Human Organs-on-a-Chip Technology

Human Organs-on-a-Chip Technology focuses on technology advancement from “organ-on-a-chip”, “multi organs-on-a-chip”, and the newest stage of “human organs-on-a-chip." Chapters investigate the design, simulation studies, device development, and application of microfluidic systems. In addition, they offer expert perspectives on the development of an alternative test system in the biological evaluation of drugs, cosmetics, chemicals, medical devices, and many others. Lastly, the book addresses issues related to the development of microfluidic devices and alternative test systems in biological and biomedical research.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
About the editor
Preface
Chapter 1. Basics of microfluidics technology
Abstract
Introduction to microfluidics
Fabrication of microfluidics networks by two-photon polymerization
Fabrication of microfluidic components by two-photon polymerization
Microfluidic applications in biomedicine
Advantages of microfluidics
Disadvantages of microfluidics
Challenges of microfluidics
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2. The physics and engineering of flow in organ-on-a-chip devices
Abstract
Introduction
Physical properties important for in vitro cell culture
Physical properties in the body
Scaling of models of human physiology
Case studies: in vitro organ on a chip liver models
Conclusions
References
Chapter 3. Importance of soft lithography
Abstract
Introduction
Definition, importance, and areas of application of soft lithography
Advantages of soft lithography over photolithography
Elastomeric stamp used in soft lithography
Soft lithography and microfluidic devices
Various techniques used in soft lithography
The procedure of formation of a microfluidic device using soft lithography
Surface chemistry of PDMS and irreversible sealing to form microfluidic device
The advantages of the use of PDMS in microfluidic devices
Useful outcomes of soft lithography
Advantages and limitations
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 4. Development of microfluidic devices
Abstract
Introduction
Photolithography and its role in microfluidic patterning
Replication techniques: hot embossing and injection molding
Lithography-free methods
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5. Microfluidics based point-of-care devices
Abstract
Introduction
Fundamentals of microfluidics in point-of-care devices
Microfluidic-based point-of-care devices
Challenges and future perspectives
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6. Microfluidics, organs-on-a-chip, and 3D printing
Abstract
Introduction
Organ-on-chips
Microfluidic technology and 3D printing technology for the fabrication process of organ-on-chips
3D printing technologies and materials for organ-on-chips
Development of newer approaches, processes, and materials for 3D printed organ-on-chips
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 7. Microfluidic platforms: applications and challenges
Abstract
Abbreviations
Introduction
Requirement for culture medium
In vitro culturing and microfluidics
Human organ culture on chips
In vitro fertilization and microfluidics
Imaging in microfluidic platform and organ on a chip platforms
Conclusions
References
Chapter 8. Design and simulation study of organ-on-a-chip
Abstract
Introduction
Designing a microfluidic device
Design elements for biomimicry
Mathematical models
Computational modeling and its benefits
Mathematical models for in vitro and in vivo pharmacology
Modeling fluid flow in microfluidic (organ-on-a-chip) devices
Computational simulations for organ-on-a chip
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9. Primary cell culture for organ-on-a-chip
Abstract
Introduction
Cell sources for organ-on-a-chip
Primary cells in organ-on-a-chip
Limitations of using primary cells in organ-on-a-chips
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 10. Vascularization of organoids in microfluidic chips
Abstract
Introduction
Organoids on microfluidic chip
Vascularization of organoids on microfluidic chip
Application of vascularization in organoids-on-a-chip
Conclusion and future perspectives
References
Chapter 11. Organ on a chip in nanotechnology
Abstract
Introduction
References
Chapter 12. Organs-on-a-chip in precision medicine
Abstract
Introduction
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13. Foeto-placental organ-on-a-chip
Abstract
Introduction
Conventional models
Features of a human feto-placental unit
The ideal human feto-placental model
History of organ-on-a-chip for feto-placental studies
Important features for feto-placenta-on-a-chip
Current applications
References
Chapter 14. Organs-on-a-chip in drug development
Abstract
Introduction
Advantage of organ-on-chip over traditional drug development platforms
Integration of organ-on-chip at various steps of drug development
Platforms and case use for utilizing organ-on-chip in drug development
Multiorgan-on-chip/human on a chip in drug development
Organ-on-chip for personalized medicine
Current challenges and improvement prospects of using organ-on-chip in drug development
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15. Organ-on-a-chip for multianalyte monitoring
Abstract
Introduction
Significance of multianalyte monitoring in the central nervous system
Microfluidics: a new cosset for analyte sensing in neurogenerative diseases
Current available microfluidics-based diagnostic devices for general analytical studies
Microfluidic devices in the field of drug development
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16. Organ-on-a-chip for blood–brain barrier studies
Abstract
Introduction
Blood–brain barrier
Models for the study of blood–brain barrier
In vivo models of blood–brain barrier
In vitro models of blood–brain barrier
Organ-on-chip model
Application of blood–brain barrier-on-a-chip model
Conclusion and future directions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 17. Organs on a chip models for sensor
Abstract
Abbreviation
Introduction
Conclusion
References
Special interest
Chapter 18. Innovative ‘organs-on-a-chip’ technology for marine drug development
Abstract
Introduction
Uncover the “dark matter” from marine sources
Trends in marine drugs
Technological approaches to marine natural products in the search for marine drugs
Marine biomaterial-based bio inks for generating 3D-printed tissue constructs
Organ-on-a-chip: cutting-edge technology
Single and multiorgan-on-a-chip systems
Revolutionizing drug development
Bridging the gap: from 2D to regulatory effects of advanced 3D models
3D bioprinting
3D dynamic cell culture systems
Integration of mechanical sensor standouts into organ-on-a-chip platforms
Organ-on-a-chip technology leads its potential for clinical benefit into reality
Advances in drug delivery systems fabricated by microfluidics against disease therapy
Cell-based microfluidic device utilizing cell sheet technology
3D polymer devices for cellular growth of 3D models
Applications of artificial intelligence in tissue engineering through organ-on-a-chip
Organs-on-chips platforms: a zoom on biomedical investigation
Remodification of lab-on-a-chip technology for drug isolation
Challenges and opportunities in organ-on-a-chip
Conclusion
References
Chapter 19. Exposure-on-a-chip as a model for inhalation toxicology and pharmacology research
Abstract
Introduction
Biological structure of the human lung
Lung-on-a-chip
Alveoli-on-a-chip
Design criteria for lung-on-a-chip/alveoli-on-a-chip
Toxicity assessment using lung/alveoli-on-a-chip
Disease modelling and drug testing using lung/alveoli-on-a-chip
Applications of exposure-on-a-chip approaches in inhalation toxicology and pharmacology research
References
Chapter 20. Brain-on-chip
Abstract
Introduction
Need for the development of brain-on-chips
Challenges of brain-on-chips
Conclusion
Future prospectives
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 21. Recent breakthrough in organ-on-a-chip
Abstract
Introduction
Existing organ-on-chip
Human-on-chip
Kidney-on-a-chip
Liver on a chip
Heart-on-a-chip
Nerve-on-a-chip
Biomedical applications
Conclusion
References
Chapter 22. 3D-printed microfluidic chips
Abstract
Introduction
Applications in the biomedical fields
3D-printed devices for analytical applications
3D printing microfluidic chip in cell
Conclusion
References
Chapter 23. 3D tissue and organ-on-a-chip models
Abstract
Introduction
In vitro preclinical models
Types of organ-on-a-chip models
Common materials used in organ-on-a-chip platforms
Disease modeling and drug targeting
Neuroscience and brain-on-a-chip models
Cardiovascular models
Liver-on-a-chip and metabolic models
Lung-on-a-chip and respiratory models
Intestine models
Kidney-on-chip
Ethical and regulatory considerations
Future perspective and challenges
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 24. Vascularization of organoids in microfluidic chips
Abstract
Introduction
In vitro vascularization strategies
Organ-specific vascularized organoids
The importance of vascularization of organoids-on-a-chip
Regulation of microenvironment
Limitations of current organoid models
Advantages of microfluidics to improve current organoid models
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of interest
References
Chapter 25. Multiorgan-on-a-chip: Design and Applications
Abstract
Introduction
Concept of multiorgan-on-a-chip
Design and types of multiorgan-on-a-chip
Breaking into the chip—what is inside?
Applications of multiorgan-on-a-chip
Conclusions and future perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 26. Multiorgans-on-a-chip for subacute toxicity
Abstract
Introduction
Toxicity testing
Acute toxicity studies
Subacute toxicity
Adaptation of lab-on-a-chip devices in medicine
Advantages of lab-on-a-chip technology
Lab-on-a-chip devices in medicine
Organ-on-a-chip concept
Liver-on-a-chip
Kidney-on-a-chip
Heart-on-a-chip
Limitations and challenges of lab-on-a-chip technology
Future perspective and conclusion
References
Chapter 27. Multiorgans-on-a-chip for acute toxicity
Abstract
Introduction
Organ-on-a-chip
Heart-on-a-chip
Vessel-on-a-chip
Liver-on-a-chip
Neuron-on-a-chip
Kidney-on-a-chip
Organ-on-a-chip and acute toxicity
Liver and hepatotoxicity
Liver chips for toxicity testing
Drug-induced nephrotoxicity
Kidney-on-a-chip for nephrotoxicity testing
Toxicity evaluation by other organ-on-chips
Lung-on-a-chip for toxicity testing
Blood–brain barrier-on-a-chip
Drug neurotoxicity testing by nerve-on-a-chip
Neural chips in toxicity detection
Multiorgans-on-a-chip
Toxicity evaluation by multiorgan-on-a-chip
Other multiorgans-on-chips
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 28. Human organs-on-a-chip for biological evaluation
Abstract
Introduction
Organ-on-a-chip to organs-on-a-chip
Organ-on-a-chip
Multiorgan-on-a-chip
Patient-on-a-chip
Biological evaluation
Sensors in the biological evaluation
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 29. Human organs-on-a-chip for cancer modeling
Abstract
Abbreviations
Introduction
An overview of current cancer models
Organs-on-chip for cancer modeling
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Index

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Human Organs-on-a-Chip Technology

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P.V. Mohanan

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