Human Orthopaedic Biomechanics

Fundamentals, Devices and Applications

1st Edition - February 24, 2022
Editors: Bernardo Innocenti, Fabio Galbusera
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 4 4 8 1 - 4
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 4 4 8 2 - 1

Human Orthopaedic Biomechanics: Fundamentals, Devices and Applications covers a wide range of biomechanical topics and fields, ranging from theoretical issues, mechanobi… Read more

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Human Orthopaedic Biomechanics: Fundamentals, Devices and Applications covers a wide range of biomechanical topics and fields, ranging from theoretical issues, mechanobiology, design of implants, joint biomechanics, regulatory issues and practical applications. The book teaches the fundamentals of physiological loading and constraint conditions at various parts of the musculoskeletal system. It is an ideal resource for teaching and education in courses on orthopedic biomechanics, and for engineering students engaged in these courses. In addition, all bioengineers who have an interest in orthopedic biomechanics will find this title useful as a reference, particularly early career researchers and industry professionals.

Finally, any orthopedic surgeons looking to deepen their knowledge of biomechanical aspects will benefit from the accessible writing style in this title.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part 1: Orthopaedic Biomechanics Theory
Chapter 1. Introduction: from mechanics to biomechanics
Abstract
Chapter 2. Mechanical properties of biological tissues
Abstract
Introduction: material properties and structural properties
Material properties: general concept
Stress tensor and Hooke’s law
Orthotropic, transversally isotropic, and isotropic material models
Hyperelastic material
Viscoelasticity and viscoelastic models
Chapter 3. Orthopedic biomechanics: stress analysis
Abstract
Statics review
Stress and strain concept
One-dimensional simple stresses and strains
Stresses on an oblique section under axial loading
Normal and shear strain
Normal stress due to pure bending (simple beam theory)
References
Chapter 4. Orthopedic biomechanics: multibody analysis
Abstract
Introduction
Modeling strategies
Case studies
References
Chapter 5. Fundamentals of mechanobiology
Abstract
Biomechanical signaling
Mechanical stimulation and study models
References
Chapter 6. Bone biomechanics
Abstract
Bone physiology
Bone cells and (re)modeling
Bone formation and remodeling
Bone mechanical properties
Assessment of bone biomechanical properties at different dimensional levels
Ageing and bone diseases
References
Chapter 7. Muscle biomechanics
Abstract
Introduction
Anatomy
Sliding filament theory
Biomechanics
Electromyography
References
Further reading
Chapter 8. Ligament and tendon biomechanics
Abstract
Anatomy, structure, and function
Biomechanical properties
Experimental measurement of the biomechanical properties
In vivo assessment of the biomechanical properties
Entheses and aponeuroses
Musculoskeletal maturation, aging, and exercise
Animal models
References
Chapter 9. Cartilage biomechanics
Abstract
Introduction
Structural composition
Biomechanics
References
Chapter 10. Meniscus biomechanics
Abstract
Introduction
Anatomy
Function
Biomechanical properties
Tensile material properties
Compressive material properties
Root attachment properties
Injury impact on meniscus performance
Partial meniscectomy
Total meniscectomy
Changes in meniscus biomechanics in osteoarthritis
Restoring the meniscus
Sutures
Meniscus replacement
References
Chapter 11. Intervertebral disc biomechanics
Abstract
Shape and structure
Cartilaginous and vertebral endplates
Osmotic swelling
Biomechanical response of the discal tissues
Biomechanics of the intervertebral disc
Aging and degeneration
Disc herniation
References
Further reading
Part 2: Human Joints Biomechanics
Chapter 12. Biomechanics of the hip joint
Abstract
Skeletal anatomy
Ligaments
Femoral axis
Functional anatomy of the hip muscles
Loads and stresses
Hip cartilage and osteoarthritis
The acetabular labrum
Fracture of the femoral neck
References
Chapter 13. Biomechanics of the knee joint
Abstract
Knee functional anatomy
The tibio-femoral joint: kinematics and kinetics
Historical knee kinematics analysis: from one degrees of freedom to six degrees of freedoms
The Grood–Suntay coordinate system
Medio-lateral knee kinematics model: medial pivot and roll-back knee motion
Knee kinematics in active conditions
Tibio-femoral kinetics
The patello-femoral joint
References
Chapter 14. Biomechanics of the spine
Abstract
Anatomy
Flexibility and mobility
Loads
Degeneration
Sagittal alignment and degenerative deformities
Congenital, pediatric, and adolescent scoliosis
Trauma and fractures
References
Chapter 15. Biomechanics of the shoulder joint
Abstract
Skeletal anatomy
Soft tissues
Functional anatomy
Glenohumeral forces
Pathologies
References
Chapter 16. Biomechanics of the ankle joint
Abstract
Preliminary definitions
Anatomy and morphology of the human ankle joint
Bones and joints
The talus
The calcaneus
The navicular bone
The cuboid
Major ligaments
Muscles and tendons
The posterior compartment
The anterior compartment
The lateral compartment
Kinematics of the human ankle joint
The range of motion of the ankle
Kinematics during gait
Kinetics of the human ankle joint
External loads on the ankle joint
Muscle forces and joint contact forces in the ankle joint
References
Chapter 17. Biomechanics of wrist and elbow
Abstract
The wrist
The elbow
References
Part 3: Biomechanics and Design of Orthopaedic Devices
Chapter 18. Biomaterials and biocompatibility
Abstract
Biomaterials: definitions
Biomaterial classes and properties
Biomaterials for orthopedic devices
Biotribology
Surface functionalization
Adding “smartness” to orthopedic implants
Bone tissue engineering and personalized orthopedic medicine
References
Chapter 19. Hip prosthesis: biomechanics and design
Abstract
Introduction
Implant operation
Scores
History of prosthesis
Femoral component
Acetabular component
Fixation approaches
Cemented
Cementless or press-fit
Geometry
Hybrid fixation
Latest designs
Kinematics and kinetics
References
Further reading
Chapter 20. Knee prosthesis: biomechanics and design
Abstract
Introduction and general concepts
Cruciate retaining and posterior stabilized implants
Cemented and press-fit implant
Fixed- and mobile-bearing total knee arthroplasty
Implant alignment and balancing
Primary and revision total knee arthroplastys
Total knee arthroplasty and partial knee replacement
History of total knee prosthesis design
The first hinged designs
The first condylar implants
Anatomical and functional approaches
Design of a total knee replacement
Total knee arthroplasty design objectives, criteria, and directions
Femoral component design
Tibial component design
Tibial insert design
Patellar component design
Additional total knee arthroplasty design aspects
Design of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty
Design of revision total knee arthroplasty: condylar constraint knee and hinged design, stem, and augment
References
Chapter 21. Spinal implants: biomechanics and design
Abstract
Instrumented spine surgery
Pedicle screw fixation
Interbody cages
Cervical fixation
Instrumentation for deformity correction
Sacropelvic fixation
Artificial disks
Dynamic stabilization and other motion-preserving implants
Fatigue failure and loosening of spinal implants
References
Chapter 22. Shoulder prosthesis: biomechanics and design
Abstract
Evolution of the shoulder arthroplasty
Biomechanics of the shoulder prosthesis
Advanced design concepts of the reverse shoulder arthroplasty
Conclusion
References
Chapter 23. Devices for traumatology: biomechanics and design
Abstract
Orthopedic trauma and its treatment
External fixators
Internal fixation—plates and screws
Intramedullary nailing
Effect of healing on device choice and configuration
Boundary conditions
Time-dependent properties of bone
References
Chapter 24. Regeneration and repair of ligaments and tendons
Abstract
Introduction
Tissue engineering for common tendon and ligament injuries
Cells
Scaffolds
Growth factors
Conclusion
References
Further reading
Chapter 25. Biomechanical requirements for certification and quality in medical devices
Abstract
Certification and quality of an orthopedic medical device: requirements, regulations, laws, and procedures
The role of the international standards in the certification process of an orthopedic medical device
Examples on the role of standards for the demonstration of fulfillment of biomechanical requirements for an orthopedic medical device
Fatigue performances of a hip prosthesis stem: analysis of the available standards for an experimental and computational approach
Wear of the tibial insert of a knee prosthesis: analysis of the available standards for an experimental and computational approach
Shoulder prosthesis: is the current standardization enough?
Conclusion and future perspectives
References
Chapter 26. Clinical evaluation of orthopedic implants
Abstract
Overview of clinical trials of medical devices and definitions
Classification of medical devices
Competent authorities and ethics committee
Premarket studies on medical devices
Postmarketing studies on medical devices: interventional studies
Postmarketing studies on medical devices: observational studies
Clinical trials on medical devices in Europe: EU regulation (745/17)
Ethical issues related to clinical trials in orthopedics
References
Chapter 27. Computer-assisted orthopedic surgery
Abstract
Background
Main functional components
General workflow
System performance
System designs
Hardware architectures
Tracking technologies
Clinical applications
Biomechanically enhanced surgeries
References
Part 4: Applications in Orthopaedic Biomechanics
Chapter 28. Experimental orthopedic biomechanics
Abstract
Experimental tests at the organ and tissue levels
Experimental tests on implants and prostheses
Joint simulators
References
Chapter 29. Challenges in the system modeling of the musculoskeletal apparatus
Abstract
State-of-the-art
Methodology
Conclusions
References
Chapter 30. Measuring joint kinematics through instrumented motion analysis
Abstract
Introduction
Some first basic definitions, principles, and assumptions
The optical motion analysis system
From tracking markers to tracking body segments
From tracking body segments to calculating joint kinematics
Sources of error and variability
Conclusion
References
Chapter 31. Measurement of joint kinematics utilising video-fluoroscopy
Abstract
Introduction
Equipment
Safety and protection during a fluoroscopic acquisition
Why use fluoroscopy for mechanical measurements?
2D tracking
2D–3D registration
Clinical biomechanics utility/joint motion
The future
References
Further reading
Chapter 32. Finite element analysis in orthopedic biomechanics
Abstract
Finite element analysis as a method
General considerations for conducting FEA
A case study
Model validation
Summary and conclusion
References
Chapter 33. Rigid-body and musculoskeletal models
Abstract
Introduction
Fundaments of rigid-body and musculoskeletal modeling
Musculoskeletal modeling
Human–bicycle interaction model
Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 34. The use of computational models in orthopedic biomechanical research
Abstract
Introduction
The hip joint
The knee joint
The spine
The shoulder joint
The ankle joint
Verification, validation, and calibration of orthopedic computational models
Limitations
Future developments
Conclusions
References
Index

Bernardo Innocenti

Prof. Bernardo Innocenti has been working in the field of knee orthopaedic biomechanics from more than 17 years. During his entire career he has been involved in several research projects that, applying experimental and computational methodologies, alone or together, investigate the kinematics and the kinetics of the human knee joint, in healthy or pathologic conditions and, also, with a prosthesis. He is author of co-author of more than 100 peer-reviewed publications about knee biomechanics. The analysis of the musculoskeletal loading in healthy and pathological subjects, the stress distribution in bone and in implant, and the study of prosthesis design, together with the simulation of bone remodeling and implant wear, are also additional fields in which he has been involved.

Affiliations and expertise

BEAMS Department (Bio Electro and Mechanical Systems), Ecole polytechnique de Bruxelles, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium

Fabio Galbusera

Fabio Galbusera, engineer, is the Head of Spine Research at the Schulthess Clinic in Zürich, Switzerland. His main research interests are the biomechanics of the spine, the use of numerical models for its investigation as well as spinal imaging, about which he published more than 170 papers in international peer-reviewed journals. In the last years, he pioneered the use of artificial intelligence in the field of spine research, especially for the automated analysis of radiological images of the spine. One of his works in this field was awarded the ISSLS Prize for Bioengineering 2021. He is a member of the International Society for the Study of the Lumbar Spine (ISSLS), the Spine Society of Europe (EUROSPINE), the European Society of Biomechanics (ESB) and the European Society of Radiology (ESR), and is currently part of the Editorial Boards of Journal of Biomechanics, European Spine Journal, Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology and of European Radiology Experimental.Regarding books, in 2018 he edited the book “Biomechanics of the Spine: Basic Concepts, Spinal Disorders and Treatments” together with Prof. Hans-Joachim Wilke, published by Elsevier.

Affiliations and expertise

Head of Research Group Spine, Schulthess Clinic, Zürich, Switzerland

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