High Resolution Spectroscopy

ContentsPreface Fundamental Constants and Useful Conversion Factors Chapter 1 Quantization of Energy 1.1 Historical Evolution of Quantum Theory 1.2 The Schrödinger Equation 1.3 Some Important Solutions of the Schrödinger Equation 1.3.1 Types of Quantization in Atoms and Molecules 1.3.2 Solution of the Schrödinger Equation For the Hydrogen Atom 1.3.3 Quantization of Molecular Rotational, Electron Spin And Nuclear Spin Angular Momenta 1.3.4 Quantization of Vibrational Energy: The Simple Harmonic Oscillator 1.3.5 Summary of Quantized Quantities In Atoms And Molecules BibliographyChapter 2 Interaction of Electromagnetic Radiation with Atoms and Molecules 2.1 Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation 2.2 Absorption and Emission Processes 2.3 Line Widths of Transitions 2.3.1 Natural Line Broadening 2.3.2 Doppler Broadening 2.3.3 Pressure Broadening 2.3.4 Wall Collision Broadening 2.3.5 Power Saturation Broadening 2.3.6 Modulation Broadening 2.3.7 Summary Bibliography Chapter 3 General Experimental Methods 3.1 Regions of The Electromagnetic Spectrum 3.2 General Features of Instrumentation 3.3 Microwave and Millimetre Wave Spectroscopy 3.4 Lamb Dip Spectroscopy 3.5 Prisms, Diffraction Gratings and Interferometers As Dispersing Elements 3.5.1. Resolution and Resolving Power 3.5.2 Prisms 3.5.3 Diffraction Gratings 3.5.4 Interferometers 3.6 Far Infrared Spectroscopy 3.7 Near Infrared Spectroscopy 3.8 Visible and Near Ultraviolet Spectroscopy 3.8.1 Molecular Samples 3.8.2 Atomic Samples 3.9 Far (Vacuum) Ultraviolet Spectroscopy 3.10 Low and High Resolution Spectroscopy Bibliography Chapter 4 Rotational Spectroscopy 4.1 Classification into Linear Molecules, Symmetric Rotors, Spherical Rotors and Asymmetric Rotors 4.2 Pure Rotational Infrared, Millimetre Wave and Microwave Spectra of Diatomic and Linear Polyatomic Molecules 4.2.1 Transition Frequencies in the Rigid Rotor Approximation 4.2.2 Intensities 4.2.3 Centrifugal Distortion 4.2.4 The Stark Effect 4.2.5 Nuclear Hyperfine Splitting 4.2.6 Vibrational Satellites 4.3 Pure Rotational Infrared, Millimetre Wave and Microwave Spectra of Symmetric Rotor Molecules 4.4 Nuclear Spin Statistical Weights and Their Effects On Intensities 4.5 Pure Rotational Infrared, Millimetre Wave and Microwave Spectra of Asymmetric Rotor Molecules 4.6 Pure Rotational Infrared, Millimetre Wave and Microwave Spectra of Spherical Rotor Molecules 4.7 Interstellar Molecules Detected by Their Pure Rotation Spectra 4.8 Pure Rotational Raman Spectroscopy 4.8.1 Theory 4.8.2 Experimental Techniques 4.9 Structure Determination From Rotational Constants 4.10 Rotational Spectroscopy of Weakly Bound Complexes 4.10.1 Molecular Beam Electric Resonance Spectroscopy of Van Der Waals and Hydrogen Bonded Complexes 4.10.2 Microwave Spectroscopy of Van Der Waals and Hydrogen Bonded Complexes Bibliography Chapter 5 Vibrational Spectroscopy 5.1 Diatomic Molecules 5.1.1 Simple Harmonic Oscillator Approximation 5.1.2 Anharmonicity 5.1.3 Vibration-Rotation Spectroscopy 5.2 Polyatomic Molecules 5.2.1 Group Vibrations 5.2.2 Molecular Symmetry 5.2.3 Determination of Normal Modes of Vibration 5.2.4 Vibrational Selection Rules 5.2.5 Vibration-Rotation Spectroscopy 5.2.6 Anharmonicity 5.2.7 Vibrational Potential Functions with More Than One Minimum Bibliography Chapter 6 Electronic Spectroscopy 6.1 Electronic Spectroscopy of Atoms 6.1.1 The Periodic Table 6.1.2 Vector Representation of Momenta, and Vector Coupling Approximations 6.1.3 Spectra of the Alkali Metal Atoms 6.1.4 Spectrum of the Hydrogen Atom 6.1.5 Spectra of the Helium Atom and the Alkaline Earth Metal Atoms 6.1.6 Spectra of Other Polyelectronic Atoms 6.1.7 Symmetry Selection Rules 6.1.8 Atoms in A Magnetic Field 6.1.9 Atoms in An Electric Field 6.2 Electronic Spectroscopy of Diatomic Molecules 6.2.1 Electronic Structure 6.2.2 Rydberg Orbitals 6.2.3 Classification of Electronic States: Selection Rules 6.2.4 Vibrational Coarse Structure 6.2.5 Rotational Fine Structure 6.3 Electronic Spectroscopy of Polyatomic Molecules 6.3.1 Orbitals, States and Electronic Transitions 6.3.2 Intensities of Electronic Transitions 6.3.3 Chromophores 6.3.4 Vibrational Coarse Structure 6.3.5 Rotational Fine Structure Bibliography Chapter 7 Photoelectron Spectroscopy 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Experimental Methods 7.2.1 UPS Spectrometers 7.2.2 XPS Spectrometers 7.3 Ionization Processes in Photoelectron Spectra 7.4 Koopmans' Theorem 7.5 Photoelectron Spectra and Their Interpretation 7.5.1 Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS) 7.5.2 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) Bibliography Chapter 8 Lasers and Laser Spectroscopy 8.1 Lasers and Masers 8.1.1 General Features of Lasers and Their Design 8.1.2 Properties of Laser Radiation 8.1.3 Methods of Obtaining Population Inversion 8.1.4 Laser Cavity Modes 8.1.5 Q-Switching 8.1.6. Mode Locking 8.1.7 Harmonic Generation 8.1.8 Examples of Lasers and Masers 8.2 Laser Spectroscopy 8.2.1 Resonance Raman Spectroscopy 8.2.2 Hyper Raman Spectroscopy 8.2.3 Stimulated Raman And Raman Gain Spectroscopy 8.2.4 Inverse Raman Spectroscopy 8.2.5 Coherent Anti-Stokes And Coherent Stokes Raman Scattering Spectroscopy (CARS And CSRS) 8.2.6 Laser Magnetic Resonance (Or Laser Zeeman) Spectroscopy 8.2.7 Laser Stark (Or Laser Electric Resonance) Spectroscopy 8.2.8 Saturation Spectroscopy 8.2.9 Laser Induced Fluorescence 8.2.10 Level Crossing Spectroscopy, Including the Hanle Effect 8.2.11 Level Anticrossing Spectroscopy 8.2.12 Quantum Beat Spectroscopy 8.2.13 Double Resonance Spectroscopy Bibliography Appendix: Character Tables References Index of Atoms and MoleculesSubject Index