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Human-Computer Interaction

An Empirical Research Perspective

2nd Edition - January 1, 2024

Author: I. Scott MacKenzie

Paperback ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 4 0 9 6 - 9

Human-Computer Interaction: An Empirical Research Perspective is the definitive guide to empirical research in HCI. The book begins with foundational topics including an… Read more

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Human-Computer Interaction: An Empirical Research Perspective is the definitive guide to empirical research in HCI. The book begins with foundational topics including an historical context, the human factor, interaction elements, and the fundamentals of science and research. From there, readers will progress to learning about the methods for conducting an experiment to evaluate a new computer interface or interaction technique. There are detailed discussions and how-to analyses on models of interaction, focusing on descriptive models and predictive models. Writing and publishing a research paper is explored with helpful tips for success. Throughout the book, readers will find hands-on exercises, checklists, and real-world examples. This is a must-have, comprehensive guide to empirical and experimental research in HCI – an essential addition to your HCI library.

1 Historical Context 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Vannevar Bush’s "As We May Think" (1945) 1.3 Ivan Sutherland’s Sketchpad (1962) 1.4 Invention of the Mouse (1963) 1.5 Xerox Star (1981) 1.6 Birth of HCI — 1983 1.6.1 First ACM SIGCHI Conference (1983) 1.6.2 "The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction" (1983) 1.6.3 Launch of the Apple Macintosh (1984, January) 1.7 Growth of HCI and Graphical User Interfaces 1.8 Growth of HCI Research 1.9 Summary 1.9.1 Other Readings 1.10 Resources 2 The Human Factor 2.1 Time Scale of Human Action 2.2 Human Factors 2.3 Sensors 2.3.1 Vision (Sight) 2.3.2 Hearing (Audition) 2.3.3 Touch (Tactition) 2.3.4 Smell and Taste 2.3.5 Other Senses 2.4 The Brain 2.4.1 Perception 2.4.2 Cognition 2.4.3 Memory 2.5 Responders 2.5.1 Limbs 2.5.2 Voice 2.5.3 Eyes 2.5.4 The Brain As a Responder 2.6 Language 2.6.1 Redundancy in Language 2.6.2 Entropy in Language 2.7 Human Performance 2.7.1 Reaction Time 2.7.2 Visual Search 2.7.3 Skilled Behaviour 2.7.4 Attention 2.7.5 Human Error 2.7.6 Outliers 2.7.7 Accidents 2.8 Summary 3 Interaction Elements 3.1 Pointing and Selecting 3.2 Keying – Text Input 3.3 Gesture Input 3.4 Hard Controls and Soft Controls 3.5 Control-Display Relationship 3.5.1 Spatial Relationships 3.5.2 CD Gain and Transfer Function 3.5.3 Latency 3.5.4 Property Sensed and Order of Control 3.6 Natural vs. Learned Relationships 3.7 Mental Models and Metaphor 3.8 Modes 3.9 More About Degrees of Freedom 3.10 Mobile Context 3.11 Interaction Errors 4 Scientific Foundations 4.1 What is Research? 4.1.1 Research Must Be Published 4.1.2 Citations, References, Impact 4.1.3 Research Must Be Reproducible 4.1.4 Research vs. Engineering vs. Design 4.1.5 The Nature of Research 4.2 What is Empirical Research? 4.3 Research Methods 4.3.1 Observational Method 4.3.2 Experimental Method 4.3.3 Correlational Method 4.3.4 Precision and Relevance in Experimental Methodology 4.3.5 User Study vs. Usability Evaluation 4.4 Observe and Measure 4.4.1 Observation 4.4.2 Measurement Scales 4.5 Research Questions 4.6 Internal Validity and External Validity 4.7 Comparative Evaluations 4.8 Relationships: Circumstantial and Causal 4.9 Research Topics 4.9.1 Ideas 4.9.2 Finding a Topic 5 Designing HCI Experiments 5.1 What Methodology? 5.2 Ethics Approval 5.3 Experiment Design 5.4 Independent Variables 5.5 Dependent Variables 5.6 Other Variables 5.6.1 Control Variables 5.6.2 Random Variables 5.6.3 Confounding Variables 5.7 Task and Procedure 5.8 Participants 5.9 Questionnaire Design 5.10 Within-Subjects, Between-Subjects 5.11 Order Effects, Counterbalancing, and Latin Squares 5.12 Group Effects and Asymmetric Skill Transfer 5.13 Longitudinal Studies 5.14 Running the Experiment 5.15 Summary 6 Hypothesis Testing 6.1 Utility Software: GoStats 6.2 Analysis of Variance 6.2.1 Why Analyse the Variance? 6.2.2 More Than Two Test Conditions 6.2.3 Post Hoc Comparisons 6.2.4 Between-Subjects Designs 6.2.5 Two-Way Analysis of Variance 6.2.6 Doing an ANOVA with GoStats 6.2.7 Counterbalancing and Testing for a Group Effect 6.3 Chi-square Test 6.4 Test For Normality 6.4.1 Example 1 6.4.2 Example 2 6.4.3 Example 3 6.5 Non-parametric Tests for Ordinal Data 6.5.1 Example 1 6.5.2 Example 2 6.5.3 Example 3 6.5.4 Example 4 6.6 Discussion 6.7 Parametric vs. Non-parametric Tests 6.8 Conclusions 7 Modeling Interaction 7.1 Descriptive Models 7.1.1 Delineating a Problem Space 7.1.2 Quadrant Model of Groupware 7.1.3 Key-Action Model (KAM) 7.1.4 Model of Bimanual Control 7.1.5 Three-State Model for Graphical Input 7.2 Predictive Models 7.2.1 Linear Regression Model 7.2.2 Fitts’ Law 7.2.3 Choice Reaction Time 7.2.4 The Keystroke-Level Model 7.2.5 Skill Acquisition 7.2.6 More Than One Predictor 7.3 A Model Continuum Model 8 Writing and Publishing a Research Paper 8.1 Conference Papers, Journal Papers 8.2 Parts of a Research Paper 8.2.1 Title 8.2.2 Abstract 8.2.3 Keywords 8.2.4 Introduction 8.2.5 Method 8.2.6 Results and Discussion 8.2.7 Conclusion 8.2.8 References 8.3 Preparing the Manuscript 8.3.1 Formatting 8.3.2 Citations and References 8.3.3 Visual Aids 8.3.4 Writing for Clarity