Hypercrosslinked Polymeric Networks and Adsorbing Materials

Hypercrosslinked Polymeric Networks and Separation Media

INTRODUCTION

PART I. KNOWN TYPES OF POLYSTYRENE NETWORKS

1. GEL-TYPE (HOMOGENEOUS) POLYSTYRENE NETWORKS 1.1. Gel-type styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers by free radical copolymerization 1.1.1. Monomer reactivity ratio in crosslinking copolymerization1.1.2. Monomer reactivity ratios of styrene and divinylbenzene isomers1.2. Gel-type styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers by anionic copolymerization 1.2.1. Synthesis of model “ideal” styrene-divinylbenzene networks by anionic block-copolymerization1.2.2. Verification of swelling theory1.2.3. Characterization of model networks by small angle neutron scattering (SANS) technique1.2.4. Presumptive mechanism of swelling of model networks1.2.5. Interpenetration of polymeric coils in model networks1.2.6. Study of model networks by the other methods 1.3. Gel-type ion exchange resins

2. INTERPENETRATING POLYSTYRENE NETWORKS 2.1. Interpenetrating styrene-divinylbenzene networks 2.2. Interpenetrating ion exchange resins

3. MACROPOROUS (HETEROGENEOUS) POLYSTYRENE NETWORKS 3.1. Macroporous styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers 3.1.1. Determination of the porous structure parameters3.1.2. Phase separation during the crosslinking copolymerization in the presence of diluents3.1.3. Formation of macroporous copolymers in the presence of precipitating diluents 3.1.3.1. Experimental findings3.1.3.2. Formation of macroporous texture in the presence of precipitating diluents 3.1.4. Formation of macroporous copolymers in the presence of solvating diluents 3.1.5. Formation of macroporous copolymers in the presence of linear polystyrene 3.2. Macroporous ion exchange resins

4. GIGAPOROUS POLYMERIC SEPARATING MEDIA4.1. Formation of gigaporous texture in the presence of solid porogens 4.2. Formation of gigaporous texture by polymerization of reversed emulsions 4.3. Porous polymeric monolith 4.3.1. In situ preparation of porous continuous polymeric beds4.3.2. Polymeric monoliths in chromatography and electrochromatography

5. ISOPOROUS ANION EXCHANGE RESINS

References to PART I

PART II. HYPERCROSSLINKED POLYSTYRENE NETWORKS

6. PREPARATION OF MACRONET ISOPOROUS AND HYPERCROSSLINKED POLYSTYRENE NETWORKS6.1. Basic principles of formation of hypercrosslinked polystyrene networks6.2. Crosslinking agents and chemistry of post-crosslinking 6.3. New terms for polymeric networks6.4. Synthesis of macronet isoporous and hypercrosslinked polystyrene networks6.4.1. Choice of solvents and catalysts6.4.2. Synthesis conditions of macronet isoporous and hypercrosslinked polystyrene networks6.4.3. FTIR spectra of hypercrosslinked polystyrenes.6.4.4. Some chemical groups in the structure of hypercrosslinked polystyrene6.4.5. Synthesis of hypercrosslinked networks in the presence of aqueous solutions of Friedel-Crafts catalysts

7. PROPERTIES OF HYPERCROSSLINKED POLYSTYRENE7.1. Factors determining the swelling behavior of hypercrosslinked polystyrene networks7.1.1. The influence of dilution of the initial system7.1.2. The role of the initial copolymer network 7.1.3. Influence of the uniformity of crosslink distribution7.1.4. The role of inner stresses of the hypercrosslinked network and the structure of crosslinking bridges7.1.5. The role of the reaction rate of polystyrene with crosslinking agents 7.1.6. The effect of the reaction medium 7.1.7. The influence of polystyrene molecular weight7.2. Kinetics of swelling of hypercrosslinked polystyrene7.3. Some remarks concerning the swelling ability of three-dimensional polymers7.4. Swelling and deformation of hypercrosslinked networks7.4.1. Physical background of photoelasticity phenomenon7.4.2. Visualization of inner stresses in networks on swelling7.5. Porosity of hypercrosslinked polystyrene7.5.1. Apparent density of hypercrosslinked polystyrenes7.5.2. Apparent inner surface area of hypercrosslinked polystyrenes7.5.3. Pore volume of hypercrosslinked polymers7.5.4. Pore size and pore size distribution of hypercrosslinked polystyrenes Low temperature adsorption of nitrogen Mercury intrusion Inversed size exclusion chromatography Annihilation of positroniumMiscellaneous techniques 7.6. Morphology of hypercrosslinked polystyrenes7.6.1. Investigation of polymer texture by electron microscopy7.6.2. Investigation of hypercrosslinked polystyrenes by small angle X-ray scattering 7.7. Biporous hypercrosslinked polystyrene networks7.8. Thermomechanical properties of hypercrosslinked polystyrene7.8.1. Thermomechanical tests and the physical state of hypercrosslinked networks 7.8.2. Thermodilatometric analysis of hypercrosslinked polymers7.8.3. Thermal stability of hypercrosslinked polystyrene7.9. Deswelling of porous network polymers

8. SOLUBLE INTRAMOLECULARLY HYPERCROSSLINKED NANOSPONGES8.1. Intramolecular crosslinking of polystyrene coils8.2. Properties of polystyrene nanosponges8.3. Self-assembling of nanosponges to regular clusters

9. HYPERCROSSLINKED POLYMERS – A NOVEL CLASS OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS9.1. Distinguishing structural features of hypercrosslinked polystyrene networks 9.2. Unusual structure-property relations for hypercrosslinked polystyrene 9.3. Other types of hypercrosslinked networks9.3.1. Macroporous hypercrosslinked styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers and related networks9.3.2. Hypercrosslinked polysulfone9.3.3. Hypercrosslinked polyarylates 9.3.4. Hypercrosslinked polyxylylene9.3.5. Hypercrosslinked polyanilines9.3.6. Hypercrosslinked polyamide and polyimide networks9.3.7. Hydrophilic hypercrosslinked pyridine-containing polymers9.3.8. Other types of hypercrosslinked organic polymers9.3.9. Hypercrosslinked polysilsesquioxane networks9.3.10. Metal-organic frameworks9.4. Commercially available hypercrosslinked polystyrene resins

References to PART II

PART III. APPLICATION OF HYPERCROSSLINKED POLYSTYRENE ADSORBING MATERIALS

10. SORPTION OF GASES AND ORGANIC VAPORS10.1. Polymeric adsorbents versus activated carbons10.2. Analysis of adsorption isotherms on hypercrosslinked polystyrenes10.3. Sorption of organic vapors under static conditions10.4. Kinetics of sorption of hydrocarbon vapors10.5. Sorption of hydrocarbon vapors under dynamic conditions10.6. Desorption of hydrocarbons10.7. Passivity of hypercrosslinked sorbents10.8. Evaluation of adsorption activity of hypercrosslinked sorbents by means of gas chromatography

11. SORPTION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS11.1. Sorption of organic synthetic dyes11.2. Sorption of tributyl ester of phosphoric acid 11.3. Sorption of n-valeric acid11.4. Clarification of colored fermentation liquids 11.5. Sorption of lipids11.6. Sorption of gasoline 11.7. Sorption of phenols11.8. Removal of chloroform from industrial waste water11.9. Sorption of pesticides11.10. Extraction of caffeine from coffee beans11.11. Decolorizing aqueous sugar syrups11.12. Removal of bitterness from citrus juice 11.13. Sorption of cephalosporin C11.14. Sorption of miscellaneous organic compounds11.15. Hypercrosslinked sorbents versus Amberlite XAD-411.16. Sorption of inorganic cations

12. NANOPOROUS ADSORBING MATERIALS IN SIZE-EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY OF MINERAL ELECTROLYTES12.1. Development of the chromatographic separations of mineral electrolytes under conditions excluding ion exchange. Related work by others12.2. Preparative separation of electrolytes via ion size exclusion (ISE) on neutral nanoporous materials 12.3. Remarkable features of size-exclusion chromatography12.4. Size of hydrated ions12.5. Selectivity of separation in ion size exclusion12.6. Phase distribution of ions between aqueous solutions and nanoporous materials12.7. Conception of “ideal separation process”12.8. Size-exclusion chromatography – a general approach to separation of electrolytes12.8.1. Use of other microporous column packings12.8.2. Productivity of ion size exclusion process12.8.3. Ion size exclusion – green technology12.9. Application niche for size-exclusion chromatography of electrolytes12.10. Chromatographic resolution of a salt into its parent acid and base constituents

13. HYPERCROSSLINKED POLYSTYRENE AS COLUMN PACKING MATERAL IN HPLC13.1. Macroporous polystyrene versus silica-based HPLC packings13.2. Hypercrosslinked polystyrene as restricted access adsorption material13.3. Ion exchanging and metal complexing ability of hypercrosslinked polystyrene13.4. --Interaction selectivity in HPLC on hypercrosslinked polystyrene13.4.1. Reversed phase chromatography13.4.2. Quasi-normal phase chromatography13.4.3. Mixed-mode chromatography

14. SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS WITH HYPERCROSSLINKED SORBENTS14.1 Why pre-concentration is needed?14.2. Basic principle of solid-phase extraction14.3. SPE pre-concentration of phenolic compounds14.4. SPE trace enrichment of pesticides14.5. SPE trace enrichment of pharmaceuticals 14.6. SPE enrichment of organic compounds from biological liquids14.7. SPE in food analysis14.8. SPE enrichment of organic acids14.9. SPE enrichment of miscellaneous compounds14.10. Hypercrosslinked polystyrene sorbents versus Oasis HLB14.11. --Interactions and SPE from non-aqueous media14.12. Pre-concentration of volatile organic compounds in air

15. HYPERCROSSLINKED POLYSTYRENE AS HEMOSORBENTS15.1. Hemoperfusion vs hemodialysis in blood purification15.2. Hypercrosslinked polymers for the removal of b2-microglobulin15.3. Biocompatibility of hypercrosslinked polystyrene: in vitro and in vivo studies15.4. Clinical studies15.5. Further perspectives for hemoperfusion on hypercrosslinked sorbents

16. HYPERCROSSLINKED ION EXCHANGE RESINS 16.1. Ion exchange capacity and swelling behavior of hypercrosslinked strong acidic ion exchange resins 16.2. Kinetics of ion exchange on hypercrosslinked resins16.3. Selectivity of ion exchange on hypercrosslinked strong acidic cation exchange resins16.4. Porosity of dry hypercrosslinked strong acidic ion exchange resins16.5. Anion exchange resins 16.6. Properties of commercial hypercrosslinked ion exchange resins

17. OTHER APPLICATIONS OF HYPERCROSSLINKED POLYSTYRENE17.1. Extraction of rhenium by impregnated hypercrosslinked sorbents17.2. Heterogeneous membranes filled with hypercrosslinked polystyrene17.3. Nanocomposite catalysts of organic reactions17.4. Storage of hydrogen and methane on hypercrosslinked polystyrene17.5. Carbonaceous sorbents based on hypercrosslinked polystyrene