Immobilized Enzymes For Industrial Reactors

Contributors

Preface

Chapter 1. Introduction and General History of Immobilized Enzymes

I. History of Enzymes

II. History of Immobilized Enzymes

III. The Proliferation of the Technology

IV. Reasons for Immobilizing Enzymes

V. Immobilization Techniques

VI. Proliferation of Carriers

VII. Reactors

VIII. Scope of the Technology

IX. Economic Considerations and Precautions

X. Enzyme Purity

References

Chapter 2. Basic Enzymology

I. Enzymes as Proteins

II. Enzymes as Catalysts

Effect of Time on Activity

Effect of Temperature on Activity

Effect of pH on Activity

Other Factors That Can Influence Activity

Effect of Substrate Concentration on Activity (Kinetic Expressions)

Effect of Inhibitors on Activity

Some Thermodynamic Considerations

III. Enzymes as Specific Catalysts

References

Chapter 3. Controlled-Pore Glasses for Enzyme Immobilization

I. Introduction

II. Preparation of Controlled-Pore Glasses

III. Surface Areas of Controlled-Pore Glasses

IV. Surface Properties of Porous Glass

V. Some Surface Reactions of Porous Glass

Esterification

Diazomethane Reactions

Surface Fluorination

Chlorination of Surfaces

Surface Reactions with Ammonia

Reaction with Organosilicon Compounds

VI. Durability of Controlled-Pore Glass

VII. Physical Characteristics of Controlled-Pore Glasses

VIII. Summary

References

Chapter 4. Carriers

I. Carrier Morphology and Configuration

II. Microbial Considerations

III. Selecting a Carrier

IV. Carrier Regeneration

V. Optimizing the Carrier

References

Chapter 5. Immobilization by Adsorption and Inorganic Bridge Formation

Adsorption

I. Definition

II. Promising Applications

III. Theory, Mechanisms and Application Considerations

IV. Example of Immobilization by Adsorption

Inorganic Bridge Formation

References

Chapter 6. Immobilization by Covalent Attachment and by Entrapment

I. Methods for the Covalent Attachment of Enzymes to Water Insoluble Carriers

II. Methods for Covalent Attachment of Proteins to Inorganic Supports

III. Copolymerization of Proteins

IV. Proteins Immobilized by Intermolecular Cross-Linking

V. Entrapment of Proteins within Polymer Matrices

VI. Microencapsulation

VII. Ultrafiltration and Hollow-Fiber Devices

References

Chapter 7. Characteristics of Free vs. Immobilized Enzymes

References

Chapter 8. Immobilized Coenzymes

References

Chapter 9. Design and Operation of Immobilized Enzyme Reactors

I. Introduction

II. Reactor Types

III. Immobilized Enzyme Reactor Performance

IV. Mass Transfer

External

Internal

V. Electrostatic Effects

VI. Backmixing

VII. Temperature

VIII. IME Activity Loss

IX. Heat Transfer

X. Pressure Drop

XI. IME Reactor Operating Strategy

XII. General Design Considerations for IME Systems

XIII. IME System Cost Estimate

References

Chapter 10. Applications of Immobilized Enzymes

I. Introduction

II. Immobilized Enzyme Applications

Hydrolysis of Proteins

Cheese Manufacturing

Conversion of Cornstarch to Dextrose

Conversion of Dextrose to Fructose

Hydrolysis of Lactose in Whey

L-Amino Acid Acylase for Amino Acid Resolution

Analytical Applications

Biomedical Applications

References

Subject Index