How Synthetic Drugs Work

Insights into Molecular Pharmacology of Classic and New Pharmaceuticals

1st Edition - September 6, 2022

Editors: Imran Kazmi, Sanmoy Karmakar, Md Adil Shaharyar, Muhammad Afzal, Fahad A. Al-Abbasi

Paperback ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 9 8 5 5 - 0

eBook ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 1 3 6 8 - 3

How Synthetic Drugs Work: Insights into Molecular Pharmacology of Classic and New Pharmaceuticals provides comprehensive, structured access to robust information on molecular… Read more

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How Synthetic Drugs Work: Insights into Molecular Pharmacology of Classic and New Pharmaceuticals provides comprehensive, structured access to robust information on molecular pharmacology for clinicians, research scientists and advanced health care students. The book covers the foundations of molecular pharmacology and the main drug classes, including detailed information on their mechanisms of action and the application of molecular pharmacology in drug development. This book is an ideal reference for graduate students and researchers in pharmacology, however, researchers in corporate settings will also benefit from the book's structured and detailed coverage of mechanisms of action of synthetic drugs.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
Chapter 1. Introduction to molecular pharmacology: basic concepts
Abstract
Pharmacology
Drugs
Brief history of pharmacology
Routes of drug administration
Local routes of drug administration
Pharmacokinetics
Specialized transport
Pinocytosis
Absorption
Factors affecting absorption of drugs
Drug distribution
Water compartments in the body
Other sites
Drug metabolism
Kinetics of metabolism
Drug excretion
Pharmacodynamics: drug receptor interactions or mechanism of drug effects
Mechanism of drug actions
Some important definitions
Nature of receptors
Transducer mechanisms
Reference
Chapter 2. Mechanism of action of cholinergic drugs
Abstract
Introduction
Chemistry of autonomic neurotransmitters
Biochemistry of acetylcholine
Signal transduction mechanisms involved in drug response
Nicotinic receptor
Muscarinic receptors
Conclusion
References
Further reading
Chapter 3. Mechanism of action of adrenergic drugs and recent updates
Abstract
Background
The Nervous System
Adrenergic Drugs
Pharmacological Actions
Adrenergic Nerve Receptors
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4. Insight into the mechanism of steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Abstract
Introduction to inflammation and its role
Inflammatory diseases
Inflammatory disease and their treatments
Classification of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids in broad category
Mechanism of action of corticosteroids and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Contraindications of corticosteroids
Contraindications of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5. Insight into the mechanism of action of anti-diabetic drugs
Abstract
Introduction
Biochemical background of diabetes mellitus
Classification of diabetes
Pathophysiology of type-1 diabetes
Other specific types of diabetes
Etiology
Sulfonylureas
Effect of amaryl in adipose cells: regulation of key metabolic proteins/enzymes
Biguanides
Metformin
Metformin and organic cation transporters
KATP channel modulators (nonsulfonyl ureas): meglitinides
Other glucose-lowering agents
References
Chapter 6. Molecular mechanism of action of estrogens, progestins, and androgens
Abstract
Introduction
Mechanism of action of endogenous steroid sex hormones (estrogens, progesterone, and androgens)
Role of estrogen, progesterone, and androgen in diseases
Synthetic estrogens, progestins, and androgens for treatment of hormone-related diseases
References
Chapter 7. Mechanism of action of sedatives, hypnotics, and antianxiety drugs
Abstract
Introduction
Generalized mode of action of anxiolytics, sedatives/hypnotics
Anxiety and antianxiety medications
Sedatives and hypnotics
Closing remarks
References
Chapter 8. Mechanism of action of antiepileptic drugs
Abstract
Introduction
Pathophysiology and pathogenesis of epilepsy
Role of GABA
Role of glutamate
General treatment
Newer antiepileptic drugs
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9. Mechanism of action of anti-Parkinson's drugs
Abstract
Introduction to Parkinson’s disease
Parkinson’s disease symptoms, and its subtypes
Epidemiology and risk factors for Parkinson’s disease
Substantia nigra and its association with neuronal components
Pathophysiology and pathoanatomy of Parkinson’s disease
Anti-Parkinson’s disease drugs
Catechol-o-methyltransferase
Catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors and Parkinson’s disease
Monoamine oxidase
Monoamine oxidase-A and monoamine oxidase-B
Inhibitors of monoamine oxidase-A and monoamine oxidase-B
Monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor selegiline and Parkinson’s disease
Monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor lazabemide in Parkinson’s disease
Summary
References
Chapter 10. Mechanism of action of antipsychotics and antimanics
Abstract
Introduction
Definition of physiological disorders
Genetic factors for psychological diseases
Environmental factors
Pathophysiology of psychotic disease
Mechanisms of action of lithium
Regulation of intracellular calcium
References
Chapter 11. Mechanism of action of antidepressants
Abstract
Introduction
Pathophysiology of major depression
Monoamines and other neurotransmitters hypotheses
Neurotrophic hypotheses
Stress-responsive/HPA axis hypotheses
Dysbiosis/gut/brain axis hypotheses
Glutamate hypotheses
Assimilation of hypotheses on depression pathophysiology
Fundamental pharmacology of antidepressants
Glutamate signaling antagonist
Adverse effect and interaction of antidepressant drugs
Conclusion
References
Chapter 12. Mechanism on the action of drugs for heart failure
Abstract
Introduction
Classification of heart failure
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Management of heart failure
Diuretics
Vasodilators
Digoxin
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
Angiotensin-II blockers (AT1 antagonists)
Beta-blockers
Calcium channel blockers
Newer agents
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13. Mechanism of action of antiarrhythmic drugs
Abstract
Introduction
Signs and symptoms of cardiac arrhythmia
Genetics of cardiac arrhythmias
The QT-opathies
The other channelopathies
Principles of electrophysiology
Types of cardiac arrhythmias
Antiarrhythmic drugs
New developments in antiarrhythmic therapy
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14. Insights into the mode of action of antianginal and vasodilating agents
Abstract
Pathophysiology associated with angina pectoris
USFDA classification of antianginal drugs
Mechanism of action of nitrates
Mechanism of action of beta-blockers
Mechanism of action of calcium channel blocker
Mechanism of action of potassium channel opener
Other drugs
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15. Mechanism of action of drugs used in hypertension
Abstract
Etiology of hypertension
Normal regulation of blood pressure
Classification of antihypertensive drugs
Diuretics
Sympatholytic agents
Ca2+ channel blockers
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
AngII receptor antagonist
Direct renin inhibitor
Vasodilators
D1 receptor agonist
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16. Mechanism of action of diuretic and anti-diuretic drugs
Abstract
Introduction
Brief anatomy and physiology of the nephron
Classification of diuretics (according to site of their action)
Normal physiology of different parts of nephron and related diuretics
Diuretic acting on glomerulus
Drugs acting on proximal convoluted tubule
Diuretics acting on thick ascending limb
Mechanism of hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesemia
Mechanism of hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis
Diuretics acting on distal convoluted tubule
Diuretics acting on tubule system
Others
Conclusion
References
Further reading
Chapter 17. Mechanism of action of drugs used in gastrointestinal diseases
Abstract
Overview
Introduction
Neuronal and hormonal control over gastrointestinal tract
Gastrointestinal acid regulation
Peptic ulcer
Drugs used for neutralizing and inhibiting acid release
H+/K+ ATPase inhibitor/ Proton pump inhibitor (PPIs): Omeprazole, Lansoprazole, Rabeprazole, Pantoprazole, Esomeprazole Mechanism of Action
Antiemetics and emetics
Emetics
Laxatives, purgatives, and cathartics
Antidiarrheal agents
Oral rehydration supplements
References
Chapter 18. Mechanisms of action of antibacterial agents (AMA)
Abstract
Introduction
Classification of β-lactams
Cell wall biosynthesis inhibitors–
Carbapenems
Cephalosporins
Protein synthesis inhibitors that bind the 50S and 30S ribosomal subunits
Conclusion
References
Chapter 19. Mechanism of action of antifungal agents
Abstract
Introduction
Pathophysiology fungal diseases
Mechanism of antifungal agents
Black fungus and COVID-19
Source
Reasons for sudden development
Symptoms
Treatments
Conclusion
References
Further reading
Chapter 20. Insights into the mechanism of action of antiviral drugs
Abstract
Introduction
Virus life cycle and pathogenesis
Classification of drugs based on viral targets
Pathophysiology of viruses
Conclusion
References
Chapter 21. Insight into the molecular mechanism of action of anticancer drugs
Abstract
Introduction
Pathophysiology
United States Food and Drug Administration
Newer United States Food and Drug Administration–approved drugs
Mechanism of action
Conclusion
References
Chapter 22. An insight into the agents used for immunomodulation and their mechanism of action
Abstract
Introduction
Immunomodulators
Immunosuppressants
Glucocorticoid
Mechanism of action of classical immunomodulatory drugs
Prednisone
Hydrocortamate
Calcineurin inhibitors
Cyclosporine
Tacrolimus
Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors
Sirolimus
Everolimus
Antimetabolite
Leflunomide
6-Mercaptopurine pathology and treatment
Alkalyting agent
Steroid-free medications
Oral signs and symptoms
Cyclophosphamide
Definition of biologics
Biologics are divided into three groups based on their chemical composition
Mechanism of action of newer immunomodulators
Usage of biologics for clinical indications
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha Inhibitor
Categorization
Etanercept
Infliximab
Interleukin-1 inhibitors
Anakinra
Daclizumab
Polyclonal antibody
Antithymocyte immunoglobulin (ATG)
Monoclonal antibodies
Alemtuzumab
Vaccine
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin
Antihelminthics
Albendazole
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Chapter 23. Mechanism of opioids action and their receptor-dependent signaling
Abstract
Introduction
Opioid receptors
Opioid ligands
Molecular recognition of opioids
Classic mechanism
Ion channels
Adenylate cyclase
Mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling
Tolerance
Conclusion
References
Chapter 24. Application of molecular pharmacology in research techniques and drug development
Abstract
Introduction
Molecular pharmacology methods and their application in drug discovery approaches
Molecular approaches based on network
Mechanism-based approach in drug discovery
Molecular biology method in human disease and drug discovery
Human disease networks and molecular pharmacology
Molecular pharmacology in treatment response prediction
Investigation of disease mechanisms by molecular pharmacology
Gene regulation and disease state
Molecular pharmacology approaches in drug discovery
Drug–target networks and molecular pharmacology
Predictions of drug–target interactions
Investigations of drug adverse effects by molecular pharmacology approaches
Drug repositioning and molecular pharmacology
Predictions of drug combination and molecular pharmacology approaches
Conclusion
References
Index

Imran Kazmi

Is currently working as an Associate Professor in College of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia. He has 10 years of experience in teaching and research. His key area of research involves pharmacological evaluation and establishment of mechanism of action of novel isolated phytoconstituents and synthetic drugs. He has more than 70 papers in different peer reviewed journal. He wrote more than 14 books/chapters with different publishing groups. He also has one Indian Patent on novel molecule isolated from Lantana camara medicinal plant.

Affiliations and expertise

Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Sanmoy Karmakar

Is a Professor of Pharmacology & Toxicology, in the Dept of Pharmaceutical Technology at Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India. His research interest involves cardiovascular diseases, bioavailability of drugs and traditional medicine. He also works on toxicity studies on common food and chemical additives. He has established molecular research facilities for receptor specific mRNA studies both in vitro and vivo system. He has to his credit many Government and private funded projects with numerous peer reviewed publications.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India

Md Adil Shaharyar

Is a research scholar in the Dept of Pharmaceutical Technology at Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India. His area of research involves cardiovascular diseases and traditional medicine. He is a dedicated, sincere, hardworking and enthusiastic researcher with international peer reviewed publications.

Affiliations and expertise

Research Scholar in the Dept of Pharmaceutical Technology at Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India

Muhammad Afzal

Is presently working as an Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia. His broad area of research includes Neuropharmacology and drug discoveries for the treatment of neurological diseases, Biology of cancers and anticancer drug development. He has 13 years of teaching and research experience at undergraduate and postgraduate level. He has published several research articles in peer reviewed journals of international repute with a cumulative impact factor of about 100. Dr Afzal has attended several conferences and workshops at national and international levels. He has authored three books and filed an Indian patent too.

Affiliations and expertise

Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia

Fahad A. Al-Abbasi

Is currently working as a Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. His broad area of research includes clinical biochemistry, biochemical pharmacology, drug discoveries for the treatment of different diseases, biology of cancers and anticancer drug development. He has 13 years of teaching and research experience at undergraduate, postgraduate and doctorate level. He has published several research articles in peer reviewed journals of international repute with a cumulative impact factor of about 150. He has also served as the director of international students unit, head of Health Information Technology Department, Director of International Sudents Scholarship Program, Vice Dean for graduate studies of internal students, and Vice Dean of Continuing Education, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. He has authored many books also.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia