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Ideal and Real Atmospheric Boundary Layers
- 1st Edition - January 20, 2025
- Authors: Mathias W. Rotach, Albert A. M. Holtslag
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 5 9 5 7 - 5
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 5 9 5 8 - 2
Ideal and Real Atmospheric Boundary Layers is based on the notion that classical books of Boundary Layer Meteorology largely focus on ideal surface conditions, while the actual re… Read more
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Request a sales quoteIdeal and Real Atmospheric Boundary Layers is based on the notion that classical books of Boundary Layer Meteorology largely focus on ideal surface conditions, while the actual real circumstances often address situations that are more complex, like over heterogeneous land and in urban and mountain areas.
Ideal and Real Atmospheric Boundary Layers starts by covering the basic physical principles used in atmospheric boundary layer meteorology, including atmospheric turbulence, observing and modeling atmospheric boundary layers, and neutral, convective, and stable boundary layers over different types of land surfaces. The second part of the book describes the applications and extension of these principles for real-world circumstances. The book will be of interest to researchers and students in atmospheric science, climate science, and meteorology.
- Covers state of current research into ideal and real boundary layers
- Includes methods and applications of the principles covered in the book
- Features highly visual content, including infographics to further exemplify principles and applications covered in the text
Researchers and M.Sc. / PhD. Level students in atmospheric and climate science, Government Met. Services, research institutions, and environmental agencies developing meteorological/climate services
- Ideal and Real Atmospheric Boundary Layers
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Preface
- List of symbols and acronyms
- Latin symbols
- Greek symbols
- Acronyms
- Chapter 1 Introduction
- Abstract
- Keywords
- 1.1 The Atmospheric Boundary Layer
- 1.2 Phenomenological overview
- 1.2.1 The ideal neutral boundary layer
- 1.2.2 The convective boundary layer
- 1.2.3 The stable boundary layer
- 1.2.4 The boundary layer height
- 1.3 Surface energy budget and the daily cycle
- References
- Part I: Ideal atmospheric boundary layers
- Chapter 2 A brief introduction to atmospheric turbulence
- Abstract
- Keywords
- 2.1 The turbulence syndrome
- 2.2 The Reynolds number
- 2.3 Laminar vs. turbulent flows
- 2.3.1 Viscosity
- 2.3.2 Comparing laminar and turbulent flows
- 2.3.3 Turbulent flow in the atmospheric boundary layer
- 2.4 Tools to describe turbulent atmospheric flows
- References
- Chapter 3 Statistical treatment of turbulence
- Abstract
- Keywords
- 3.1 Averaging, stationarity and homogeneity
- 3.1.1 Ensemble averages
- 3.2 Taylor hypothesis
- 3.3 Reynolds decomposition
- 3.4 Covariances and their physical meaning
- 3.5 Other turbulence variables
- References
- Chapter 4 Conservation equations for turbulent flows
- Abstract
- Keywords
- 4.1 Conservation equations for mean variables in a turbulent flow
- 4.1.1 Equation of state for ideal gases
- 4.1.2 Continuity equation (conservation of mass)
- 4.1.3 Conservation of momentum
- 4.1.4 Conservation of energy
- 4.1.5 Mass conservation for a trace constituent
- 4.1.6 Summary of first order conservation equations
- 4.2 Conservation equations for higher order moments
- 4.3 The closure problem
- References
- Chapter 5 Turbulent kinetic energy and dynamical stability
- Abstract
- Keywords
- 5.1 TKE-equation
- 5.1.1 Shear production of TKE
- 5.1.2 Turbulent transport of TKE
- 5.1.3 Dissipation of TKE
- 5.1.4 Idealized profiles
- 5.2 Dynamic stability measures
- 5.2.1 The flux Richardson number
- 5.2.2 The gradient Richardson number
- 5.2.3 The bulk Richardson number
- 5.2.4 Stability measure in the surface layer
- 5.3 Turbulence potential energy
- References
- Chapter 6 Similarity theory
- Abstract
- Keywords
- 6.1 Motivation
- 6.2 Scaling and similarity
- 6.3 Practical approach
- 6.3.1 Specification of the scaling regime
- 6.3.2 Relevant processes
- 6.3.3 Buckingham's π-theorem
- 6.3.4 Scaling variables
- 6.3.5 Experiment
- 6.4 Monin-Obukhov similarity theory for the surface layer
- 6.5 Scaling regimes
- 6.5.1 Surface layer scaling (MOST)
- 6.5.2 Free convection layer
- 6.5.3 Local scaling for the SBL and z-less scaling
- 6.5.4 Mixed layer scaling
- References
- Chapter 7 Turbulence spectra
- Abstract
- Keywords
- 7.1 Introduction to spectral analysis
- 7.2 Energy cascade
- 7.3 Kolmogorov hypotheses
- 7.4 Spectra and co-spectra
- 7.4.1 Surface layer spectra
- 7.4.2 Mixed layer spectra
- 7.4.3 Spectra in the local scaling layer
- 7.5 Application of spectral information
- References
- Chapter 8 Observing and modeling atmospheric boundary layers
- Abstract
- Keywords
- 8.1 Measurements, post processing and useful diagnostics
- 8.1.1 Measurements & post processing of turbulence variables in the ABL
- 8.1.2 Useful diagnostics
- 8.1.3 Boundary layer height
- 8.2 Modeling and parameterization
- 8.2.1 Diagnostic mixing parameterizations
- 8.2.2 Prognostic mixing parameterizations
- 8.2.3 Setting up an atmospheric model
- References
- Chapter 9 The neutral boundary layer
- Abstract
- Keywords
- 9.1 The surface layer
- 9.2 Ekman boundary layer wind profile and depth
- 9.3 Boundary layer resistance law
- 9.4 Alternative boundary layer wind profile
- 9.5 Turbulence in neutral boundary layers
- References
- Chapter 10 The convective boundary layer
- Abstract
- Keywords
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 Turbulent mixing of heat and momentum
- 10.3 Modeling convective boundary layers
- 10.4 Land-atmosphere interactions and formation of boundary layer clouds
- 10.5 Surface layer wind gradients and profiles
- References
- Chapter 11 The stable boundary layer
- Abstract
- Keywords
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 The wind profile
- 11.3 The temperature profile
- 11.4 Modeling stable boundary layers
- 11.5 Turbulence in stable boundary layers
- 11.6 Stable boundary layer depth
- 11.7 Small-scale processes in the SBL and their interaction with SBL dynamics
- References
- Part II: Real atmospheric boundary layers
- Chapter 12 Non-ideal boundary layers
- Abstract
- Keywords
- 12.1 Overview
- 12.2 Non-horizontally homogeneous surfaces
- 12.3 Large roughness elements—Very rough surfaces
- 12.4 Influence of orography
- References
- Chapter 13 Surface inhomogeneity and heterogeneity effects
- Abstract
- Keywords
- 13.1 Overview
- 13.2 Simple two-surface systems
- 13.2.1 Internal boundary layers
- 13.2.2 Internal boundary layer (IBL) height
- 13.3 Heterogeneous surfaces
- 13.3.1 Blending height and effective fluxes
- 13.3.2 Advective enhancement of energy fluxes
- 13.4 Assessing surface influence
- 13.4.1 Footprint modeling
- 13.4.2 A similarity-based footprint model
- References
- Chapter 14 Flow over rough surfaces
- Abstract
- Keywords
- 14.1 General considerations
- 14.1.1 Spatial scales
- 14.1.2 Methods to investigate turbulence in and above canopies
- 14.2 Mean profiles
- 14.2.1 Momentum transfer
- 14.2.2 Mean wind speed
- 14.2.3 Profiles of thermodynamic variables
- 14.2.4 Turbulent kinetic energy
- 14.3 Scaling in the roughness sublayer above the canopy
- References
- Chapter 15 Exchange processes within vegetated and urban canopies
- Abstract
- Keywords
- 15.1 Coherent structures
- 15.2 Mixing layer analogy
- 15.3 A unified roughness sublayer theory
- 15.3.1 Validity and basic assumptions
- 15.3.2 Formulation and further assumptions
- 15.4 Canopy impacts on urban dispersion modeling
- 15.4.1 Eulerian approach
- 15.4.2 Lagrangian approach
- References
- Chapter 16 Boundary layers over orography
- Abstract
- Keywords
- 16.1 Introduction to mountain boundary layers
- 16.2 Idealized flow regimes: Flows on sloped surfaces
- 16.3 Idealized flow regimes: Valley and slope wind circulations
- 16.4 Idealized flow regimes: Flow over Gentle Hills
- 16.4.1 Linear theory
- 16.4.2 Flow features over gentle hills
- 16.4.3 Estimation of drag on hills
- 16.4.4 Canopies on low hills
- References
- Chapter 17 Characteristics of real terrain mountain boundary layers
- Abstract
- Keywords
- 17.1 Horizontal inhomogeneity of the MoBL
- 17.1.1 Surface energy balance (SEB) in complex terrain
- 17.1.2 Spatial variability of daily cycles
- 17.2 Vertical structure of the MoBL
- 17.2.1 Daytime vertical potential temperature structure
- 17.2.2 Night time (stable) vertical structure
- 17.2.3 The MoBL height
- 17.3 Turbulence structure of the MoBL
- 17.4 Similarity in the MoBL
- 17.4.1 Applicability of MOST over complex terrain
- 17.4.2 Scaling outside the SL over complex terrain
- 17.4.3 Isotropy scaling in complex terrain
- 17.5 Exchange to the free troposphere
- References
- Chapter 18 Observing and modeling real atmospheric boundary layers
- Abstract
- Keywords
- 18.1 Observational challenges in complex terrain
- 18.1.1 Measurements and post processing of turbulence variables in complex terrain
- 18.1.2 Chances and caveats for certain measurement principles
- 18.1.3 Useful diagnostics in complex terrain
- 18.2 Challenges for numerical modeling over complex terrain
- 18.2.1 Numerical approaches for heterogeneous surfaces
- 18.2.2 Surface exchange parameterization over tall canopies
- 18.2.3 Challenges of ABL modeling over terrain influenced by orography
- 18.3 Synthesis
- References
- Index
- No. of pages: 360
- Language: English
- Edition: 1
- Published: January 20, 2025
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Paperback ISBN: 9780323959575
- eBook ISBN: 9780323959582
MR
Mathias W. Rotach
Prof. Mathias W. Rotach holds a PhD in Environmental Physics from The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETHZ) with a specialization in Atmospheric Physics. He is a full Professor in Dynamic Meteorology at the University of Innsbruck, Austria. His research group in Innsbruck is specialized in boundary layer dynamics and exchange processes over complex terrain, such as mountainous and urban surfaces. He has (co-)authored around 130 peer-reviewed papers on various aspects in boundary layer meteorology.
Affiliations and expertise
Professor of Dynamic Meteorology, Innsbruck University, AustriaAH
Albert A. M. Holtslag
Prof. Albert (Bert) A.M. Holtslag holds a PhD in Boundary Layer Meteorology from Wageningen University in the Netherlands. He is Emeritus Professor of Meteorology and former Chair at the Meteorology and Air Quality Section at Wageningen University (1999-2019). With his research group he worked on many aspects of atmospheric boundary layers over land, including air quality dispersion, urban weather and climate and land-atmosphere interactions. He has (co-)authored around 180 peer-reviewed papers on various aspects in boundary layer meteorology.
Affiliations and expertise
Emeritus Professor of Meteorology, Wageningen University, NetherlandsRead Ideal and Real Atmospheric Boundary Layers on ScienceDirect