Human Microbiome Drug Targets

Modern Approaches in Disease Management

1st Edition - October 23, 2024
Editors: Genevieve Dable-Tupas, Rohini Karunakaran, Peter Paul C Lim, Maria Catherine B Otero
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 5 4 3 5 - 5
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 5 4 3 6 - 2

Human Microbiome Drug Targets: Modern Approaches in Disease Management presents fundamental information on the human microbiome, looking into the relationship between the microbiom… Read more

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Human Microbiome Drug Targets: Modern Approaches in Disease Management presents fundamental information on the human microbiome, looking into the relationship between the microbiome and how it changes with specific diseases. Delving into the multifaceted roles of the microbiome in health and disease, the book's chapters discuss the role of the human microbiome in the pathophysiologic understanding of relevant diseases or disorders and their management. As changes in the human microbiome can provide clues to the probable cause and effect of diseases or disorders, as well as the impacts of therapy or intervention, this book is a welcomed addition to the existing research.

Explaining how a better understanding of the microbiome and its impact on health and disease can pave the way for future discoveries leading to better health outcomes, this book will be of interest to drug developers, medicinal chemists, microbiologists, infectious disease specialists, biochemists, and students.

Title of Book
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Author description
Preface
Section I. Foundational information
Chapter 1. The human microbiome: An overview
1 Introduction
1.1 Roles and functions of the human microbiome
1.2 Skin microbiota
1.3 Microbial eukaryome
2 Gut dysbiosis and disease development
2.1 Dengue and gut dysbiosis
2.2 Mental health and gut dysbiosis
2.3 Gut dysbiosis and malnutrition
3 Tools used in microbiome studies
4 Challenges and future directions
5 Conclusion
AI disclosure
Chapter 2. The gut microbiome
1 Introduction
1.1 Constitution of the normal healthy gut flora
2 Infancy
3 Gut microbiota in accordance with the anatomical location in the GI tract
3.1 Oral cavity
3.2 Pharynx
3.3 Esophagus
3.4 Stomach
3.5 Small intestine
3.6 Large intestine
3.7 Gut microbiota abundance based on axial variation
4 Dynamics of healthy gut flora from birth to adulthood
4.1 Neonatal gut flora
4.2 Breastfeeding versus formula feeding
4.3 Pediatric gut flora
4.3.1 Early versus late introduction of food
4.4 Adult gut flora
5 Factors affecting evolution of gut flora
5.1 Gestational age
5.2 Pattern of delivery
5.3 Use of antibiotics
5.4 Dietary factors
5.5 Environmental changes
6 Implications of antibiotic stewardship initiatives on the overall change on native human microbiome
7 Role of pandemics on the evolution of normal human microbiome composition
7.1 Dysbiosis in the gut of COVID-19 patients
7.2 Dysbiosis in the fecal microbiota of influenza patients
8 Challenges and future directions
9 Conclusion
AI disclosure
Chapter 3. One Health microbiome: A holistic approach
1 Introduction
2 The microbiome of humans, animals, and their shared environments
2.1 Antimicrobial resistance
2.2 Zoonotic infections
2.3 Food safety: Threats of contamination between farm to fork
3 Discovering new antimicrobials from microbes and microbial interactions
4 Challenges in integrating One Health approach in studying diseases
5 Conclusion
Section II. Human microbiome in health and disease
Chapter 4. Human microbiome and nutrition
1 Introduction
1.1 Homeostatic function of the gut microbiota
1.2 Host-microbiota interactions
1.3 The microbiota and metabolism
2 Effect of diet on gut microbiota
2.1 Diet and gut microbiome: Impacts on human health
2.1.1 Carbohydrates
2.1.2 Proteins
2.1.3 Fats
2.1.4 Polyphenols
2.1.5 Popular diets
2.1.6 Probiotics
3 Microbiota assembly and breast milk
4 Undernutrition and the microbiome
4.1 Malnutrition versus undernutrition
4.2 Microbiome-micronutrients interaction
5 Relationship between maternal and offspring microbiome
5.1 Complications due to alterations in gut microbiome
5.2 Influence of the microbiome on infants
6 Microbiome studies as tools for nutritional research
6.1 Microbiome sample collection and storage methods
6.1.1 Sample collection
6.1.2 Sample storage
7 Microbiome research for precision nutrition
8 Challenges and future directions
9 Conclusion
AI disclosure
Chapter 5. Human microbiome and mental health
1 Introduction
2 Overview of mental health
2.1 Factors influencing ideal mental health
2.2 Factors influencing poor mental health
2.3 Nurture versus nature
3 The digestive tract and normal flora
3.1 Establishment of the gut microbiome
3.2 The concept of “normal” flora
3.3 The role of diverse microbes
4 The microbiota-gut-brain axis
4.1 The gut microbiota
4.2 Elements that affect the gut microbiota
4.3 Diet
4.3.1 Genetics
4.3.2 Type of birth delivery
4.3.3 Environment
4.3.4 Genetics
5 Gut microbiome and mental illness
5.1 Relationship between the microbiota and brain development
5.2 Gut microbiota and depression
5.3 Post partum depression
5.4 Gut microbiota and psychosis
6 Probiotics and its relationship to mental health
7 Challenges and future directions
8 Conclusion
Chapter 6. Human microbiome and diabetes
1 Introduction
2 Diabetes management
3 The gut microbiota
3.1 Carbohydrate metabolism
3.2 Our diet and the gut microbiota
4 Gut dysbiosis and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)
5 Gut dysbiosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)
6 Effects of metformin on gut microbiome composition
7 Challenges and future directions
8 Conclusion
AI disclosure
Chapter 7. Human microbiome, cancer and cancer therapy
1 Introduction
1.1 The human microbiome: A complex ecosystem
1.2 Emerging connections between microbiome and cancer
2 Microbiome-cancer connection
2.1 Microbiota and cancer risk
2.2 Microbiome in modulation of immune responses
2.2.1 Gut microbiota and systemic immunity
2.2.2 Microbial influence on tumor microenvironment
2.3 Microbial metabolites and cancer pathways
2.3.1 Short-chain fatty acids and metabolic effects
2.3.2 Microbiome-derived metabolites and oncogenic signaling
3 Mechanisms underlying the microbiome-cancer interaction
3.1 Dysbiosis and inflammation
4 Therapeutic opportunities: Harnessing the microbiome for anticancer strategies
4.1 Microbiome modulation for cancer prevention
4.1.1 Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics
4.1.2 Dietary interventions for microbiome health
4.1.3 Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in cancer treatment
4.1.4 Antibiotics and microbial dysbiosis
4.2 Microbiome-targeted cancer therapies
4.2.1 Microbial-based immunotherapies
4.2.2 Microbiota-targeted drug delivery systems
4.3 Personalized medicine and microbiome-based therapeutics
4.3.1 Biomarkers for microbiome-associated cancers
4.3.2 Tailoring treatment strategies to individual microbial profiles
5 Chemotherapeutic agent activation by microbiome
6 Translational potential of microbiome research
6.1 The microbiome's influence on cancer therapy
6.2 Personalized therapies through microbiome modulation
6.3 Microbiome biomarkers for treatment response
6.4 Microbiome-targeted adjuvants
7 Challenges and future directions
7.1 Microbiome-induced treatment resistance
8 Conclusion
Chapter 8. Human microbiome, obesity and cardiovascular diseases
1 Introduction
2 Human microbiome and obesity
2.1 Definition
2.2 Pathogenesis
2.3 Etiology
2.3.1 Genes
2.3.2 Neuropeptides
2.3.3 Hormones
2.3.4 Environmental and socioeconomic factors
2.3.5 Medications
2.3.6 Medical conditions
3 Gut microbiome
3.1 Composition
3.2 Animal studies
3.3 Pathophysiology
4 Microbiome interventions for obesity
4.1 Diet
4.2 Probiotics
4.3 Prebiotics
4.4 Synbiotics
4.5 Fecal microbiota transplantation
5 Human microbiome and cardiovascular diseases
5.1 Gut microbiota and hypertension
5.2 Dysbiosis of gut microbiota and hypertension
5.3 Gut microbiota metabolites and hypertension
5.4 Gut microbiota metabolites and heart failure
5.5 Gut microbiota and its relationship to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD)
5.6 Gut microbiota metabolites and its relationship to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD)
5.7 Gut dysbiosis, obesity, and cardiovascular disease
5.8 Gut Microbiota's role in hypertension within the context of obesity
5.9 Gut microbiota's role in atherosclerosis within the context of obesity
5.10 Gut Microbiota's role in heart failure within the context of obesity
6 Conclusion
Chapter 9. Human microbiome and respiratory diseases
1 Introduction
2 The upper respiratory tract microbiome
3 The lower respiratory tract microbiome
4 Gut microbiota of upper respiratory tract diseases
5 Gut microbiota of lower respiratory tract diseases
6 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
6.1 Cystic fibrosis
6.2 Lung cancer
7 Probiotics as intervention for respiratory disorders
7.1 Probiotics for prevention of respiratory diseases
7.2 Probiotics as an intervention or treatment for respiratory diseases
8 Challenges and future directions
9 Conclusion
Chapter 10. Human microbiome and neuro-developmental disorders
1 Introduction
2 Normal development of the nervous system
2.1 Gastrulation
2.2 Development of the spinal cord
2.3 Normal development of the brain
2.4 Regulation of brain development
3 Role of microbiome and neurodevelopment
3.1 The gut-brain axis
3.2 Microbiome and neural chemistry
3.3 Microbiome and blood-brain-barrier
3.4 Microbiome and myelination
3.5 Microbiome and glial development
3.5.1 Influence of microbiome on astrocytes
3.5.2 Influence of microbiome on microglia
4 Microbiome and neurologic disorders
4.1 Microbiome and neurologic disorders neural tube defects
4.2 Seizures and epilepsy
4.3 Cerebrovascular disease
4.4 Migraine
4.5 Dementia
4.6 Movement disorders
4.7 Demyelinating diseases
4.8 Peripheral neuropathy
5 Microbiome and learning, behavioral, and psychiatric disorders
5.1 Autism spectrum disorder
5.2 Intellectual disability
5.3 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
5.4 Mood disorders
5.5 Schizophrenia
5.6 Substance use disorder
6 Conclusion
AI disclosure
Chapter 11. Human microbiome and infectious diseases
1 Introduction
2 The microbiome and early immune development
3 The microbiome and enteric infections
3.1 Enteric viral infections
3.2 Enteric bacterial infections
3.3 Clostridioides difficile (formerly Clostridium difficile)
3.4 Helicobacter pylori
3.5 Enteric protozoan infections
4 The microbiome and viral infections
4.1 The microbiome and dengue infection
4.1.1 Maternal metabolome and microbiome dysbiosis in relation to dengue severity
4.2 The microbiome and probiotic antiviral mechanisms
4.3 The microbiome, dysbiosis and viral infections
5 The microbiome and the immunocompromised host
5.1 Critically ill patients
5.2 Cancer patients
6 Challenges and future directions
7 Conclusion
AI disclosure
Chapter 12. Human microbiome and genito-urinary disorders
1 Introduction
2 The human urinary tract microbiome
3 Role of microbiome in urinary disorders
3.1 Microbiome and urinary infections/inflammation
4 Role of probiotics in the management of urinary disorders
4.1 Probiotics for urinary tract infections
4.2 Microbiome and urinary malignancy
4.3 Probiotics for bladder cancer
5 Microbiome and kidney stones
5.1 Probiotics for urinary oxalate stones
6 Microbiome and chronic kidney disease (CKD)
7 Challenges and future directions
8 Conclusion
Chapter 13. Ethical considerations in microbiome research
1 Introduction
2 Informed consent and respect for autonomy
3 Data-sharing and protection of privacy
4 Beneficence and nonmaleficence
4.1 Beneficence
4.2 Nonmaleficence
5 Social justice considerations/psychological and social risk
5.1 Social justice
5.2 Psychological risk
6 Microbiome and biobanks and ownership issues
7 Return of results to participants
8 Evidence-based medicine and the danger of hype
9 Challenges and future directions
10 Conclusion
Section III. Microbiome and drug discovery
Chapter 14. Overview of human microbiome and drug discovery
1 Introduction
1.1 Human microbiome and drug discovery
2 The human microbiome as therapy
2.1 Probiotics as therapy
2.2 Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT)
2.2.1 Autologous FMT
2.2.2 Directed donor FMT
2.2.3 Stool bank
2.2.4 Fractionated stool product
2.3 Microbiome components as “druggable targets”
3 The human microbiome as preventive management
4 Challenges and future directions
5 Conclusion
AI disclosure
Chapter 15. The human microbiome as drug targets
1 Introduction
2 The role of normal microbiome on baseline physiologic human function
3 Role of vitamins on human microbiome and gut health
4 Historical basis of the use of pre and probiotics and its evolution
4.1 Probiotics
4.2 Prebiotics
4.3 Probiotics and COVID-19 infection
4.4 The role of dietary modification, evolution and its implications as avenues for microbial modulation
4.5 Antibiotics and its implications as avenues for microbial modulation
4.6 Role of genetics as an avenue for microbial modulation
4.7 Gene therapy and its implications on human gut composition
4.7.1 Phage therapy and its use in human microbiome modulation
5 Challenges and future directions
6 Conclusion
AI disclosure
Chapter 16. Role of microbiome in drug metabolism
1 Introduction
2 Composition and functions of the human microbiome
3 Pathophysiology of diseases and microbiomes
3.1 Obesity and metabolic disorders
3.2 Infection and immune response
3.3 Infectious diseases
3.4 Allergies and autoimmune diseases
3.5 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
3.6 Mental health disorders
4 Microbiome-drug interactions
4.1 Gut microbiota and its role in drug metabolism
4.1.1 The role of gut microbiome in the pharmacokinetics of antihypertensive drugs
4.1.2 The role of gut microbiome in glucocorticoid metabolism
4.1.3 The role of gut microbiome in the anticancer drug doxorubicin
4.1.4 The role of the gut microbiome in acetaminophen
4.1.5 The role of the gut microbiome in levodopa
4.1.6 The role of the gut microbiome in metformin
4.1.7 The role of the gut microbiome in proton pump inhibitors
4.1.8 The role of the gut microbiome in opioid use
5 Microbiome-mediated drug metabolism pathways
6 Therapeutic implications and future perspectives
6.1 Exploiting the microbiome for improved drug development
6.2 Personalized medicine and the microbiome
7 Challenges and future directions in microbiome-drug research
8 Conclusion
Chapter 17. Microbiome-based therapeutics
1 Introduction
2 Traditional therapeutics
2.1 Probiotics
2.2 Prebiotics
2.3 Synbiotics
2.4 Psychobiotics
2.5 Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT)
3 Recent developments on microbiome therapeutics
3.1 Live biotherapeutics products (LBPs)
3.2 Phage therapies
3.3 Microbiome mimetics
3.3.1 Postbiotics (metabolite-based therapeutics)
4 Metagenomic profiling
5 Conclusion
AI disclosure
Chapter 18. Role of nanotechnology in microbiome drug development
1 Introduction
2 Nanomaterials in drug development
3 Materials for targeted drug delivery
3.1 Inorganic nanoparticles for drug delivery
3.2 Carbon materials for drug delivery
3.3 Lipid nanoparticles for drug delivery
3.4 Polymeric nanomaterials for drug delivery
4 Nanomaterials in microbiome drug development
5 Future perspective
6 Conclusion
AI disclosure
Index

Genevieve Dable-Tupas

Genevieve Dable Tupas, MD, MMCE, FPPS, FPSECP is an Associate Professor at the Research Center, College of Medicine, Davao Medical School Foundation, Inc, Davao City, Philippines. Her research interests include natural products research, clinical epidemiology, and their translation to benefit the community.

Affiliations and expertise

Associate Professor, Research Center, College of Medicine, Davao Medical School Foundation, Inc, Davao City, Philippines

Rohini Karunakaran

Dr. Rohini Karunakaran, PhD is an Associate Professor in the Faculty of Medicine, Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology (AIMST University), Malaysia. She is also the Preclinical Coordinator, Medical Education Unit Coordinator and Internal Auditor at AIMST University with administrative responsibilities besides teaching. She holds a PhD in Biochemistry with a Master’s degree in Clinical Microbiology, Bachelor’s in Education and Post Graduate Diplomas in Forensic Science, Human Rights, Medical Laboratory Technology and Bioinformatics. Dr. Rohini has been involved in teaching Biochemistry at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels to MBBS, Dental, and Pharmacy students. She is also involved in guiding and supervising postgraduate students - MSc Medical Biochemistry, PhD Biotechnology and Postgraduate diploma in Bioinformatics students. Dr. Rohini is QMS & IA Certified ISO Internal Auditor for ISO 15189:2012 and ISO 9001:2008. She has published 40 full papers, 39 abstracts in conference proceedings, 6 books and 10 chapters. Dr. Rohini is an editorial board member of reputable national and international journals and has reviewed many articles. She has presented oral papers and posters at international conferences in Malaysia, India, Singapore, Thailand, Hongkong and Srilanka, and has served as speaker at international conferences. Dr. Rohini has been awarded the Young Scientist Award” (2013), “Young Biotechnologist Award” (2015), “Gold Medal” and “A grade” for Research Methodology (2015). She has also won the “Young Scientist Award” (2016), “Young Scientist Award” (2017) and the YSP fellowship programme at Seoul, Korea (2018). Also, she is a recipient of the Prestigious IRDP Award (2018), Outstanding Researcher in Biochemistry (2018), Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Award for Young Scientists (2018) and Best Outstanding Academician International Award 2020 - Kamarajar Institute of Education and Research. Dr. Rohini has been awarded the status of Associate Fellow of AMEE (Association for Medical Education in Europe).

Affiliations and expertise

Associate Professor, Unit of Biochemistry, Preclinical Coordinator, Faculty of Medicine AIMST University, Malaysia

Peter Paul C Lim

Peter Paul Lim is a pediatrician and a fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics. He finished his residency in Pediatrics at the Janet Weis Children’s Hospital-Geisinger Medical Center in Danville, Pennsylvania. Following completion of his residency he briefly practiced general pediatrics in South Dakota where he was Assistant Clinical Professor of Pediatrics at the University of South Dakota School of Medicine. He is currently doing a fellowship training in Pediatric Infectious Diseases at the Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital-University Hospitals/Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. Dr. Lim has written multiple publications and has served as a reviewer for several journals. His main research of interest is on antimicrobial and diagnostic stewardship. He is currently involved in developing antibiotic stewardship guidelines and quality improvement research projects that promote responsible use of antibiotics and diagnostics. He is an active member of the Infectious Disease Society of America and the Pediatric Infectious Disease Society.

Affiliations and expertise

Fellow, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital- University Hospitals/Case Western Reserve University, USA

Maria Catherine B Otero

Maria Catherine B. Otero is currently doing her PhD in Health Science (by Research) in the College of Medicine of the University of the Philippines Manila specializing on wastewater surveillance of COVID-19 and Antimicrobial Resistance. She obtained her MS in Public Health (Medical Microbiology) from the College of Public Health, also in UP Manila, and she worked on the detection of Chikungunya virus in Philippine macaques from the Davao Region in collaboration with the Research Institute for Tropical Medicine. Ms. Otero is also a Biomedical Consultant of the College of Medicine Research Center and BS Biology faculty of the Davao Medical School

Affiliations and expertise

Biomedical Consultant College of Medicine Research Center, Davao Medical School Foundation, Inc. (DMSFI), Davao City, Philippines

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Human Microbiome Drug Targets

Modern Approaches in Disease Management

Purchase options

Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect

Genevieve Dable-Tupas

Rohini Karunakaran

Peter Paul C Lim

Maria Catherine B Otero