High Temperature Miniature Specimen Test Methods

High Temperature Miniature Specimen Test Methods focuses on a comprehensive and thorough introduction to a range of high temperature, miniaturized test methods at elevated temperatures which are used to obtain “bulk” creep or fatigue properties from a small volume of material. The book will be of use to a wide range of audience of engineers (e.g., designers, manufacturers, metallurgists, stress analysts), researchers (e.g., materials scientists) and students (undergraduate and postgraduate) in the field of high-temperature material and structural integrity assessment. Specific novel features include 1] theoretical basis of each method; 2], data interpretation method of each test, and 3] specific applications.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
About the authors
Foreword
1. Introduction
1.1. Conventional creep test specimen requirements
1.2. Need to extract material properties from small volume of material
1.3. Requirements for material evaluation and structural integrity
1.4. Scope of the book
2. Basic material behavior models for creep and viscoplasticity
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Norton power law secondary creep model
2.3. Creep damage mechanics models
2.4. Unified viscoplasticity model
2.5. Other models
Nomenclature
3. Small punch test
3.1. Background and test standards
3.2. Small punch tensile test
3.3. Small punch creep test
3.4. Practical applications, complexities, and limitations
Nomenclature
Appendix 3.1 Summary of Chakrabarty's membrane stretching theory
Appendix 3.2 Cone model for equivalent stress and punch displacement
Appendix 3.3 Membrane stretching-based creep damage analytical solutions
4. Impression creep test with a rectangular indenter
4.1. Background
4.2. Data interpretation method
4.3. Typical test data
4.4. Conversion parameter corrections
4.5. Comments on applicability and limitations
4.6. Concluding summary
Nomenclature
Appendix 4.1 A theoretical analysis of a two-material impression specimen
5. Indentation creep test with a spherical indenter
5.1. Background
5.2. Steady-state creep analysis and data conversion
5.3. Data conversion using modified reference area
5.4. Practical issues
Nomenclature
6. Small ring-type specimen creep tests
6.1. Background
6.2. Small circular and elliptical ring creep tests
6.3. Small C-shaped ring creep test
6.4. Practical applications and limitations
Nomenclature
Appendix 6.1 Relationship between bending stress and bending moment
Appendix 6.2 Complementary strain energy for beam-type structures
Appendix 6.3 Radial deformation of elliptical ring based on complementary strain energy
Appendix 6.4 Approximate limit load for the circular ring
Appendix 6.5 Correction due to geometric changes
7. Small two-bar specimen creep test
7.1. Background
7.2. Specimen design and analysis
7.3. Data interpretation method
7.4. Experimental setup and typical test data
7.5. Applicability, advantages, and limitations
Nomenclature
8. Miniature bending creep tests
8.1. Background
8.2. Data interpretation of three-point bending under steady-state creep
8.3. Analytical creep damage solutions for the three-point bending beam
8.4. Experimental testing and typical test data
8.5. Practical applications and limitations
Nomenclature
Appendix 8.1 Steady-state analytical solutions for the three-point bending beam
Appendix 8.2 Critical creep displacement of three-point bending specimen with fixed constraints
9. Miniature thin-plate specimen tests
9.1. Background
9.2. Specimen design, testing, and data interpretation
9.3. Typical test data
9.4. Practical issues and limitations
Nomenclature
Appendix 9.1 Simplified analytical solutions for a two-material specimen
10. Equivalent gauge length under steady-state creep
10.1. Background
10.2. Steady-state creep deformation and data conversion
10.3. Determination of equivalent gauge length
10.4. Geometric changes and corrections
10.5. Discussion
10.6. Concluding summary
Nomenclature
Appendix 10.1 Reference stress method for steady-state creep of simple components
11. Determination of material properties via inverse techniques
11.1. Background
11.2. Fundamentals of inverse methods
11.3. Application in small punch creep tests with initial strain
11.4. Practical issues
Nomenclature
Appendix 11.1 Brief description of the Levenberg–Marquardt method
12. Opportunities for future development
12.1. Development of test standards
12.2. High-temperature component life management
12.3. Specimen size effect
12.4. Multiaxial miniature specimen testing
Nomenclature
Index

WS

Wei Sun

Wei Sun Ph.D DS.c was a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Nottingham, and has been working on creep, fatigue, cyclic plasticity, and the miniaturized specimen test methods at high temperatures for > 25 years. He has supervised 40 Ph.D projects (> 10 related to high temperature small specimen testing). He is an author of 260 international journal articles (63 related to high-temperature miniature specimen tests), 170 conference contributions (14 plenary/keynote lectures) and one textbook (Applied Creep Mechanics. McGraw-Hill 2013). He became Charted Engineer in 1998, a Fellow of The Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 2002, and a Fellow of The Institute of Materials in 2009. Prof. Sun has been an Emeritus Professor at the University of Nottingham since he retired in 2020, and currently is a member of EU CEN Impression Creep Standard Committe.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK

ZY

Zhufeng Yue

Zhufeng Yue Ph.D is a Professor of Engineering Mechanics at the Northwestern Polytechnical University. Prof. Yue is a renowned expert on engineering mechanics, covering computational solid mechanics, high temperature structural integrity, fatigue, creep, plasticity, superplasticity, fretting and wear, computational methods in manufacturing process, and miniature specimen testing at elevated temperatures, with a focus on the multi-scale and multi-physics material modelling of single crystal superalloys. Prof. Yue has supervised 90 Ph.D students and is an author of 300 English journal articles, 260 conference contributions including 24 keynote lectures, 50 patents and 17 textbooks Prof. Yue has held adjunct professorships at Tongji University and Zhejiang University in China, and has been the Editor in Chief of the journal “Multidiscipline Modelling in Materials and Structure” since 2005.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Engineering Mechanics, Department of Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China

GZ

Guoyan Zhou

is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the East China University of Science and Technology. She has been working on high-temperature mechanics, related to creep and fatigue, thermal-mechanical coupling interaction, and miniature specimen testing. Prof. Zhou has developed several high-temperature miniaturized creep test methods and evaluation procedures using miniature beam and semi-circle ring specimens, which have been used in the structural integrity and safety assessment for turbine rotors, hydrogenation reactors and other equipment.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Mechanical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China

ZW

Zhixun Wen

Zhufeng Yue Ph.D is a Professor of Engineering Mechanics at the Northwestern Polytechnical University. Prof. Yue is a renowned expert on engineering mechanics, covering computational solid mechanics, high temperature structural integrity, fatigue, creep, plasticity, superplasticity, fretting and wear, computational methods in manufacturing process, and miniature specimen testing at elevated temperatures, with a focus on the multi-scale and multi-physics material modelling of single crystal superalloys. Prof. Yue has supervised 90 Ph.D students and is an author of 300 English journal articles, 260 conference contributions including 24 keynote lectures, 50 patents and 17 textbooks Prof. Yue has held adjunct professorships at Tongji University and Zhejiang University in China, and has been the Editor in Chief of the journal “Multidiscipline Modelling in Materials and Structure” since 2005.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Engineering Mechanics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China

ML

Ming Li

Ming Li is a Professor of Engineering Mechanics at the Northwestern Polytechnical University since 2021. He received his Ph.D in Mechanical Engineering in 2018 at the National University of Ireland, Galway, followed by a research fellow at University of Nottingham (2019-2021) in United Kingdom. During his Ph.D, he studied at University of Limerick as a visiting scholar in Ireland (2017-2018). Prof. Ming’s research interests focus on the multi-scale modelling method of high temperature superalloys. He has developed a high temperature fatigue test method by using a miniature thin-plate specimen for a supperalloy at high temperature. The miniaturized test method developed has exhibited a clear possibility to produce comparable low cycle fatigue behavior and creep-fatigue behavior with those which are normally obtained by conventional standard specimen tests.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Engineering Mechanics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China

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High Temperature Miniature Specimen Test Methods

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Wei Sun

Zhufeng Yue

Guoyan Zhou

Zhixun Wen

Ming Li