aspects of Infection
- Latent Infection
- Congenital Infection
- Signs and Symptoms
- Acquired Infection
- Congenital Infection
- Immunologic Manifestations
- Immune System Alterations
- Serologic Markers
- Laboratory Evaluation
- Diagnostic Laboratory Testing
- Herpes Viruses
- Herpes Simplex Virus
- Congenital and Neonatal Infection
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Varicella-Zoster Virus
- Epidemiology and Etiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Prevention
- Human Herpes Virus 6
- Alternate Immunology Laboratory Techniques
- Immunohistochemistry
- Use of Immunohistochemistry in Infectious Diseases
- Traditional Immunohistochemistry Protocols
- Polymer-Based Immunohistochemistry Methods
- Newer Molecular Testing Approaches
- Respiratory Virus Panels
- Relevant Laboratory Data
- Questions
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- History and Physical Examination
- Laboratory Data
- Questions
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- History and Physical Examination
- Laboratory Data
- Questions
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- History and Physical Examination
- Questions
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Principle
- Interpretation
- Negative Results
- Positive Results
- Limitations
- Principle
- Reporting Results
- Procedure Notes
- Limitations
- Clinical Applications
- Principle
- Reference Range
- Sources of Error
- Limitations
- Clinical Applications
- Principle
- Clinical Applications
- Traditional Immunohistochemistry Protocols
- Polymer-Based Immunohistochemistry Methods
- Newer Molecular Testing Approaches
- 14. Streptococcal Infections
- Etiology
- Morphologic Characteristics
- Extracellular Products
- Epidemiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Upper Respiratory Infection
- Impetigo and Cellulitis
- Scarlet Fever
- Complications of Streptococcus pyogenes Infection
- Immunologic Manifestations
- Diagnostic Evaluation
- Antistreptolysin O
- Deoxyribonuclease B
- Specimen Pairing
- Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome
- Etiology
- Immunologic Mechanisms
- Epidemiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Laboratory Data
- Treatment
- Group B Streptococcal Disease
- Epidemiology
- Etiology
- Laboratory Data
- Signs and Symptoms
- Future Directions
- Questions
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Principle
- Reference Intervals
- Limitations
- Clinical Applications
- 15. Syphilis
- Etiology
- Epidemiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Primary Syphilis
- Secondary Syphilis
- Latent Syphilis
- Late (Tertiary) Syphilis
- Congenital Syphilis
- Neurosyphilis
- Immunologic Manifestations
- Diagnostic Evaluation
- Direct Observation of Spirochetes
- Nontreponemal Methods
- Rapid Plasma Reagin
- Venereal Disease Research Laboratory Test
- Treponemal Methods
- Chemiluminescence Immunoassays
- Treponema pallidum Antibody Immunoglobulin G by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Treponema pallidum Particle Agglutination
- Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Absorption
- Sensitivity of Representative Procedures for Syphilis
- Traditional Versus Reverse-Screening Algorithm Protocols
- History and Physical Examination
- Laboratory Data
- Questions
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Principle
- Procedure
- Sources of Error
- Clinical Applications
- Limitations
- Principle
- Sources of Error
- Limitations
- Clinical Applications
- Principle
- Limitations
- Clinical Applications
- 16. Vector-Borne Diseases
- Vector-borne Infectious Diseases
- Lyme Disease
- Etiology
- Epidemiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Arthritis
- Cutaneous Manifestations
- Cardiac Manifestations
- Neurologic Manifestations
- Pregnancy
- Immunologic Manifestations
- Diagnostic Evaluation
- Confirmatory Laboratory Evidence
- Presumptive Laboratory Evidence
- Antibody Detection Methods
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Western Blot Analysis
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis for Antibody Detection
- Treatment and Prevention
- Antibiotics
- Prevention
- Human Ehrlichiosis
- Etiology
- Epidemiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Diagnostic Evaluation
- Treatment and Prevention
- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
- Etiology
- Epidemiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Diagnostic Evaluation
- Treatment and Prevention
- Babesiosis
- Etiology
- Epidemiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Diagnostic Evaluation
- Treatment and Prevention
- Mosquito Vector Diseases
- Malaria
- Etiology
- Global Malaria Distribution and Statistics
- Characteristics of Plasmodium Species
- Epidemiology (United States)
- Risk of Malaria
- The Disease Phase of Malaria in Humans
- Signs and Symptoms
- Diagnostic Laboratory Evaluation
- Microscopic Examination
- Molecular Testing
- LAMP Assay
- Treatment and Prevention
- Chikungunya Disease
- Etiology
- Epidemiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Diagnostic Evaluation
- Treatment and Prevention
- Dengue Virus
- Etiology
- Epidemiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Diagnostic Evaluation
- Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs)
- Serologic Tests
- Crossreactive Flaviviruses
- IgG Antibody Testing
- 1 Molecular
- 2 Dengue Virus Antigen Detection (NS1 Detection)
- 3 Serologic Tests
- 4 Plaque-reduction Neutralization Testing (PRNT)
- Treatment and Prevention
- West Nile Virus
- Etiology
- Epidemiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Diagnostic Evaluation
- Treatment and Prevention
- Question
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Question
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Question
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Question
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Question
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Limitations
- Clinical Applications
- 17. Infectious Mononucleosis
- Etiology
- Epidemiology
- Transmission of Infection
- Pathophysiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Laboratory Diagnostic Evaluation
- Immunologic Manifestations
- Heterophile Antibodies
- Epstein-Barr Virus Serology
- Viral Capsid Antigen
- Early Antigen
- Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigen
- Additional Testing
- Laboratory Data
- Therapy and Follow-Up
- Questions
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Principle
- Sources of Error
- Clinical Applications
- Limitations
- Principle
- Reporting Results
- Sources of Error
- Clinical Applications
- Limitations
- Principle
- Reporting Results: Qualitative Method
- Positive
- Negative
- Procedure Notes
- Sources of Error
- Clinical Applications
- Limitations
- 18. Viral Hepatitis
- General Characteristics of Hepatitis
- Etiology
- Incidence
- Signs and Symptoms
- Differential Diagnosis of Hepatitis
- Hepatitis A
- Etiology
- Epidemiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Immunologic Manifestations
- Diagnostic Evaluation
- Prevention and Treatment
- Hepatitis A
- Who Should Get Vaccinated Against Hepatitis A?
- How is the Hepatitis A Vaccine Given?
- Is the Hepatitis A Vaccine Effective?
- Is the Hepatitis A Vaccine Safe?
- Who Should not Receive the Hepatitis A Vaccine?
- What is Immunoglobulin?
- Will the Hepatitis A Vaccine Protect Me from Other Forms of Hepatitis?
- Can Hepatitis A Vaccine Be Given to People with Compromised Immune Systems, Such as Hemodialysis Patients or People with AIDS?
- Is it Harmful to Have an Extra Dose of Hepatitis A Vaccine or to Repeat the Entire Hepatitis A Vaccine Series?
- What Should be Done if the Last Dose of Hepatitis A Vaccine is Delayed?
- Hepatitis B
- Who Should Get Vaccinated Against Hepatitis B?
- Is the Hepatitis B Vaccine Recommended Before International Travel?
- Is the Hepatitis B Vaccine Safe?
- Is it Harmful to have an Extra dose of Hepatitis B Vaccine or to Repeat the Entire Hepatitis B Vaccine Series?
- What Should be done if Hepatitis B Vaccine Series was not Completed?
- Who Should not Receive the Hepatitis B Vaccine?
- Are Booster Doses of the Hepatitis B Vaccine Necessary?
- Are there Reasons to get Tested for Hepatitis B Immunity?
- Is there a vaccine that will protect me from both hepatitis A and hepatitis B?
- Can I get the hepatitis B vaccine at the same time as other vaccines?
- Hepatitis B
- Etiology
- Epidemiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Asymptomatic Infection
- Laboratory Assays
- Hepatitis B Surface Antigen
- Hepatitis B–Related Antigen
- Hepatitis B Core Antibody
- Antibodies to Hepatitis B e Antigen and Hepatitis B Surface Antigen
- Hepatitis B Viral DNA
- Diagnostic Evaluation
- Interrelationship of Test Results
- Differentiating Acute and Chronic Hepatitis and the Chronic Carrier State
- Acute Infection
- Chronic Infection
- Carrier State
- Prevention and Treatment
- Hepatitis D
- Etiology
- Epidemiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Immunologic Manifestations
- Coinfection with Hepatitis B Virus
- Superinfection of Hepatitis B Carrier
- Diagnostic Evaluation
- Hepatitis C
- Etiology
- Epidemiology
- Viral Transmission
- Posttransfusion Hepatitis
- Parenteral and Occupational Exposure
- Sexual Transmission
- Other Sources
- Prognosis
- Signs and Symptoms
- Traditional Hepatitis C Virus Testing
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Acute and Chronic Hepatitis C
- Acute Hepatitis C
- Chronic Hepatitis C
- Treatment
- Prevention
- Hepatitis E
- Etiology
- Epidemiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Immunologic Manifestations
- Diagnostic Evaluation
- Prevention and Treatment
- Transfusion-Transmitted Virus
- Etiology
- Epidemiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- History and Physical Examination
- Laboratory Data
- Questions
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- History and Physical Examination
- Laboratory Data
- Questions
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- History and Physical Examination
- Laboratory Data
- Questions
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- History and Physical Examination
- Laboratory Data
- Questions
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Principle
- Results
- Limitations
- Part IV. Immune Disorders
- 19. Primary and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndromes
- Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders
- Cellular Immunodeficiencies
- T Cells
- T Cells and Partially Combined Immunodeficiency Disorders
- B-Cell and Antibody Deficiencies
- Innate Immune Disorders
- Predominantly Antibody Deficiencies
- T-Cell Immunodeficiencies or Combined Immunodeficiencies
- Combined Immunodeficiency Disorders (CIDs) with Syndromic Immunodeficiencies
- Complement Defects
- Congenital Defects of Phagocyte Number, Function, or Both
- Defects of Intrinsic and Innate Immunity
- Diseases of Immune Dysregulation
- Autoinflammatory Disorders
- Phenocopies of Primary Immunodeficiencies
- Characteristics of Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders
- General Laboratory Evaluation
- Newborn Screening
- T-Cell Immunodeficiency Disorders
- Digeorge Syndrome
- Etiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Immunologic Manifestations
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
- Etiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Immunologic Manifestations
- Newborn Screening Test for SCID: T-Cell Receptor Excision Circles
- Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
- Etiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Immunologic Manifestations
- T-Cell Activation Defects
- B-Cell and Antibody Deficiency Disorders
- Bruton X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia (XLA)
- Etiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Infections
- Surgical Procedures and Trauma
- Nutrition
- Hereditary Disorders
- Hematologic Lymphoproliferative Disorders
- Other Systemic Processes and Metabolic Disorders
- Treatment Agents
- Immunologic Manifestations
- Common Variable Immunodeficiency
- Etiology
- Epidemiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Immunologic Manifestations
- Prognosis
- Transient Hypogammaglobulinemia of Infancy
- Immunodeficiency With Elevated Immunoglobulin M (Hyper-IgM)
- Etiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Immunologic Manifestations
- Immunoglobulin Subclass Deficiencies
- Selective Immunoglobulin A Deficiency
- Etiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Immunologic Manifestations
- Hyper-E Syndrome (HIES)
- Etiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Disease (XLP) Syndromes 1 and 2 (Duncan Disease)
- Etiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Immunologic Manifestations
- Treatment
- Combined Cellular Immunodeficiency Disorders
- Hereditary Ataxia-Telangiectasia (Louis Bar Syndrome)
- Etiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Immunologic Manifestations
- Partial Combined Immune Deficiency Disorders
- Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
- Etiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Immunologic Manifestations
- Autoimmune Disorders in Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
- Malignancies in Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
- Vaccination
- Stem Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy
- Other Primary Immune Disorders
- Acquired (Secondary) Immunodeficiency Disorders
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
- Etiology
- Primary
- Acquired
- Viral Characteristics
- Viral Structure
- Viral Replication
- Epidemiology
- Global Data
- Infectious Patterns
- HIV-1
- HIV-2
- Modes of Transmission
- Signs and Symptoms
- Stage 0
- Progression of Stage After Initial Diagnosis in Stage 0
- Diagnosis of AIDS
- Opportunistic Infections
- Kaposi Sarcoma
- Cryptosporidiosis
- Disease Progression
- Immunologic Manifestations
- Cellular Abnormalities
- Immune System Alterations
- Serologic Markers
- Detection of Core Antigen
- Antibodies to HIV-1
- Diagnostic Evaluation and Monitoring
- Testing Methods
- HIV-1 Antibody Assays
- HIV Antigen and Genome Testing
- Enzyme Immunoassay: p24 Antigen
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Alternative Screening for HIV
- Western Blot
- Quantitative RNA Assay
- Fourth-Generation Testing
- Pediatric Testing
- Rapid Testing
- Tests for Therapeutic Monitoring
- Viral Load Testing
- CD4+ T-Lymphocyte Testing
- Prevention
- Reducing Viral Transmission
- Vaccines
- Treatment
- Alere Determine HIV-1/2 Ag/Ab Combo
- Clearview Complete HIV 1/2
- HIV-1/2 STAT-PAK
- INSTI HIV-1/HIV-2
- Multispot HIV-1/HIV-2
- OraQuick ADVANCE Rapid HIV-1/2 Antibody Test
- Reveal G3 Rapid HIV-1 Antibody Testing Procedure
- Unigold Recombigen
- Drug Therapy
- Actions of Mechanistic Classes of Antiretroviral Drugs
- Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
- Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
- Protease Inhibitors
- Fusion Inhibitors
- Entry Inhibitors (CCR5 Antagonist)
- Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors
- Investigational Drugs
- HIV Drug Resistance
- Preexposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)
- Postexposure Prophylaxis (PEP)
- Preexposure and Postexposure Prophylaxis
- Preexposure Prophylaxis
- Postexposure Prophylaxis
- Questions
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Laboratory Data
- CBC Results
- Questions
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- History and Physical Examination
- Laboratory Data
- Questions
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Principle
- Reporting Results
- Nonreactive
- Reactive
- Procedure Notes
- Results
- Principle
- Results
- 20. Hypersensitivity Reactions
- What is Hypersensitivity?
- What is an Allergy?
- Types of Antigens and Reactions
- Latex Allergies
- Environmental Substances
- Infectious Agents
- Self-Antigens
- Food Allergies
- Types of Hypersensitivity Reactions
- Type I Anaphylactic Reactions
- Etiology
- Immunologic Activity
- Signs and Symptoms
- Testing for Type I Hypersensitivity Reactions
- Skin Testing Protocols
- Laboratory Evaluation of Allergic Reactions
- Treatment
- Type II Cytotoxic Reactions
- Examples of Antibody-Dependent, Complement-Mediated Cytotoxic Reactions
- Diagnostic evaluation
- Immediate Hemolytic
- Delayed Hemolytic
- Immediate Nonhemolytic
- Delayed Nonhemolytic
- Type III Immune Complex Reactions
- Mechanism of Tissue Injury
- Clinical Manifestations
- Testing for Type III Hypersensitivity Reactions
- Treatment
- Type IV Cell-Mediated Reactions
- Characteristics
- Latex Sensitivity
- Testing for Delayed Hypersensitivity
- Treatment
- Comparison of Types of Hypersensitivity
- Question
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Question
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Question
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Question
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Question
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Principle
- Procedure Notes
- Limitations
- Clinical Applications
- Principle
- Procedure Notes
- Reporting Results
- Sources of Error
- 21. Plasma Cell Neoplasms and Other Diseases With Paraproteins
- General Characteristics of Gammopathies
- Monoclonal Gammopathies
- Monoclonal Gammopathies
- Diseases With Monoclonal Immunoglobulin Deposition
- Heavy-Chain Diseases
- Plasma Cell Neoplasms
- Polyclonal Gammopathies
- Multiple Myeloma
- Etiology
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Skeletal Abnormalities
- Hematologic Features
- Renal Disorders
- Neurologic Features
- Infectious Diseases
- Immunologic Manifestations
- Diagnostic Evaluation
- New Diagnostic Criteria
- Hematologic Assessment
- Molecular Testing
- Bence Jones Proteins
- Free Light Chains
- Immunologic Testing
- Prognosis
- Treatment
- Chemotherapy
- Plasma Cell Neoplasms with Associated Paraneoplastic Syndrome
- POEMS Syndrome
- TEMPI Syndrome
- AESOP Syndrome
- Waldenström Primary Macroglobulinemia
- Etiology
- Epidemiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Skeletal Features
- Hematologic Abnormalities
- Renal Dysfunction
- Ocular Manifestations
- Neuropsychiatric Problems
- Cardiopulmonary Abnormalities
- Cutaneous Manifestations
- Immunologic Manifestations
- Diagnostic Evaluation
- Hematologic Assessment
- Immunologic Assessment
- Treatment
- Other Monoclonal Disorders
- Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance
- Light-Chain Disease
- Heavy-Chain Disease
- Light-Chain Deposition Disease
- History and Physical Examination
- Laboratory Data
- Questions
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Principle
- Procedure
- Clinical Applications
- 22. Tolerance, Autoimmunity, and Autoimmune Disorders
- Immunologic Tolerance
- Maintenance of Self-Tolerance
- T-Cell Tolerance
- B-Cell Tolerance
- Factors Influencing The Development Of Autoimmunity
- Progression to Autoimmune Disease
- Genetic Factors
- Patient Age and Sex
- Exogenous Factors
- Immunopathogenic Mechanisms
- Major Autoantibodies
- Autoimmune Disease
- Innate Immune System
- Adaptive Immune Response
- Comparison of Organ-Specific and Organ-Nonspecific Autoimmune Disorders
- Organ-Specific and Midspectrum Disorders
- Cardiovascular Disorders
- Vasculitis
- Carditis
- Collagen Vascular Disorders
- Progressive Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma)
- Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome
- Endocrine Gland Disorders: Thyroid Disease
- Lymphoid (Hashimoto) Chronic Thyroiditis
- Immunologic Manifestations
- Diagnostic Evaluation
- Graves Disease
- Pancreatic Disorders
- Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
- Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults
- Autoimmune Pancreatitis
- Adrenal Glands
- Pituitary Gland
- Parathyroid Gland
- Polyglandular Syndromes
- Reproductive Disorders
- Exocrine Gland Disease
- Sjögren Syndrome
- Gastrointestinal Disorders
- Atrophic Gastritis and Pernicious Anemia
- Autoimmune Liver Disease
- Idiopathic Biliary Cirrhosis
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Immune Markers
- Celiac Disease
- Other Gastrointestinal Tract Immunologic Disorders
- Autoimmune Hematologic Disorders
- Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome
- Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
- Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
- Neuromuscular Disorders
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
- Inflammatory Polyneuropathies
- Myasthenia Gravis
- Multiple Sclerosis
- IGG Index Assays (CSF)
- Neuropathies
- Associated with Circulating Immune Complexes
- Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis
- Associated With Anti–Glomerular Basement Membrane Antibody
- Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
- Associated with Immune Complex–Mediated Disease
- Renal Disorders
- Renal Disease Associated with Circulating Immune Complexes
- Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis
- Renal Disease Associated With Anti–Glomerular Basement Membrane Antibody
- Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
- Skeletal Muscle Disorders
- Inflammatory Myopathy
- Skin Disorders: Bullous Disease and Other Conditions
- Antisynthetases
- Others
- Laboratory Results
- Question
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Laboratory Results
- Additional Notes
- Imaging Studies
- Question
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Procedure Notes
- Sources of error
- Limitations
- Clinical Applications
- 23. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- Different Forms of Lupus
- Discoid Lupus
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
- Drug-Induced Lupus
- Neonatal Lupus
- Etiology
- Genetic Predisposition
- Environmental Factors
- Hormonal Influences
- Antibiotics
- Vitamins
- Epidemiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Infection
- Cutaneous Features
- Renal Characteristics
- Lymphadenopathy
- Serositis
- Cardiopulmonary Characteristics
- Gastrointestinal Manifestations
- Musculoskeletal Features
- Neuropsychiatric Features
- Late-Onset Lupus
- Immunologic Manifestations
- Cellular Aspects
- Humoral Aspects
- Immunologic Consequences
- Diagnostic Evaluation
- Histologic Changes
- Hematologic and Hemostatic Findings
- Hemostatic Testing
- Serologic Findings
- Complement
- Antibodies
- Antinuclear Antibodies
- Laboratory Evaluation
- Indirect Immunofluorescent Tests for Antinuclear Antibody
- Indirect Immunofluorescent Technique
- Rapid Slide Test for Antinucleoprotein
- Autoimmune Enzyme Immunoassay
- Automated Testing: Multiplex Immunoassay
- Treatment
- Rituximab
- Equalise for Lupus Nephritis
- History and Physical
- Questions
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- History and Physical
- Laboratory Data
- Follow-Up
- Questions
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Principle
- Procedure Note
- Reporting Results
- Comments
- Sources of Error
- Negative
- Borderline
- Positive
- Limitations
- Clinical Applications
- Multiplex Immunoassay
- Principle
- Procedure Note
- Sources of Error
- Limitations
- Clinical Applications
- Clinical Applications
- 24. Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Etiology
- Epidemiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Anatomy and Physiology of Joints
- Immunologic Manifestations
- Diagnostic Evaluation
- Rheumatoid Factor
- Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide Antibodies
- Other Markers
- Immune Complexes
- Complement Levels
- Antinuclear Antibodies
- Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
- Etiology
- Epidemiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Immunologic Manifestations
- Rheumatoid Factors
- Immune Complexes
- Antinuclear Antibodies
- Treatment
- Traditional Treatment
- Corticosteroids and Glucocorticoids
- Nonbiological Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
- Biological Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
- Diagnostic Procedures
- History and Physical Examination
- Laboratory Data
- Questions
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- History and Physical Examination
- Laboratory Data
- Questions
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Principle
- Procedure Notes
- Results
- Qualitative Test Results
- Semiquantitative Test Results
- Sources of Error
- Clinical Applications
- Limitations
- Part V. Transplantation and Tumor Immunology
- 25. Transplantation: Human Leukocyte Antigens, Solid Organ, Tissues, and Hematopoietic Stem Cells
- Histocompatibility Antigens
- Nomenclature of Human Leukocyte Antigen Alleles
- Major Histocompatibility Complex Regions
- Classes of Human Leukocyte Antigen Molecules
- Role of Major Histocompatibility Complex and Human Leukocyte Antigens
- Impact of Human Leukocyte Antigens
- Evaluation of Potential Transplant Recipients and Donors
- Human Leukocyte Antigen Techniques
- Complement-Mediated Cytotoxicity
- Solid-Phase Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Flow Cytometry
- Molecular Techniques
- Bead Technology
- Donor-Specific Antibody Tests
- Transplantation Terminology
- General Facts About Transplantation
- Tissue and Organ Transplantation
- Acute Leukemias
- Chronic Leukemias
- Stem Cell Disorders
- Myeloproliferative Disorders
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders
- Phagocyte Disorders
- Inherited Platelet Abnormalities
- Other Malignancies
- Inherited Erythrocyte Abnormalities
- Liposomal Storage Diseases
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells
- Pretransplantation Screening
- Types of Transplants
- Bone
- Cornea
- Heart
- Heart Valves
- Intestine
- Kidney
- Liver
- Lung
- Pancreas
- Skin
- Hematopoietic or Peripheral Blood Stem Cells
- Sources of Stem Cells for Transplantation
- Bone Marrow
- Peripheral Blood Stem Cells
- Umbilical Cord Blood
- Issues Related to Cord Blood Transplantation
- Engraftment
- Impact of HLA Matching
- Graft Rejection
- First-Set and Second-Set Rejections
- Hyperacute Rejection
- Accelerated Rejection
- Acute Rejection
- Chronic Rejection
- Mechanisms of Rejection
- General Characteristics
- Role of T Cells
- Antibody Effects
- Immunosuppression
- Pharmacologic Activity of Representative Immunosuppressant Drugs
- Azathioprine
- Corticosteroids
- Cyclosporine (Cyclosporin A)
- Tacrolimus
- Sirolimus
- Mycophenolate Mofetil
- Antilymphocyte (Antithymocyte) Globulin
- Nulojix
- Monoclonal Antibodies
- Immunosuppressive Protocols
- New Approaches in Immunosuppression
- Transplantation Complications
- Post–Organ Transplantation
- Infectious Diseases
- Cancer
- Osteoporosis
- Diabetes
- Hypertension
- Hypercholesterolemia
- Post–Stem Cell Transplantation
- Xenotransplantation
- Biomarkers for Rejection
- FOXP3 Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA)
- Graft-Versus-Host Disease
- Etiology
- Epidemiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Immunologic Manifestation
- Diagnostic Evaluation
- Prevention
- High-Risk Patients
- Intermediate-Risk Patients
- Low-Risk Patients
- Effects of Radiation on Specific Cellular Components
- Acute GVHD
- Chronic GVHD
- Current Directions
- Questions
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Principle
- Clinical Application
- 26. Tumor Immunology and Applications of Massive Parallel Sequencing/Next-Generation Sequencing
- Cancer Stem Cells
- Types of Tumors
- Benign Tumors
- Malignant Tumors
- Epidemiology
- Cancer in Adults
- Cancer in Children
- Risk Factors
- Causative Factors in Human Cancer
- Environmental Factors
- Microbial Carcinogens
- Host Factors and Disease Associations
- Impact of Somatic Mutations
- Driver, Actionable, and Passenger Mutations
- Stages of Carcinogenesis
- Cancer-Predisposing Genes
- Proto-Oncogenes
- p53 or tp53 Gene
- Role of Oncogenes
- Mechanisms of Activation
- Viral Oncogenes
- Tumor-Suppressing Genes
- Body Defenses Against Cancer
- T Lymphocytes
- Natural Killer Cells
- Macrophages
- Antibodies
- Tumor Markers
- Variety of Tumor Markers
- Categories of Tumor Antigens
- Tumor-Specific Antigens
- Tumor-Associated Antigens
- Carcinofetal Antigens
- Spontaneous Tumor Antigens
- Classic Tumor Markers
- Alpha-Fetoprotein
- CA 125
- Human Epididymis Protein 4
- Thyroglobulin
- Prostate-Specific Antigen and Prostatic Acid Phosphatase
- Carcinoembryonic Antigen
- CA 19-9
- CA 15-3
- CA 27.29: Breast Carcinoma–Associated Antigen
- HER2 (HER2/neu)
- Other Cancer Biomarkers
- Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
- Miscellaneous Enzyme Markers
- Miscellaneous Hormone Markers
- Breast, Ovarian, and Cervical Cancer Markers
- Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
- Molecular Diagnosis of Breast Cancer
- Bladder Cancer
- DNA Microarray Technology
- What’s New in Cancer Diagnostic Testing?
- Massive Parallel Sequencing/Next-Generation Sequencing
- Identification of Somatic Mutations
- Detection of Low Levels of Genomic Alterations
- Improved Management of Cancer Treatment
- Continuous Field Flow–Assisted Dielectrophoresis
- Modalities for Treating Cancer
- Chemotherapeutic Agents
- Cell Cycle Active, Phase Specific
- Cell Cycle Active, Phase Nonspecific
- Non–Cell Cycle Active
- Cytokines
- Effects of Drug-Induced Immunosuppression
- Monoclonal Antibody Therapy
- Questions
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Question
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Principle
- Clinical Applications
- Part VI. Vaccines
- 27. Vaccines: Development and Applications
- Leading-Edge Vaccines
- Malaria Vaccines
- RTS,S/AS01
- R21/Matrix-M
- RSV Vaccines
- Shigella
- Tuberculosis
- Goal of Vaccination
- General Vaccine Facts
- What is a Vaccine?
- History of Vaccines
- How Vaccines Work
- Types of Vaccines
- Inactivated Vaccines
- Live, Attenuated Vaccines
- Nucleic Acid Vaccines
- DNA Vaccines
- RNA Vaccines
- Covid Vaccine Development
- Virus-Like Particle (VLP) Vaccines
- Subunit Vaccines and Carriers
- Recombinant Protein Vaccine
- Polysaccharide and Conjugate Vaccines
- Replicating and Nonreplicating Viral Vector–Based Vaccines
- Model of Vaccine Development
- Step 1. Identify and Sequence the Virus
- Step 2: Determine the Target
- Step 3: Conduct Preclinical Trials
- Step 4: Initiate Human Clinical Trials
- Step 5: Obtain Regulatory Approval
- Step 6: Establish Manufacturing and Distribution
- Host Response to Vaccination
- Rates of Vaccination
- Sites of Vaccine Administration
- Representative Diseases Associated With Newer Approved or Investigational Vaccines
- Chikungunya Vaccine
- Dengue Fever Vaccine
- Herpes Zoster (Shingles) Vaccine
- HIV/AIDS
- Vaccine Development
- Vaccine Problems
- 1984
- 1987
- 1988
- 1992
- 1998
- 1999
- 2000
- 2003
- 2004
- 2007
- 2009
- 2010
- 2011
- 2012
- 2013
- 2015
- 2016
- 2017
- 2019
- 2020
- HIV Vaccine Research
- HVTN 702
- Imbokodo (HPX2008/HVTN 705) and Mosaico (HPX3002/HVTN 706)
- Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies (bNAbs)
- HPTN 084
- Clinical Trials
- Vaccine Expectations
- Influenza
- Vaccinations for International Travel
- International Travel Vaccines
- Epidemiology of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
- Travel-Only Vaccines and Chemoprophylaxis for Adults
- Cancer Vaccines
- Prophylactic Vaccines
- Gardasil
- Cervarix
- Therapeutic vaccines
- Applications of Vaccines
- Cancer Treatment Vaccines
- Clinical Trials
- Leukemia
- Vaccines in Biodefense
- Smallpox
- Category A Agents
- Smallpox Vaccine
- Anthrax
- Vaccine Safety Issues
- Concerns About Vaccines
- Vaccine Side Effects and Adverse Events
- Monitoring of Adverse Events with Vaccines
- Questions
- Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
- Principle
- Clinical Application
- Appendix A. Answers to Case Study Multiple-Choice Questions
- Chapter 1: Foundations of Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems
- Case Study 1.1
- Chapter 2: Soluble Mediators of the Immune System
- Case Study 2.1
- Chapter 3: Antigens and Antibodies
- Case Study 3.1
- Chapter 4: Cellular Activities and Clinical Disorders of Innate and Adaptive Immunity
- Case Study 4.1
- Case Study 4.2
- Case Study 4.3
- Chapter 5: Basic Safety in the Immunology-Serology Laboratory
- Case Study 5.1
- Chapter 6: Basic Quality Control and Quality Assurance Practices
- Case Study 6.1
- Chapter 7: Basic Serologic Laboratory: Techniques and Clinical Applications
- Case Study 7.1
- Case Study 7.2
- Chapter 8: Precipitation and Particle Agglutination Methods
- Case Study 8.1
- Chapter 9: Electrophoresis Techniques and Chromatography
- Case Study 9.1
- Chapter 10: Labeling Techniques in Immunoassay
- Case Study 10.1
- Chapter 11: Flow Cytometry
- Case Study 11.1
- Chapter 12: Molecular Laboratory Techniques
- Case Study 12.1
- Chapter 13: Infectious Diseases: Overview and Torch Diseases
- Case Study 13.1
- Case Study 13.2
- Case Study 13.3
- Case Study 13.4
- Chapter 14: Streptococcal Infections
- Case Study 14.1
- Chapter 15: Syphilis
- Case Study 15.1
- Chapter 16: Vector-Borne Diseases
- Case Study 16.1
- Case Study 16.2
- Case Study 16.3
- Case Study 16.4
- Case Study 16.5
- Chapter 17: Infectious Mononucleosis
- Case Study 17.1
- Chapter 18: Viral Hepatitis
- Case Study 18.1
- Case Study 18.2
- Case Study 18.3
- Case Study 18.4
- Chapter 19: Primary and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndromes
- Case Study 19.1
- Case Study 19.2
- Case Study 19.3
- Chapter 20: Hypersensitivity Reactions
- Case Study 20.1
- Case Study 20.2
- Case Study 20.3
- Case Study 20.4
- Case Study 20.5
- Chapter 21: Plasma Cell Neoplasms and Other Diseases with Paraproteins
- Case Study 21.1
- Chapter 22: Tolerance, Autoimmunity, and Autoimmune Disorders
- Case Study 22.1
- Case Study 22.2
- Chapter 23: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- Case Study 23.1
- Case Study 23.2
- Chapter 24: Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Case Study 24.1
- Case Study 24.2
- Chapter 25: Transplantation: Human Leukocyte Antigens, Solid Organ, Tissues, and Hematopoietic Stem Cells
- Case Study 25.1
- Chapter 26: Tumor Immunology and Applications of Massive Parallel Sequencing/Next-Generation Sequencing
- Case Study 26.1
- Case Study 26.2
- Chapter 27: Vaccines: Development and Applications
- Case Study 27.1
- Appendix B. Answers to Review Questions
- Chapter 1: Foundations of Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems
- Chapter 2: Soluble Mediators of the Immune System
- Chapter 3: Antigens and Antibodies
- Chapter 4: Cellular Activities and Clinical Disorders of Innate and Adaptive Immunity
- Chapter 5: Basic Safety in the Immunology-Serology Laboratory
- Chapter 6: Basic Quality Control and Quality Assurance Practices
- Chapter 7: Basic Serologic Laboratory: Techniques and Clinical Applications
- Chapter 8: Precipitation and Particle Agglutination Methods
- Chapter 9: Electrophoresis Techniques and Chromatography
- Chapter 10: Labeling Techniques in Immunoassay
- Chapter 11: Flow Cytometry
- Chapter 12: Molecular Laboratory Techniques
- Chapter 13: Infectious Diseases: Overview and Torch Diseases
- Chapter 14: Streptococcal Infections
- Chapter 15: Syphilis
- Chapter 16: Vector-Borne Diseases
- Chapter 17: Infectious Mononucleosis
- Chapter 18: Viral Hepatitis
- Chapter 19: Primary and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndromes
- Chapter 20: Hypersensitivity Reactions
- Chapter 21: Plasma Cell Neoplasms and Other Diseases with Paraproteins
- Chapter 22: Tolerance, Autoimmunity, and Autoimmune Disorders
- Chapter 23: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- Chapter 24: Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Chapter 25: Transplantation: Human Leukocyte Antigens, Solid Organ, Tissues, and Hematopoietic Stem Cells
- Chapter 26: Tumor Immunology and Applications of Massive Parallel Sequencing/Next-Generation Sequencing
- Chapter 27: Vaccines: Development and Applications
- Appendix C. Origin and Immunoregulatory Activity of Cytokines
- Appendix D. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
- Guidance for General Laboratory Safety Practices During the COVID-19 Pandemic
- General Guidance
- Social Distancing
- Face Coverings
- Personal Hygiene and Disinfection
- Appendix E. Vaccines Licensed for Use in the United States by the Federal Drug Administration
- Bibliography
- Glossary
- Index
- Edition: 8
- Published: December 30, 2024
- Imprint: Elsevier
- No. of pages: 600
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN: 9780443122989
- eBook ISBN: 9780443123313
MT
Mary Louise Turgeon
Mary Louise Turgeon, EdD, MLS(ASCP)CM, is an educator, author, and consultant in medical laboratory science education. Her career includes roles as a community college professor, Medical Laboratory Technology program director, undergraduate and graduate university professor, Medical Laboratory Science program director, and departmental chairperson. Dr. Turgeon is currently an ad hoc educational content specialist for the College of Professional Studies, Northeastern University, Boston,
and maintains an active clinical laboratory science consulting practice. Her practice, Mary L. Turgeon and Associates, focuses on new program development, curriculum revision, and increasing teaching effectiveness
through the use of technology and interactive teaching strategies.
Affiliations and expertise
Clinical Laboratory Education Consultant, Mary L. Turgeon and Associates, Boston, Massachusetts; St. Petersburg, Florida; Associate Professor, Chair, Department of Medical Laboratory Science (previous), Northeastern University, Bouve College of Health Professions, Boston, Massachusetts; Professor, Program Director (previous), Medical Laboratory Technology, Corning Community College, Corning, New York