Hydronautics

List of Contributors

Preface

Acknowledgements

I. Ocean Resources

I. Geophysics: Resource Evolution from the Sea

II. Petroleum

A. Petroleum Products and Demand

B. Petroleum

C. Petroleum Reserves

D. The Offshore Oil Industry

E. Offshore Operations

F. Offshore Operations and the Role of Underwater Technology

G. Transportation

H. An Illustration of How Offshore Operations are Conducted

III. Minerals

A. Orientation

B. Current Status

C. Incentives

D. Operations

IV. Living Resources

A. Products

B. Supplies and Demands

C. US Exploitation

D. Operations as Presently Practiced

E. Suggestions Regarding Large-Scale Farming

V. Energy

VI. Pollution

A. Definition

B. Sources

C. Effects of Pollutants

D. Pollution Management

VII. Recreation

II. Oceanic Environment

I. Introduction

II. Environmental Influences on Acoustic Systems

A. System Examples

B. Sound Absorption

C. Sound Velocity Structure

D. Surface Reflection

E. Noise

F. Sea Noise

G. Sea Floor

H. Volume Scattering

III. Factors Relating to Electromagnetic Systems

A. Introduction

B. Conductivity Effects

C. Electromagnetic Noise

D. Magnetostatic Environment

E. Infrared

F. Visible Light

IV. Gravitational Variations

V. Background Radioactivity

References

III. Oceanic Dynamics

I. Introduction

II. Waves

III. Currents

IV. Coastal Water

References

IV. Underwater Navigation

I. Underwater Operations Require a Navigation Capability

II. Deep-Ocean Navigation was of Little Concern Prior to 1963

III. A National Disaster Accelerated the Development of Underwater Navigation

IV. A Final Note on Motivation

V. General Characteristics of Any Underwater Navigation System

VI. An Analysis of Error in a "Short-Base" and a "Long-Base" Acoustic Triangulation System

Example

VII. Navigation Aids and Other Navigational Systems

References

V. Marine Vehicles and Structures

I. INTRODUCTION

II. Ships

A. Ships for Bottom and Deep-Ocean Work

B. Icebreakers

III. Platforms

IV. Submersibles

V. Submarines: Buoyancy-Weight Relationships

A. Requirements

B. Hull Fraction

C. Buoyancy Materials

D. Compressibility and Equilibrium

VI. Submarine Safety and Life Support

A. Safety

B. Life Support

VII. Materials

A. Requirements

B. Steels

C. Aluminum Alloys

D. Titanium Alloys

E. Fiber-Reinforced Plastics

F. Glass

G. Buoyancy Materials

VIII. Structures

A. Surface Ships

B. Platforms

C. Submarine Structures

D. Fatigue

IX. Propulsion

A. Surface Ships

B. Submarines

X. Control

A. General

B. Surface Ships

C. Submarines

XI. Motions

A. The Seaway

B. Response of Floating Objects

References

VI. Sea Systems

I. Sea Systems

A. Systems Definition

B. System Categories

C. Major Subsystems

II. Platforms

A. Hull and Structure

B. Subsystems Interface Implications

C. Power and Propulsion

III. Life-Support Systems

A. Ship and Shore Life-Support Systems

B. Submarine Life-Support Systems

C. Hyperbaric Life Support

D. The Bottom-Mounted Sea Habitation

E. The Saturated Free Swimmer and Diver

F. Compression and Decompression

IV. Environmental Sensing

A. Long-Range Measurement

B. Near-Field Measurement

C. Measurement Interface Avoidance

V. Communication Systems

A. Electromagnetic Spectrum

B. Acoustic Spectrum

C. Other Communication Modes

D. Selecting the Mode

VI. Object Delivery and Retrieval

A. Location Coordinate Fixing

B. Preparation and Attachment

C. Limiting Forces and Motions

D. Interface Problems

VII. Command and Control

A. Strategic Control

B. Tactical Control

C. Data Processors

VIII. Logistic Support Systems

A. Logistic Support Planning

B. A Balanced Support System

C. Home Port Facilities

IX. Conclusion

References

VII. Policy Planning

I. Planning Elements

A. Knowledge

B. Disciplines of Program Planning

C. The Goal

D. Timing and Reversion

II. Role of the Government

A. Use of the Sea

B. United States Government Policy

C. Information Management

D. Government Supported Oceanic Technology

III. Management Policy

A. Management Objectives

B. Program Management

C. Management Innovation

D. Ocean Programs

IV. Technology Planning

A. Scientific Requirements

B. Engineering and Development

C. New Disciplines

D. Next Decade

V. Policy for the Future

A. Forecasting Methodology

B. Ocean Opportunities

C. Ocean Prospects

D. Future

References

Author Index

Subject Index