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Human Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures
- 2nd Edition - June 23, 2011
- Author: Harold Zeliger
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 1 - 4 3 7 7 - 3 4 6 3 - 8
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 1 - 4 3 7 7 - 3 4 6 4 - 5
In this important reference work, Zeliger catalogs the known effects of chemical mixtures on the human body and also proposes a framework for understanding and predicting their act… Read more
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Request a sales quoteIn this important reference work, Zeliger catalogs the known effects of chemical mixtures
on the human body and also proposes a framework for understanding and predicting their
actions in terms of lipophile (fat soluble) / hydrophile (water soluble) interactions. The
author’s focus is on illnesses that ensue following exposures to mixtures of chemicals
that cannot be attributed to any one component of the mixture.
In the first part the mechanisms of chemical absorption at a molecular and
macromolecular level are explained, as well as the body’s methods of defending itself
against xenobiotic intrusion. Part II examines the sources of the chemicals discusssed,
looking at air and water pollution, food additives, pharmaceuticals, etc. Part III, which
includes numerous case studies, examines specific effects of particular mixtures on
particular body systems and organs and presents a theoretical framework for predicting
what the effects of uncharacterized mixtures might be. Part IV covers regulatory
requirements and the need to adjust recommended exposure levels for products
containing mixtures. It also contains recommendations on how to limit exposure to
mixtures in the products we use and on how to limit release of mixtures into the
environment.
Providing brief summaries of each mixture and its effects, Zeliger provides a
comprehensive reference, a jumping off point for professionals (with extensive chapter
bibliographies) and an introduction to the topic for those studying traditional toxicology.
Addressing many inadequately understood illnesses and conditions such as asthma,
infertility and cancer, it will also be of interest to health professionals, environmental
scientists and lawyers.
- Presents a theoretical framework for predicting the effects of chemical mixtures for which no specific data exists (this predictive aspect is important due to the vast number of different potential chemical combinations – far too many to comprehensively catalog)
- A quick and convenient source of hard to come by data on the rapidly developing field of chemical mixtures, for groups including chemists and engineers, toxicologists, health professionals and environmental scientists
- New and updated material comprises over 30% of this timely new edition, which includes the latest research data alongside an expanded introduction to the science and art of predicting the toxicological properties of chemical mixtures
Industrial Health and Safety personnel. Chemists and Chemical Engineers working in sectors such as the chemical industry, personal care and cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, etc. Environmental Scientists and Engineers, Toxic Waste Managers, Toxicologists, Health Professionals. Professional Food manufacturers, laboratory workers, environmental and OSHA training personnel, industrial risk assessors, forensic investigators and attorneys involved in toxic torts litigation, disease prevention advocacy groups, students and researchers
Dedication
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
List of Abbreviations
1. Introduction
2. Health Effects of Exposures to Chemical Mixtures
2.1. Traditional Toxicology
2.2. Unexplained Effects of Mixtures
2.3. Lipophiles and Hydrophiles
2.4. Octanol:Water Partition Coefficients
2.5. Summary
3. Absorption of Chemical Mixtures
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Permeability of Mucous Membranes and Octanol:Water Partition Coefficients
3.3. Absorption Enhancers
3.4. Absorption of Organic Molecules from Aqueous Solutions
3.5. Summary
4. Chemical Toxicology
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Toxicology
4.3. Molecular Toxicology
4.4. Exposure
4.5. Absorption
4.6. Distribution
4.7. Metabolism
4.8. Factors Affecting Metabolism of Xenobiotics
4.9. Oxidative Stress
4.10. Receptor–Xenobiotic Interactions
4.11. Endocrine Disruptors
4.12. Immunotoxicology
4.13. Multiple Site Responses
4.14. Mixture Effects
5. Scope and Sources of Toxic Exposures
5.1. Scope of Exposure: Introduction
5.2. Toxic Release
5.3. Unknown Toxicities
5.4. Proliferation
6. In Utero Exposure
6.1. Fetal Sensitivity
6.2. Toxic Chemicals in the Blood of Newborns
6.3. Toxic Hazards of Fetal Toxicants
6.4. Mixtures
7. Air Pollution
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Pervasive Air Pollutants
7.3. Chemical Reactions in the Air
7.4. Confined Air Pollutants
7.5. Air Pollution in the Breathing Zone
7.6. Air Pollution and Health Risk
7.7. Mixtures
7.8. Particulate Matter
7.9. Aerosols
7.10. Effects of Nonspecific Origin
7.11. Summary
8. Water Pollution
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Mining
8.3. Manufacturing
8.4. Farming
8.5. Power Production
8.6. Urban Runoff
8.7. Home and Personal Care Products
8.8. Priority Water Pollutants
8.9. Chemical Reactions in Water
8.10. Drinking Water Contaminants in the United States
8.11. Mixtures
8.12. Toxic Landfill Runoff
8.13. Summary
9. Soil Pollution
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Depressed Microbial Activity
9.3. Toxicity to Soil-Dwelling Animals
9.4. Plant Absorption of Soil Toxins and Bioaccumulation
9.5. Effects of Mixtures
9.6. Summary
10. Food
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Persistent Organic Pollutants
10.3. Mercury
10.4. Antibiotics in Meat
10.5. Steroids in Meat
10.6. Additives in Commercial Food Preparation
10.7. Chemical Impurities in Food: Allowable Xenobiotics
10.8. Flavor Additives
10.9. Artificial Food Colors
10.10. Flavor Enhancers: MSG
10.11. Aspartame: Non-Nutritive Sweetener
10.12. Non-Nutritive Chemicals in Food
10.13. The Bread We Eat
10.14. VOCs in Food
10.15. Chemicals in Food Packaging
10.16. Irradiated Food
10.17. Toxic Mixtures in Food
10.18. Excipients in Pharmaceuticals and Vitamin and Mineral Preparations
10.19. Summary
11. Chemicals In and Around the Home
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Arts and Crafts
11.3. Automobiles and Small Engines
11.4. Cleaners and Fresheners
11.5. Maintenance Materials
11.6. Brominated Flame Retardants
11.7. Personal Care and Cosmetic Products
11.8. Pesticides
11.9. Other Mixture-Containing Products
11.10. Summary
12. Sick Building Syndrome
12.1. Introduction
12.2. SBS Symptoms
12.3. Contributory Sources of SBS
12.4. VOCs in Buildings
12.5. Paint
12.6. Environmental Tobacco Smoke
12.7. Carpets
12.8. Formaldehyde
12.9. Other Sources of SBS Toxic Chemicals
12.10. Biological Causes of SBS
12.11. Mixtures
12.12. Investigating an SBS Incident
12.13. Summary
13. Industrial Exposure
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Single Chemical Toxicities
13.3. Mixture Toxicities
13.4. Noise, Organic Solvents, and Hearing
13.5. Foundry Fumes and Cancer
13.6. Painting and CNS Effects
13.7. Printers’ CNS and Mucous Membrane Effects
13.8. High Cancer Rates in Road Pavers and Roofers
13.9. Nail Salon Work and CNS Effects
13.10. Coke Oven Work and Smoking Synergism
13.11. Incinerator Fly Ash Toxicity
13.12. Naval Divers’ Cancer Cluster
13.13. Industrial Solid Waste and Municipal Waste Leachate
13.14. Exposures of Workers to Aromatic Hydrocarbons
13.15. Polyhalogenated Aromatic Compounds
13.16. Color Vision Impairment in Workers
13.17. Irradiated Mail Sensitivity
13.18. “Aerospace Syndrome”
13.19. Hospital Histology Technicians
13.20. Persistent Toxic Chemical Compounds
13.21. Regional Impact Assessment
13.22. Summary
14. Pesticides
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Definitions
14.3. Human Toxicities of Pesticides
14.4. Toxicity of Pesticide Mixtures
14.5. Inert Ingredients in Pesticides
14.6. Low-Level Pesticide Poisonings
14.7. Summary
15. Alcohol and Tobacco
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Ethanol: Introduction
15.3. Mechanisms of Ethanol Mixture Toxicity
15.4. Effect of Ethanol on Nutrients and Drugs
15.5. Toxicity of Ethanol Mixtures with Other Chemicals
15.6. Ethanol and Cancer
15.7. Tobacco Toxicity: Introduction
15.8. Tobacco and Cancer
15.9. Tobacco Smoke Mixtures
15.10. Tobacco Smoke Mixtures and Lung Cancer
15.11. Noncarcinogenic Tobacco Smoke Synergism
15.12. Summary
16. Electromagnetic Radiation and Toxic Exposure
16.1. Introduction
16.2. The Electromagnetic Spectrum
16.3. Ionizing Radiation and Toxic Chemical Mixtures
16.4. UV Radiation and Toxic Chemical Mixtures
16.5. Nonionizing Radiation Introduction
16.6. RF Radiation and Toxic Chemical Mixtures
16.7. ELF Radiation and Toxic Chemical Mixtures
16.8. Summary
17. Respiratory System
17.1. Introduction
17.2. Respiratory Irritant Mixtures
17.3. Respiratory Sensitization Mixtures
17.4. Asthma and Chemical Mixtures
17.5. Reactive Airways Dysfunction Syndrome
17.6. Respiratory Carcinogens
17.7. Unanticipated Respiratory Effects of Chemical Mixtures
17.8. Summary
18. Nervous System
18.1. Introduction
18.2. Neurotoxic Chemicals
18.3. Indicators and Symptoms of Neurotoxic Poisoning
18.4. Mechanisms of Neurotoxic Action
18.5. Neurodegenerative Diseases and Toxic Chemical Exposures
18.6. Neurotoxicity of Chemical Mixtures
18.7. Case Studies: Neurotoxic Chemical Mixtures
18.8. Summary
19. Developmental Neurotoxicology
19.1. Introduction
19.2. Mixture Neurotoxicity
19.3. Summary
20. Autism
20.1. Autism
20.2. Chemical Mixtures
20.3. Summary
21. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
21.1. Introduction
21.2. Prevalence of ADHD
21.3. Environmental Factors in ADHD
21.4. Chemical Mixtures as Triggers for ADHD
21.5. Summary
22. Endocrine System
22.1. Introduction
22.2. Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
22.3. Diabetes and EDCs
22.4. Breast Cancer and Endocrine Disruptors
22.5. Mixture Effects on Endocrine Function: Case Studies
22.6. Tobacco Smoke
22.7. Summary
23. Toxic Infertility
23.1. Introduction
23.2. Xenobiotics and Female Infertility
23.3. Smoking and Female Fertility
23.4. Chemically Induced SAB
23.5. Xenobiotics and Male Infertility
23.6. Chemicals Affecting Male Infertility
23.7. Effects of Chemical Mixtures on Male Fertility
23.8. Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome
23.9. Summary
24. Teratogens
24.1. Introduction
24.2. Single Chemical Teratogens
24.3. Paternally Transmitted Teratogenic Effects
24.4. Transgenerational Teratogenic Effects
24.5. Teratogenic Mixtures
24.6. Summary
25. Immune System
25.1. Introduction
25.2. Immunosuppressants
25.3. Immunostimulants
25.4. Autoimmune Toxins
25.5. Immunotoxic Mixtures
25.6. Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS) and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)
25.7. Summary
26. Chemical Sensitivity
26.1. Introduction
26.2. Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS)
26.3. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)
26.4. CFS and Chemical Exposure
26.5. Fibromyalgia (FM)
26.6. Gulf War Syndrome (GWS)
26.7. Comorbidity of MCS, CFS, and FM
26.8. Chemical Sensitivity Triggers Hypothesis
26.9. Summary
27. Skin
27.1. Introduction
27.2. Skin Permeability
27.3. Allergic Contact Dermatitis
27.4. Dermally Induced Respiratory Hypersensitivity
27.5. Chemical Burns
27.6. Mixtures
27.7. Summary
28. Musculoskeletal System
28.1. Introduction
28.2. Rheumatoid Arthritis
28.3. Scleroderma and Systemic Sclerosis
28.4. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
28.5. Osteoporosis and Osteomalacia
28.6. Mixtures
28.7. Summary
29. Cardiovascular System
29.1. Introduction
29.2. Leachates
29.3. Air Pollution
29.4. Tobacco
29.5. Cancer
29.6. Summary
30. Liver
30.1. Introduction
30.2. Single Chemical Hepatotoxins
30.3. Hepatotoxic Mixtures: Animal Studies
30.4. Human Case Studies
30.5. Hepatic Cancer
30.6. Summary
31. Kidneys
31.1. Introduction
31.2. Single Chemical Renal Toxins
31.3. Nephrotoxic Chemical Mixtures
31.4. Summary
32. Cancer
32.1. Introduction
32.2. Cancer Incidence Rates
32.3. Chemical Carcinogens
32.4. Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis
32.5. Single Chemical Carcinogens
32.6. Occupational Exposures Known To Be Carcinogenic
32.7. Mixture Exposures Known To Be Carcinogenic—Many Component Mixtures
32.8. Mixture Exposures Known To Be Carcinogenic—Two-Component Mixtures
32.9. Tobacco and Cancer
32.10. Summary and Outlook
33. Cancer Clusters
33.1. Introduction
33.2. Mixture-Induced Cancer Clusters
33.3. Summary
34. Nanotoxicology
34.1. Introduction
34.2. Nanoparticles
34.3. NP Uptake
34.4. Mechanisms of Toxic Effects of NPs: OS
34.5. Case Studies: NP Mixtures
34.6. Summary
35. Children
35.1. Introduction
35.2. In Utero Exposure
35.3. Air Pollution
35.4. Water Pollution
35.5. Food
35.6. Chemicals in the Home
35.7. Sick-Building Chemical Exposure
35.8. Industrial Exposure
35.9. Farming: Pesticides
35.10. Tobacco Smoke
35.11. Asthma
35.12. Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Teratogenic Effects
35.13. Children and Global Warming
35.14. Childhood Cancer
36. Childhood Cancer
36.1. Childhood Cancer
36.2. Prevalent Childhood Cancers
36.3. Childhood Cancer Studies
36.4. Children’s Cancer Clusters
36.5. Summary
37. Toxicology of Global Warming
37.1. Introduction
37.2. Global Warming and Human Disease
37.3. Extreme Climatic Events
37.4. Air Pollution
37.5. Water Pollution
37.6. Toxic Chemicals and Thermal Stress
37.7. Summary
38. Regulatory Requirements
38.1. Introduction
38.2. Warning Requirements
38.3. Warning Deficiencies
38.4. Warnings for Multiple Exposures
38.5. Warnings for Mixtures
38.6. Odor
38.7. Warning Recommendations
38.8. Summary
39. Conclusions and Recommendations
39.1. Introduction
39.2. Conclusions
39.3. Recommendations
39.4. The Future
Index
- No. of pages: 574
- Language: English
- Edition: 2
- Published: June 23, 2011
- Imprint: William Andrew
- Hardback ISBN: 9781437734638
- eBook ISBN: 9781437734645
HZ
Harold Zeliger
Dr. Harold I. Zeliger holds a PhD in organic chemistry and has been a professor of chemistry and environmental science. He is a Certified Professional Chemist, a Board- Certified Forensic Examiner, and an EPA Certified Laboratory Director. Dr. Zeliger is the author of 51 technical publications, including basic research journal articles and patents. In his more than 40 years in the Chemical Process Industry, he has personally developed many industrial and consumer chemical products, designed chemical product warning labels and written Material Safety Data Sheets for toxic and flammable chemicals. Dr. Zeliger has investigated hundreds of toxic chemical exposures, environmental spills and discharges, chemical fires and explosions nationally and internationally. He has served repeatedly as an expert witness for both plaintiffs and defendants in chemical product, process, toxic exposure, environmental, flammable, intellectual property and subrogation claims. Dr. Zeliger has provided services for numerous forensic examinations, technology transfer and due diligence investigations. Dr. Zeliger’s research is in the area of chemical toxicology. His published work includes papers on the toxic effects of chemical mixtures and chemical causes of cancer clusters and two editions of Human Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures, Second Edition.
Affiliations and expertise
Toxic and Flammable Chemical Consultant and Expert Witness; Certified Professional Chemist and Board Certified Forensic Examiner; Technology Transfer and Due Diligence Investigator, USARead Human Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures on ScienceDirect