Ice Microdynamics

Ice Particles in the AtmosphereIce Particles - a Personal PerspectiveSome Historical Notes on the Knowledge of Ice Particles in Ancient ChinaThe Hexagonal Shape of SnowflakesProtection of Crops from the ColdObservations of Frost-Free and Dew-Free Situation in High MountainsA Brief Summary of the Following Chapters

Mathematical Descriptions of Ice Particle Size and ShapeSize Distribution Versus Size-Shape DistributionsMathematical Expression Describing the Two-Dimensional Shapes of Hexagonal Ice CrystalsApproximating an Exact Hexagonal PlateTwo-Dimensional Characterization of an Ensemble of Planar Hexagonal Ice CrystalsMathematical Expressions Describing the Three-Dimensional Shapes of Ice CrystalsThree-Dimensional Mathematical Expression Describing Planar Hexagonal CrystalsThree-Dimensional Mathematical Expressions Describing Spatial Dendrites and RosettesMathematical Expressions Describing Conical HydrometeorsMathematical Formula - 2-D Cross-SectionFitting Procedure and ExamplesExamples and DiscussionsCross-Sectional Area, Volume, and Area of the Surface of Revolution3-D Expression of Conical Particles with Circular and Elliptical Cross-Sections

Hydrodynamics of Small Ice ParticlesFall Attitude of Ice ParticlesReview of Previous StudiesThe Physics and Mathematics of Unsteady Flow Fields Around Non-Spherical Ice ParticlesThe Numerical SchemeResults and DiscussionsRemarks on the Flow Fields Around Larger Falling Ice Particles

Vapor Diffusion, Ventilation, and Collision Efficiencies of Ice CrystalsIntroductionVapor Diffusion Fields Around a Stationary Columnar Ice CrystalVentilation Coefficients for Falling Ice CrystalsCollision Efficiencies of Ice Crystals Collecting Supercooled Droplets

Scavenging and Transportation of Aerosol Particles by Ice Crystals in CloudsImportance of Aerosol Particles in the AtmospherePhysical Mechanisms of Precipitation ScavengingThe Theoretical Problem of Ice Scavenging of Aerosol ParticlesPhysics and Mathematics of the ModelsEfficiency of Ice Plates Collecting Aerosol ParticlesEfficiency of Columnar Ice Crystals Collecting Aerosol ParticlesComparison of Collection Efficiency of Aerosol Particles by Individual Water droplets, ice plates, and ice columnsExperimental Verification of Collection Efficiencies

Section 6 Evolution of Ice Crystals in the Development of Cirrus CloudsCirrus Clouds, Radiation and ClimatePhysics of the ModelDesign of the Present Simulation StudyNumerics of the ModelResults and Discussions

Appendix A. Area of an Axial Cross-sectionAppendix B. Calculation of Volume Appendix C. Closed Form Expression of the Conical VolumeReferencesList of Figures