Limited Offer
History of Modern Clinical Toxicology
- 1st Edition - October 13, 2021
- Editor: Alan Woolf
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 2 2 1 8 - 8
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 2 2 1 9 - 5
History of Modern Clinical Toxicology describes the extraordinary advances in the practice of clinical toxicology within the past 70 years and brings together stories of the people… Read more
Purchase options
Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect
Request a sales quoteHistory of Modern Clinical Toxicology describes the extraordinary advances in the practice of clinical toxicology within the past 70 years and brings together stories of the people – the champions of clinical toxicology - who contributed to these advances, discovered new therapies and antidotes, and made change happen. This book lays out the poison control system they built and the fascinating story of how they created a new and evolving medical specialty. With the participation of renowned international experts as authors, the book showcases the development of poison control centers around the world and the growth of the professional societies that represent and support them today. This book also tells the stories of the modern-day toxic disasters and recent toxic exposures that gained worldwide attention and notoriety. It outlines the public health responses to such calamities which have led to improvements in our understanding of the science and changes in public health policies and regulations to forestall future such events. Finally, the book covers key policies and agencies affecting poison control centers, addresses the challenges facing clinical toxicologists of today, and predicts advances and future innovations in the field. History of Modern Clinical Toxicology is a unique resource that provides the historical and international perspective that will help students, practitioners, scientists, and health policy makers put current issues and methods in perspective. It will help them understand how infrastructure and processes in clinical toxicology have evolved and why poison control systems are configured as they are.
- Offers descriptions of the key regulatory advances affecting clinical toxicology
- Provides synopses of modern-day poisoning disasters
- Outlines the development of modern antidotes and future directions in clinical toxicology
- Describes the origins and development of the U.S. poison control system
- Includes the origins and features of professional clinical toxicology societies from around the world
- Includes descriptions of the history of clinical toxicology and poison control in more than 35 countries
Researchers, academics, and professional toxicologists; clinicians and other health care providers; poison control center workers, poison control centers; emergency medicine practitioners. Graduate students in clinical and medical toxicology; organizations involved in incident control and management for chemical and large-scale events; regulators
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Contributors
- Foreword
- Disclaimer
- Acknowledgments
- Abbreviations
- Agencies
- Societies
- Other
- Preface to the series
- Other published books
- Preface
- Section 1: Disasters: Examples of toxic calamities in modern times
- Introduction
- Introduction
- Chapter 1.1: Triortho cresyl phosphate “Ginger Jake” disaster—United States,1930s
- Abstract
- Extract of ginger
- Prohibition and the rise of Ginger Jake
- Tainted Ginger Jake
- Triortho cresyl phosphate—The adulterant
- Clinical toxicology
- Recall of tainted Ginger Jake
- Stigma of “JakeLeg”
- Aftermath
- Other triortho cresyl phosphate adulterant disasters
- Chapter 1.2: Three methylmercury poisoning disasters
- Abstract
- Chapter 1.2.1: Minamata Bay, Japan
- Chapter 1.2.2: Niigata, Japan, 1965
- Chapter 1.2.3: IRAQ, 1971
- Chapter 1.3: Community dioxin disaster—Seveso Italy, 1976
- Abstract
- The explosion
- Serum TCDD levels and half-life
- Background—Dioxins
- Immediate symptoms and signs of toxicity
- Skin lesions and chloracne
- Carcinogenesis
- Aftermath
- Lessons learned
- Chapter 1.4: Arsenic in tube well water—Bangladesh, 1970s–1990s
- Abstract
- Clean drinking water initiatives
- Early detections of arsenic in tube wells
- Unprecedented scope of arsenic contamination
- Toxicology of arsenic
- Clinical toxicity
- Skin lesions
- Clinical toxicity—Other
- Arsenic and cancers
- Arsenic concentration limits—Drinking water
- Government agencies respond to contaminated drinking water
- Evolving arsenic-contaminated water crisis—2000s
- Continuing threats to clean drinking water
- Contamination of agricultural crops
- Social and health consequences
- Other solutions
- Lessons learned
- Global arsenic contamination
- Chapter 1.5: Toxic oil syndrome—Spain,1981
- Abstract
- Toxic oil syndrome: The index case
- Epidemiology
- Etiology of toxic oil syndrome—Rapeseed oil
- RAELCA oil distributor
- An elusive culprit
- Lack of a true animal model
- Clinical toxicology
- Prodromal acute phase
- Intermediate phase
- Chronic phase
- Implications
- Chapter 1.6: Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome—United States, 1989
- Abstract
- New disease: EMS
- Epidemiology
- Clinical toxicology—EMS
- Physical exam findings
- Neurologic and psychiatric findings
- Laboratory findings
- Progression of disease
- Pathology
- Differential diagnosis
- Etiology
- EMS compared with TOS
- Lessons learned from EMS and TOS
- Chapter 1.7: Methyl isocyanate—Bhopal, India, 1984
- Abstract
- Background
- Epidemiology
- Toxicology—Methyl isocyanate
- Clinical toxicity in humans
- Animal studies
- Additional compounds
- Aftermath
- Lessons learned
- Chapter 1.8: Zamfara gold mining lead poisoning disaster—Nigeria, Africa, 2010
- Abstract
- 2008 Recession and gold mining
- Unexplained childhood deaths
- Elevated blood lead levels in children
- Soil/dust lead levels
- Toxicology of lead
- CDC and partners offer assistance and environmental remediation
- Clinical features of childhood Lead poisoning
- Chelation of Zamfara children with succimer
- Aftermath
- Lessons learned
- Chapter 1.9: Itai-Itai disease—Japan, 1955
- Abstract
- Cadmium in fish, rice, and vegetables
- Discovery of Itai-Itai disease
- Early epidemiologic investigations
- Formal recognition of Itai-Itai disease by Japanese government
- Toxicology
- Health effects
- Renal damage in Itai-Itai disease
- Long-term clinical toxicity
- Aftermath and government restitution
- Lessons learned
- Cadmium contamination in other Japanese prefectures
- Chapter 1.10: Japan “Yusho” poisoning, 1968 and Taiwan “Yucheng” poisoning, 1979
- Abstract
- Yusho discovery
- Epidemiology
- Identifying the chemical poisons
- Dioxin background
- Symptoms and signs of Yusho
- Reproductive effects in Yusho patients
- Long-term clinical effects in patients
- Carcinogenicity
- Autopsy findings
- Therapies for dioxin poisoning
- Toxicology of dioxins and dioxin-like chemicals
- Half-life of dioxins
- Chick edema disease
- Yu-Cheng poisoning—Taiwan
- Section 2: Notable pharmaceutical poisoning incidents and poisoned people
- Introduction
- Chapter 2.1: Sulfanilamide (diethylene glycol) disaster—United States, 1937
- Abstract
- Toxicity of diethylene glycol
- Clinical toxicology
- Timeline of the tragedy
- Congressional remedies
- Aftermath
- Diethylene glycol adulterant tragedies around the world
- Chapter 2.2: Gasping syndrome, 1982
- Abstract
- Benzyl alcohol preservative
- Poisoning epidemic discovered
- Toxicity studies of benzyl alcohol
- Toxicity of benzyl alcohol in premature newborns
- FDA issues benzyl alcohol warning
- Lessons learned
- Aftermath—Hospital pharmacy changes
- Chapter 2.3: Tylenol cyanide poisoning in United States, 1982
- Abstract
- Cyanide identified
- Toxicology of cyanide
- Clinical toxicity
- Aftermath of the murders
- Changes in product design and packaging
- Copycat incidents
- U.S. packaging and labeling regulation reforms
- Chapter 2.4: Thalidomide tragedy, 1950s
- Abstract
- Thalidomide’s insufficient premarketing testing
- Blocked in America
- Birth defects linked to thalidomide use in pregnancy
- Thalidomide toxicology and clinical toxicology
- Corporate responsibility
- Rehabilitation services
- Historical context
- Reform: Regulation of new pharmaceuticals
- Rebirth of thalidomide
- Aftermath
- Chapter 2.5: Dimethylmercury death—Professor Wetterhahn, 1996
- Abstract
- Professor of chemistry on Dartmouth Faculty
- August 14, 1996, laboratory incident
- Signs of illness
- Toxicology of dimethylmercury
- January 1997—Dr. Wetterhahn hospitalized
- Mercury pathology
- Aftermath—Laboratory standard operating procedures changed
- Wetterhahn awards
- Chapter 2.6: Yushchenko (dioxin), 2004 and Markov (ricin), 1978: Two political poisonings
- Abstract
- Chapter 2.6.1: Viktor Yushchenko
- Chapter 2.6.2: Markov incident—Ricin—London, 1978
- Section 3: Discovery of selected modern antidotes
- Introduction
- Introduction
- Chapter 3.1: N-Acetylcysteine
- Abstract
- Introduction
- NAC origins and mucolytic effect
- Widespread use of acetaminophen
- Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity
- Research into antidotes for acetaminophen hepatotoxicity
- NAC as an acetaminophen antidote
- Efficacy of iv versus po NAC
- Conclusions
- Chapter 3.2: Fomepizole
- Abstract
- Acknowledgments
- Conflict of interest/disclosure
- Introduction
- Methanol and ethylene glycol toxicity
- Discovery of 4-methylpyrazole as an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor
- Efficacy of 4MP in intoxicated animals
- Translating animal 4MP to human fomepizole
- Technology transfer for fomepizole
- Clinical studies of efficacy lead to marketing approval
- Fomepizole today—Generics, shortages, and new uses
- Time overcomes all obstacles in antidotal drug development
- Chapter 3.3: Methylene blue
- Abstract
- Discovery
- Pharmacology
- Adverse effects
- Comparative safety and effectiveness
- Special populations (pregnancy, children, elderly)
- Development
- Recent history
- Chapter 3.4: British anti-lewisite (dimercaprol)
- Abstract
- Discovery
- Development
- Chapter 3.5: Pralidoxime and oximes
- Abstract
- Acknowledgment
- Background
- Development of oximes
- Place in modern therapeutics
- Conclusions
- Chapter 3.6: Naloxone
- Abstract
- Morphine and other opioids
- Addiction
- Nalodeine and nalorphine
- Discovery of naloxone
- Inranasal naloxone
- Bystander naloxone kits
- Chapter 3.7: Physostigmine
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Discovery
- Development
- Recent history
- Place in modern therapeutics
- Conclusion
- Chapter 3.8: Cyanide antidotes
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Methemoglobin inducers
- Thiosulfate
- Cobalt compounds
- Recent investigations
- Summary
- Section 4: Clinical toxicology and poison control in the United States
- Introduction
- Introduction
- 1906—Pure Food and Drug Act (Wiley Act)
- 1927—The Federal Caustic Poison Act
- 1938—Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
- 1951—Humphrey-Dunham Drug Prescription Act
- 1960—Federal Hazardous Substances Act (Title 15 U.S. Code, Section 1261)
- 1961—National Poison Prevention Week (PL 87-319)
- 1962—Kefauver new drug amendments
- 1966—Child Protection Act
- 1970—Poison Prevention Packaging Act (PPA)
- 1971—Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act (LBPPPA; PL 91-695)
- 1972—Consumer Product Safety Act (PL 92-573)
- 1973—National Emergency Services System Act (PL 93-154-93 Stat 2410)
- 1994—DSHEA—Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act
- 2000—Poison Control Center Enhancement and Awareness Act (PL 106-174; EO 12372)
- 2003—Poison Control Center Enhancement and Awareness Act Amendments (PL 108–194)
- 2008—Poison Center Support, Enhancement and Awareness Act (PL 110–377)
- 2014—Poison Center Network Act (PL 113-77—113th congress)
- 2018—Poison Center Network Enhancement Act of 2018 (HR 5329—115th congress)
- Chapter 4.1: U.S. Poison Control Centers get organized: 1950s–1960s
- Abstract
- Pediatric origins
- First US Poison Control Center—Chicago, IL
- Proliferation of U.S. Poison Control Centers—1960s
- National Clearinghouse for Poison Control Centers 1957–1987
- Other information sources
- Poisoning prevention in the United States
- Progress of poison control in the 1960s
- Chapter 4.2: Era of regionalization and standardization: 1970s–1980s
- Abstract
- Redefining the mission of PCCs
- Research and PCCs
- Who will pay?
- Regionalization
- AAPCC certification criteria
- Poison information retrieval
- Poisindex
- Other sources of poisoning information
- Collecting and reporting poison exposures
- Toxic Exposure Surveillance System
- Two-tiered approach to PCC staffing
- A cadre of specialists in poison information
- Poisoning prevention
- Advances in research and clinical applications
- Chapter 4.3: The information technology revolution: 1990s
- Abstract
- Advent of the computer age
- Computerizing onsite case data collection and improving the toxic exposure surveillance system
- TESS critiques
- Disaster planning
- Poisoning prevention
- Unstable PCC finances
- PCC certification and effectiveness
- Reframing poison control—Drive for National Funding and National Toll-Free Access
- New millennium
- Chapter 4.4: New millennium, new directions: 2000–2020
- Abstract
- Federal funding
- Case mix and cost effectiveness
- Post-2001 emergency preparedness and poison control
- NPDS and surveillance
- PCCs and national disasters
- Environmental toxicology
- Pediatric environmental health specialty units
- Poisoning prevention
- The Internet Age—Immediate information retrieval
- Internet-based clinical toxicology education
- Era of social media
- Recent trends in poison control
- Smart algorithms, artificial intelligence (AI) & clinical decision-making: Internet-based automated poison control
- Future of clinical toxicology and poison control
- Chapter 4.5: Professionalism in US Clinical Toxicology—Training, practice, consultation, and societies
- Abstract
- Professional societies
- American Association of Poison Control Centers
- American Academy of Clinical Toxicology
- American Board of Applied Toxicology
- American College of Medical Toxicologists
- American Board of Medical Toxicology
- Section 5: Clinical toxicology and poison information in Europe, Scandinavia, and Israel
- Introduction
- Chapter 5.1: United Kingdom and Ireland
- Abstract
- Acknowledgments
- Origins
- 1962 Report
- Four information centers
- The NPIS established
- Regional centers join NPIS
- Service volume challenges
- TOXBASE
- NPIS reorganization: UK health departments plan—1997
- Health Protection Agency—2002
- Teratology information service
- On-call responsibilities
- The present NPIS
- Training and accreditation
- Educational outreach
- Future challenges
- Ireland
- Chapter 5.2: Czech Republic and other Central European and Eastern European countries
- Abstract
- Acknowledgments
- Origins
- Organization of PCCs across Central and Eastern Europe
- Daily operations
- Country-specific information
- Poisoning prevention
- Staffing and professionalism
- Challenges
- Cooperation
- Conclusions
- Chapter 5.3: Russia
- Abstract
- Origins
- Expansion of clinical toxicology
- National Service Development
- Poisons information
- Research
- Training and standards
- Conclusion
- Chapter 5.4: Germany
- Abstract
- Origins
- Development of poisons centers (Giftnotruf)
- Toxicological analysis
- National coordination
- Organization of poisons centers in Germany
- Legal duties
- Further poisons center activities
- Funding of poisons centers
- National poisoning registries
- National cooperation today
- Publicly funded national research projects
- Current operations
- Databases
- Case registration
- Staffing and professionalism
- Conclusions
- Chapter 5.5: The Netherlands
- Abstract
- Origins
- First challenges
- Organization
- Scientific research
- Chemicals in the Environment: A new category of information requests
- Information technology developments
- Staffing
- International involvement
- Conclusion
- Chapter 5.6: Belgium
- Abstract
- Acknowledgments
- Origins
- Mission of the BPC
- Operations
- The executive board
- Management
- Clinical toxicology in Belgium
- BPC staffing 2020
- Resources
- Cost-effectiveness
- Evolution in toxicological inquiries
- Evolution in the treatment of the poisoned patient
- International profile
- Communication and prevention
- Challenges
- Chapter 5.7: France
- Abstract
- Origins
- 1950s and 1960s: The first poison control center
- The group for combating poisoning and EAPCCT
- 1970s: Rise of the French PCCs
- Mission
- 1980s: Toxicovigilance
- 1990s and early 2000s: Reorganization of the PCC network
- PCCs 2010–2020
- ANSES, CCTV, SICAP
- Clinical toxicology departments
- Conclusion
- Chapter 5.8: Spain and Portugal
- Abstract
- Clinical toxicology in Spain
- Clinical toxicology in Portugal
- Chapter 5.9: Italy
- Abstract
- Origins
- The Italian National Health Service
- Initial PIC development
- Government recognition of Italian PICs
- Present status
- Challenges
- Conclusions
- Chapter 5.10: Switzerland
- Abstract
- Origins
- Organization
- Daily operations
- Other Tox Info Suisse services
- Antidotes
- Staffing and professionalism
- Research and scholarly activities
- International ties
- Challenges
- Chapter 5.11: Scandinavia
- Abstract
- Acknowledgment
- Introduction
- Denmark
- Norway
- Sweden
- Finland
- Chapter 5.12: Israel
- Abstract
- Origins
- Organization
- Training
- National services
- Daily operations
- Staffing and professionalism
- Israel Society of Toxicology
- Challenges
- Chapter 5.13: Contribution of the World Health Organization to toxicology and poisons centers
- Abstract
- Background
- Early work on the toxicological assessment of chemicals
- Consolidation of work on chemical safety
- International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS)
- IPCS INTOX project
- Other work on poisons centers
- Chemical incidents
- Other WHO work relating to toxicology
- Toxicity and safe use of pesticides
- Prevention and management of snakebite
- Improving the availability of antidotes
- Challenges
- Conclusions
- Chapter 5.14: The European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists (EAPCCT)
- Abstract
- Early meetings
- Progress 1964–1998
- Official journal
- Second constitution, renaming, and restructuring
- Louis Roche Lectureship
- Current EAPCCT activities
- Future challenges
- Section 6: Clinical toxicology and poison control in Asia and Australia
- Introduction
- Introduction
- Asia Pacific Association of Medical Toxicology (APAMT)
- Asian Society of Toxicology (ASIATOX)
- International Union of Toxicologists (IUTOX)
- Middle East & North African Clinical Toxicology Association (Menatox)
- Chapter 6.1: Australia
- Abstract
- Poison information centers
- National toll-free telephone number
- PIC staffing and data collection
- Medical consultant toxicologist services
- Clinical toxicology training
- Toxicology medical services
- Toxicology societies
- Future challenges
- Chapter 6.2: The Chinese mainland
- Abstract
- Origins
- NIOHP, Chinese CDC
- The national poisoning treatment system
- Poison information system
- Technical assistance data system for chemical accidents
- Emergency public reporting system
- Information platform for acute poisoning incidents
- Other poisoning counseling systems
- Education, training, and certification
- Future challenges
- Chapter 6.3: Taiwan
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Poison control centers in Taiwan
- Poisoning data collection
- Taiwan antidote network
- Clinical toxicology medical service
- Clinical toxicology training and education
- International collaboration
- Toxicology societies
- Future challenges
- Chapter 6.4: The Philippines
- Abstract
- Origins of clinical toxicology
- Origins of poison control—Setting the stage
- Organization and growth of NPCIS
- Current UPNPMCC operations
- Vision of the UPNPMCC
- The toxicology training programs
- National poison prevention week
- Current and future challenges and direction
- Chapter 6.5: Vietnam
- Abstract
- Poison control in Vietnam: Origins and development
- Current clinical toxicology network operations
- Future challenges
- Conclusion
- Chapter 6.6: Thailand
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Origins of Thai clinical toxicology
- Origins of Ramathibodi Poison Center
- Current RPC operations
- Siriraj Poison Center
- Thai Society of Clinical Toxicology
- Education and training
- The challenges of poison centers
- Human poisoning in Thailand
- Poison center activities
- International collaboration
- Conclusion
- Chapter 6.7: South Korea
- Abstract
- Governmental projects for poison information
- Private activities on poison control
- The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
- Pesticide research project
- Poison information database system
- Antidote project
- Laboratory services for toxic substances
- Future challenges
- Index
- No. of pages: 646
- Language: English
- Edition: 1
- Published: October 13, 2021
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Paperback ISBN: 9780128222188
- eBook ISBN: 9780128222195
AW
Alan Woolf
Dr. Alan Woolf has been the Director of the Region 1 New England Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit, a facility that offers consultation to health professionals and the public about clinical topics in environmental toxicology, for more than 20 years. He was also the Medical Director of the Massachusetts/Rhode Island Poison Control Center for 18 years. He is a former president of the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology and the American Association of Poison Control Centers, two of the premier clinical toxicology societies in America. Dr. Woolf is a Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (HMS), Director of the Pediatric Environmental Health Center at Boston Children’s Hospital (BCH), and Director of the Fellowship Training Program in Pediatric and Reproductive Environmental Health at BCH. Dr. Woolf and his colleagues research includes topics in clinical toxicology, medical therapies in the management of childhood poisonings, and topics in poisoning epidemiology and prevention.
Affiliations and expertise
Director, Pediatric Environmental Health Center, BCH; Director, Region 1 New England Pediatric Environment Health Specialty Unit; Director of the Fellowship Training Program in Pediatric and Reproductive Environmental Health at BCH; Associate Chief Medical Education Officer, BCH; Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, USA