Human Milk

Sampling and Measurement of Energy-Yielding Nutrients and Other Macromolecules

1st Edition - November 22, 2020
Imprint: Academic Press
Editors: Michelle McGuire, Deborah L. O'Connor
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 5 3 5 0 - 5
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 5 7 0 7 - 7

Human Milk: Sampling and Measurement of Energy-Yielding Nutrients and Other Macromolecules presents comprehensive, rigorous, state-of-the-science information on the origins,… Read more

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Human Milk: Sampling and Measurement of Energy-Yielding Nutrients and Other Macromolecules presents comprehensive, rigorous, state-of-the-science information on the origins, analysis, concentrations and variation in energy-yielding nutrients and other macromolecules present in human milk. The book includes information on how best to collect and store milk for determining concentrations of these important milk constituents and considers how to conduct milk composition analysis in research, clinical and resource-poor settings. Written by a group of international experts who are actively conducting research related to human milk macronutrients, each chapter also provides cutting-edge rationale for what research is still needed in this evolving field.

In addition, the book also outlines challenges and opportunities faced by clinicians, industry leaders and regulators interested in adding these components to infant foods, human milk nutrient fortifier and formula.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
List of contributors
Preface
Further reading
Part I: Milk Collection and Other Methodologic Issues
Chapter 1. Collection and storage of human milk for macronutrient and macromolecule analysis—an overview
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Milk sampling strategies
1.3 Milk expression methods
1.4 Milk collection, storage, and handling
1.5 Summary
References
Chapter 2. Measurement of human milk production and infant milk intake—challenges and opportunities
Abstract
2.1 Introduction and brief history
2.2 Factors influencing variability
2.3 Optimal methods for collection of a representative milk sample for analysis of milk composition
2.4 Analytical/methodological approaches for measuring milk production, challenges, and issues
2.5 “Normal” amounts of human milk
2.6 Challenges and opportunities
Acknowledgment
References
Part II: The Energy-Yielding Nutrients
Chapter 3. Proteins in human milk: an overview
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Factors influencing variability of human milk proteins
3.3 Protein analysis in human milk
3.4 Optimal methods for human milk sampling and storage
3.5 Research gaps and future opportunities
References
Chapter 4. Human milk lipids: an overview
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Human milk lipid composition and factors associated with variation
4.3 Sources of fatty acids in human milk
4.4 Regulation of milk lipid fatty acid composition
4.5 Secretion of milk lipids
4.6 Milk fat globule membranes
4.7 Optimal methods for collection and storage of milk for total lipid determination
4.8 Summary, research gaps, and next steps
References
Chapter 5. Content, variability, and regulation of fatty acids in human milk
Abstract
5.1 Introduction to human milk fatty acids
5.2 Analysis of human milk fatty acids
5.3 Sources of fatty acids in human milk
5.4 “Normal” variation in milk fatty acid composition on a global scale
5.5 Tracer studies on fatty acid turnover
5.6 Other fatty acid classes
5.7 Factors related to variation in milk fatty acids
5.8 Optimal methods for collecting and storing milk for fatty acid determination
5.9 Conclusions, research gaps, and next steps
References
Chapter 6. Alcohol in human milk
Abstract
6.1 Setting the stage for understanding the impact of alcohol during breastfeeding
6.2 Factors influencing variability in alcohol concentration of human milk
6.3 Impact of alcohol consumption on human milk nutrient profile, hormones, and gene expression
6.4 Collection and storage of human milk when studying its alcohol content
6.5 Analytical and methodological approaches, challenges, and issues
6.6 Assessing the quantity of alcohol consumed
6.7 Research gaps and next steps
Appendix
References
Chapter 7. Direct measurement and estimation of the energy content of human milk
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Human milk sampling challenges
7.3 Human milk composition
7.4 Energy definition
7.5 Gross versus metabolizable energy
7.6 Metabolizable energy history
7.7 Estimating the energy contribution for each of the macronutrients
7.8 Infrared analyzers
7.9 Recommendations
References
Chapter 8. Rapid measurement of human milk energy and macronutrients in the clinical setting
Abstract
8.1 Introduction and brief history
8.2 Basics of human milk analysis: reference methods and commonly used analytical methods
8.3 Analytical/methodological approaches, challenges, and issues of infrared milk analyzers
8.4 Review of reports on average composition of human milk as measured by rapid bedside methods
8.5 Optimal methods for collection and storage of representative milk sample for milk component analysis
8.6 Factors influencing variability of macronutrients as evaluated using an IR milk analyzer
8.7 Human milk fortification
8.8 Research gaps and next steps
8.9 Conclusion
References
Part III: Biologically-Active Macromolecules
Chapter 9. Hormones in human milk: a summary of the quantity, determinants, and health outcomes of milk hormones
Abstract
Abbreviations
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Metabolic hormones
9.3 Analytical/methodological approaches, challenges, and issues
9.4 Potential role of metabolic hormones in human milk
9.5 Associations between breastfeeding and maternal and childhood metabolic abnormalities
9.6 Donor milk processing and milk hormones
9.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10. Immune factors in human milk
Abstract
10.1 Introduction and brief history
10.2 Factors influencing variability of immune components in milk
10.3 Optimal methods for collection and storage of representative milk sample for analysis of immune factors in human milk
10.4 Analytical/methodological approaches, challenges, and issues
10.5 Overview of “normal” amounts in human milk
10.6 Research gaps and next steps
References
Chapter 11. Nonprotein nitrogen and protein-derived peptides in human milk
Abstract
List of abbreviations
11.1 Introduction and brief history
11.2 Physiological functions of nonprotein nitrogen
11.3 Concentrations in human milk and factors influencing variability
11.4 Optimal methods for collection and storage of representative milk sample for analysis of nonprotein nitrogen and peptides
11.5 Analytical methods, challenges, and issues
11.6 Research gaps and future directions
References
Chapter 12. MicroRNAs and exosomes in human milk
Abstract
12.1 Introduction and brief history
12.2 Milk exosomes and their cargos
12.3 Infant nutrition
Funding
References
Chapter 13. Minor lipids in human milk: cholesterol, gangliosides, and phospholipids
Abstract
Abbreviations
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Cholesterol, desmosterol, and the other minor sterols
13.3 Gangliosides
13.4 Phospholipids
13.5 Research gaps and next steps
References
Index

Michelle McGuire

Dr. McGuire is an Associate Professor in the School of Biological Sciences at Washington State University specializing in lactation physiology and nutrition. A member of the faculty at WSU since 1995, she has focused on understanding how maternal diet influences milk composition and infant nutrition, mostly in the area of biologically-active lipids such as various trans fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Her research group has provided evidence that maternal consumption of industrially-produced trans fatty acids can cause milk fat depression and that CLA can be synthesized from trans-vaccenic acid in the mammary gland. Dr. Michelle McGuire collaborates with colleague Dr. Mark McGuire to study the human and bovine milk microbiomes. Shelley has been an active member of the American Society for Nutrition (ASN), having served as chair of the Human Milk and Lactation Research Interest Section (RIS), member of the Executive Board, National Spokesperson, and RIS director. She is also a long-standing, active member of the International Society for Research in Human Milk and Lactation (ISRHML), having received its Ehrlich-Koldovsky Award and currently serving as its secretary-treasurer. She is also author of two nutrition textbooks: Nutritional Sciences: From Fundamentals to Foods (in its 3rd edition) and NUTR. Dr. McGuire received her M.S. in Nutritional Sciences from the University of Illinois where she studied the effect of maternal selenium consumption on milk selenium content and her Ph.D. in Human Nutrition from Cornell University where she used animal models to study the interactions among maternal nutritional status, suckling behaviors, and duration of postpartum anovulation.

Affiliations and expertise

Associate Professor, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, USA

Deborah L. O'Connor

Dr. O’Connor received her M.S. and PhD from the University of Illinois. She received her clinical training at Kingston General Hospital in Ontario, Canada. Dr. O’Connor is currently a professor in the Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine at the University of Toronto where she holds a Chair in Vitamin Research in Human Milk and Development. She also holds scientific appointments at The Hospital for Sick Children and Mount Sinai Hospital. She currently leads a Canadian Institutes of Health Research and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada-funded research program which includes capacity to perform feeding trials with very preterm infants, wet laboratory facilitates to assess the macro- and micronutrient nutrient composition of human milk and dry laboratory space to carry out dietary analysis.

Affiliations and expertise

University of Toronto, Canada

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health