Hydration and Intermolecular Interaction

ForewordAcknowledgmentChapter I Introduction TextChapter II Assignment of the IR Bands II.1. Polystyrene II.2. Polystyrenesulfonyl Chloride, Polystyrenesulfonic Acid and Its Salts II.3. Polystyreneselenonic and -seleninic Acids and Their Na+Salts II.4. Polystyrenephosphinic and Polystyrenethiophosphonic Acids and Their Na+ SaltsChapter III Pure Water III.1. The Free Water Molecule III.2. The Bound Water MoleculeChapter IV Hydration of the Salts IV.1. The Electron Structure of the Anions in the Salts IV.2. Removal of Antisymmetric Stretching VibrationDegeneracy of Ions —S-O-O-O) and —Se-O-O-O by Cation Interaction IV.3. Location of the Cation with Respect to the Oxygen Atoms of the —SO3- and —SeO3-Ions IV.4. Anion Band changes as a Function of Degree of Hydration IV.5. Hydration Water Bands in the Region 4000-2000 cm-1 at Low Degrees of Hydration IV.6. Position of the Hydration Water Band IV.7. Attachment of Water Molecules at Low Degrees of Hydration IV.8. Hydration Water Band Position and Hydrogen Bridge Acceptor Property of Anions IV.9. Cation-Water Interaction, Stretching Vibration, and Hydrogen Bridge Donor Property of OH Groups in Hydrogen Bridges IV.10. Hydration in the Presence of Transition Element Ions IV.11. The Band of the Scissor Vibration IV.12. The Band at 3615 cm-1 and the Free OH Groups of Water Molecules IV.13. Temporary Equilibrium Configurations of the Hydrate Structures at Low Degrees of Hydration IV.14. Water Structure: Alkali Metal Salts, (CH3)4N+ and (C2H5)4N+Salts and Polystyrenesulfonic Acid IV.15. Dissociation Process, Ion Pairs, and Conductivity IV.16. Dependence of the Ion-Water Interaction on the Degree of Hydration IV.17. The Overtone of the Scissor Vibration 2v2 IV.18. The "Second Hydration Shell" IV.19. Hydrolysis IV.20. Anomaly of the T1 Form of the ExchangerChapter V The Acids V.1. The Bands of the Anions V.2. Association of Acid Groups V.3. Observed Bands and Potential Well in Hydrogen Bridges of Associated Acid Groups V.4. Measurements on Polystyrenesulfonic Acid as a Function of Degree of Hydration V.5. Attachment of the Last Water Molecule to the —S=O=O-OH Group V.6. The Nature of the Group H5O2+ and Tunnel Effect V.7. Homogeneous Liquid Acid and Base Solutions V.8. The H5O2+ Group in Polystyrenesulfonic Acid V.9. Nature of the H9O4+ Group V.10. Hydrate Structure Network in Polystyrenesulfonic Acid at a High Degree of Hydration V.11. Continuous Absorption and Proton Dispersion Force V.12. Polystyreneselenonic Acid V.l3. Polystyreneseleninic and Polystyrenephosphinic Acids V.l4. Polystyrenethiophosphonic Acid V.l5. Survey of Hydration in the Acids V.l6. The Dissociation Process V.17. Considerations on Anomalous Proton ConductivityChapter VI Preparation of the Membranes VI.1. Small-Scale Preparation of Polystyrene Membranes VI.2. Incorporation of —SO3- Ions and —SeO2OH, —SeOOH,—P-H=O-OH, and —P-SH=O-OH Groups VI.3. Preparation of Acids and Salts VI.4. Preparation of Membranes for IR SpectroscopyChapter VII IR Investigation Method VII.1. Carrying Out of Measurements VII.2. IR Cell and Sample Holders VII.3. IR Investigations at Low Temperatures VII.4. Evaluation of the SpectraAppendix (Tables A.1-A.5)Author IndexSubject Index