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Hurting Memories and Beneficial Forgetting
Posttraumatic Stress Disorders, Biographical Developments, and Social Conflicts
1st Edition - January 7, 2013
Editors: Michael Linden, Krzysztof Rutkowski
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 3 9 8 3 9 3 - 0
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 3 9 8 4 0 4 - 3
Memories are indispensable for individuals as well as social groups. Forgetting not only means loss of functioning but also loss of identity. Memories can also be hurting and… Read more
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Memories are indispensable for individuals as well as social groups. Forgetting not only means loss of functioning but also loss of identity. Memories can also be hurting and cause problems, as research on posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) has shown. This is true for individuals as well as social groups and even societies. Memories and especially negative memories can escape the control of the individual. Many political conflicts can only be understood when taking history and memories into account.
In this volume a comprehensive scientific overview is given on the development of "hurting memories" in individuals and societies. Consequences are described, i.e. from mental disorders in individuals, like PTSD or other neurotic disorders, to societal tensions and conflicts, from South Africa to Northern Europe. Additionally, "beneficial forgetting" is discussed, from treatments of individuals to reconciliation between social groups. The contrasting of "hurting memories and beneficial forgetting" can help to understand, that memories can have positive and negative results and that it is difficult to decide when to support memories and when forgetting.
- Bringing individual and societal memories in coincetion - the benefit is a new perspective on the interactrion between individuals and society
- Pointing to possible negative consequences of memory - the benefit is a new perspective of an important but under recognized scientific and clinical problem
- Presenting modes of treatment and reconciliation for individuals and social groups - an overview which can't be found elsewhere
Preface
List of Contributors
Part One: Basic Aspects
1. Spectrum of Persisting Memories and Pseudomemories, Distortions, and Psychopathology
1.1 Memory Distortions and Beneficial Forgetting
1.2 Spectrum of Psychopathological Memories, Thoughts, Images, Associations, and the Like
1.3 Features and Development of Pathological Memories
1.4 Conclusion
References
2. Electrophysiological Signature of Emotional Memories
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Studying Emotional Memory in the Laboratory
2.3 ERPs and Memory Retrieval
2.4 Electrophysiological Correlates of Emotional Memory Retrieval
2.5 ERPs of Emotional Memory After Long Retention Intervals
2.6 Adrenergic Activation and the ERP Old/New Effect for Emotional Contents
2.7 Neural Generators of the Parietal Old/New Effect for Emotional Pictures
2.8 Conclusions
References
3. Pharmacological Approaches to Understand, Prevent, and Mitigate Hurting Memories. Lessons from Posttraumatic Stress Disorders
3.1 Trauma and Psychological Models of Traumatic Memory
3.2 Neurobiological Underpinnings of Trauma Memory Encoding, Consolidation, Retrieval, and Extinction
3.3 Principal Pharmacological Strategies to Mitigate or Prevent Traumatic Memory: Results from Empirical Studies
3.4 Conclusions
References
4. Memory and Social Meaning: The Impact of Society and Culture on Traumatic Memories
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Szechuan Earthquake
4.3 World War II
4.4 Spanish Civil War Memory
4.5 Analysis
References
5. Retraumatization: The Vicious Circle of Intrusive Memory
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Trauma and PTSD
5.3 The Phenomenology of Traumatic Memory: Basic Principles of Psychobiology and the Fear Network
5.4 Empirical Studies on Retraumatization
5.5 Conclusions: Toward a Definition of Retraumatization
References
6. Pathological Modes of Remembering: The PTSD Experience
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Trauma Versus Life Event
6.3 Acute Stress Reactions
6.4 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
6.5 General Risk Factors for PTSD
6.6 Cognitive Abnormalities and Memory Disturbances in PTSD
6.7 The Role of Metacognitive Appraisals
6.8 Dysfunctional Cognitive Strategies
6.9 Conclusions and Implications for Therapy
References
7. Hurting Memories and Intrusions in Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorders (PTED) as Compared to Posttraumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD)
7.1 Embitterment and Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorder
7.2 Revival of Events and Intrusions in the Context of Injustice and Embitterment
7.3 Differences Between Memories and Intrusions in PTED and PTSD
7.4 Conclusions
References
8. Symbolized Thinking as the Background of Toxic Memories
8.1 Introduction
References
9. False Memories
9.1 The Wilkomirski/Dössekker Case
9.2 Memory as Reconstruction
9.3 Personality and False Memories
9.4 Psychotherapy and Pseudomemory
9.5 Accusation and Recrimination
9.6 Criteria for Recognizing False Memories
References
10. The Constitution of Narrative Identity
10.1 What Does Identity Mean?
10.2 Collective Trauma and Narrative Identity
10.3 Individual Narrative Identity
10.4 The Case of Mrs. P
10.5 The Case of Mrs. B
10.6 Some General Remarks on Dreaming
References
Part Two: Clinical Aspects
11. Implicit Memories and the Structure of the Values System After the Experience of Trauma in Childhood or Adulthood
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Aim of the Study
11.3 Subjects
11.4 Methods
11.5 Results: Terminal Values
11.6 Results: Instrumental Values
11.7 Conclusions
References
12. Moving Beyond Childhood Adversity: Association Between Salutogenic Factors and Subjective Well-Being Among Adult Survivors of Trauma
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Trauma Survivors and Salutogenesis
12.3 Methods
12.4 Results
12.5 Discussion
References
13. Working with Unconscious and Explicit Memories in Psychodynamic Psychotherapy in Patients with Chronic Depression
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Representations of Early Attachment Experiences
13.3 Insecure Attachment, Loss, and Depression
13.4 Psychodynamic Treatment of Pathological Grief and Depression
13.5 Changes of Reflective Abilities and Attachment Disorganization in Depressed Patients After Long-Term Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy
13.6 Conclusions
References
14. Overcoming Hurting Memories by Wisdom and Wisdom Psychotherapy
14.1 Vulnerability and Resilience to Negative Life Events
14.2 Memories of Negative and Traumatic Life Events
14.3 Wisdom in Reconciliation with Hurting Memories
14.4 Wisdom Psychotherapy
14.5 Conclusions
References
Part Three: Societal Aspects
15. Healing of Psychological Trauma from Military Operations by Transformation of Memories
15.1 Historical Background
15.2 Symptoms and Epidemiology of Military-Related Psychiatric Illnesses
15.3 How Deployment-Related Mental Disorders Are Dealt With in the Bundeswehr
15.4 Case Report
15.5 Discussion
References
16. The Creation and Development of Social Memories of Traumatic Events: The Oudewater Massacre of 1575
16.1 Culture and Memories
16.2 The Destruction and Massacre of Oudewater in 1575
16.3 The Production of Collective Memory
16.4 Time for Commemoration
16.5 Conclusion
References
17. Conflict Avoidance, Forgetting, and Distorted Memories by Media Influence on Family Memories: Grandpa Was No Nazi and No Communist
17.1 Distorted Memories of the Political Activities of Family Members
17.2 Study of Family Memories in Poland
17.3 Intergenerational Conflict About the Past
17.4 The Inclusiveness of Polish Family Memory
17.5 The Impact of Media Frames
17.6 Conclusions
References
18. Acting Out and Working Through Traumatic Memory: Confronting the Past in the South African Context
18.1 When Memory Kills: Acting Out Traumas
18.2 Reenactment of Trauma
18.3 Transgenerational Transmission of Traumatic Memory
18.4 Working Through the Past
18.5 Conclusion
References
19. Empathy, Forgiveness, and Reconciliation: The Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa
19.1 Enduring Effects of Discrimination
19.2 Survivors and Psychological Care
19.3 Perpetrators of Evil
19.4 The Role of Empathy
19.5 Conclusion
References
- No. of pages: 240
- Language: English
- Published: January 7, 2013
- Imprint: Elsevier
- Hardback ISBN: 9780123983930
- eBook ISBN: 9780123984043
KR
Krzysztof Rutkowski
Krzysztof Rutkowski M.D., Ph.D is a senior psychiatrist and professor at Jagiellonian University. Head of the Department of Psychotherapy, Jagiellonian University Medical College (Kraków, Poland), Dr. Rutkowski is also a psychotherapist, supervisor in psychotherapy, and Jungian analyst (Individual Member of IAAP). He has worked with victims of political persecution and patients with chronic PTSD for about 20 years. He has published papers on the long term effects of trauma - psychological as well as somatic - and psychotherapy of neurotic and personality disorders.