High and Low Erucic Acid in Rapeseed Oils

ContributorsForewordPreface1 The Origin and Description of the Brassica Oilseed Crops I. Introduction II. Domestication and Species Relationships III. Origin and Distribution IV. Crop Forms and Cultivation V. Plant and Seed Development VI. Rapeseed Oil VII. Rapeseed Meal VIII. Changing Quality References2 World Production and Trade of Rapeseed and Rapeseed Products I. Introduction II. Production of Rapeseed and Mustard—World Basis III. Production, Import, and Export of Rapeseed by Countries IV. Canola Meal—A Major Breakthrough V. Conclusions References3 The History and Marketing of Rapeseed Oil in Canada I. Background II. Introduction of Rapeseed to Canada III. Early Use and Development of Rapeseed IV. The Story of Partnership and Teamwork V. The Nutrition Issue VI. Quality Standards of Rapeseed and Canola Oil VII. Marketing VIII. Industry Associations References4 Chemical Composition of Rapeseed Oil I. Introduction II. Fatty Acids III. Triglycerides IV. Physical Properties V. Sterols VI. Tocopherols VII. Polar Lipids (Gums) VIII. Sulfur IX. Selenium, Heavy Metals, and Organic Toxins X. Specifications References5 Pathways of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Higher Plants with Particular Reference to Developing Rapeseed I. Introduction II. The Basic Pathway III. Biosynthesis of Erucic Acid in Developing Rapeseed IV. Conclusion References6 The Development of Improved Rapeseed Cultivars I. Introduction II. Rapeseed Breeding III. Canola in Other Countries IV. Future Trends References7 The Introduction of Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed Varieties into Canadian Production I. Introduction II. Development and Quality of Rapeseed Varieties in Canada prior to 1970 III. Mechanism of Rapeseed Varietal Development IV. The Decision to Convert to LEAR Varieties V. Monitoring the Conversion to LEAR VI. Conversion to Canola VII. High Erucic Acid Rapeseed in Western Canada References8 Rapeseed Crushing and Extraction I. A Historical Review of the Canadian Rapeseed Crushing Industry II. Preprocessing III. Rapeseed Constituents and Their Possible Interaction IV. Processing9 The Commercial Processing of Low and High Erucic Acid Rapeseed Oils I. Introduction II. Unit Processes III. Current Applications of HEAR Oil for Edible Uses References10 Current Consumption of Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed Oil by Canadians I. Introduction II. Level of Use of Fats and Oils III. Sources of Domestically Deodorized Fats and Oils IV. Availability of Rapeseed Oil to Canadians (1966-1980) V. Demographic Variables Affecting Rapeseed Oil Consumption References11 The Problems Associated with the Feeding of High Erucic Acid Rapeseed Oils and Some Fish Oils to Experimental Animals I. Introduction II. Growth Performance with HEAR Oils III. The Digestibility of HEAR Oils IV. Myocardial Lipidosis in Rats V. Myocardial Necrosis in Rats VI. Is Myocardial Lipidosis Linked to Myocardial Necrosis? VII. Effects on Other Tissues When HEAR Oil Is Fed to Rats VIII. The Myocardial Tolerance to HEAR Oil in the Diet by Species Other Than the Rat IX. The Involvement of Health Agencies in Lowering the Erucic Acid Content of Rapeseed Oils X. Current Regulations on Permissible Erucic Acid Levels References12 Cardiopathology Associated with the Feeding of Vegetable and Marine Oils I. Introduction II. Rats III. Swine IV. Monkeys V. Poultry VI. Conclusions References13 The Composition of Diets Used in Rapeseed Oil Feeding Trials I. Introduction II. Dietary Protocols III. Conclusions References14 The Metabolism of Docosenoic Acids in the Heart I. Substrates for Myocardial Oxidation II. The Utilization of Fat by Heart Muscle III. Alterations in Cardiac Metabolisms When Rats Are Fed Diets That Contain Erucic Acid IV. The Role of the Peroxisomal System in Myocardial Lipidosis V. Cardiac Respiratory Rates and Oxidative Phosphorylation in Rats Fed HEAR Oil Containing Diets VI. Interspecies Differences in Cardiac Lipids VII. Some Interspecies Differences in Myocardial Metabolism References15 The Regulation of Long-Chain Fatty Acid Oxidation I. Introduction II. ß-Oxidation III. ω-Oxidation IV. Integrated Regulation of Mitochondrial Oxidation References16 The Mechanisms of Fatty Acid Chain Elongation and Desaturation in Animals I. Introduction II. The 9-Desaturase(s) III. The 6-Desaturase(s) IV. The 5-Desaturase(s) V. The 4-Desaturase(s) VI. Microsomal Fatty Acid Chain Elongation VII. Retrocon version VIII. Regulation of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis References17 Results Obtained with Feeding Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed Oils and Other Vegetable Oils to Rats and Other Species I. Introduction II. Nutritional and Pathological Properties III. Results with Rats IV. Results with Pigs V. Results with Dogs VI. Results with Swiss Mice VII. Results with Monkeys VIII. Conclusion References18 Cardiac Lipid Changes in Rats, Pigs, and Monkeys Fed High Fat Diets I. Introduction II. Fatty Acid Composition of Vegetable Oils and Fats III. Changes in Cardiac Lipids of Rats Fed Different Oils and Fats IV. Changes in Cardiac Lipids of Pigs and Monkeys Fed Different Oils and Fats and How These Changes Compare to Those Observed in Rats V. Can the Myocardial Disorders Ascribed to the Feeding of Rapeseed Oil Be Correlated to Cardiac Lipid Charges? References19 The Use of Statistics in Assessing the Results from Experiments with Vegetable Oils Fed to Test Animals I. Introduction II. Body Weight and Growth Data III. Some Problems in Analyzing Relative Measurements IV. Random Variation in the Measurement of Dietary Components V. The Analysis of Incidence Data VI. Sample Size and Incidence Data VII. Sample Size in the Context of Estimation VIII. Conclusion References20 Studies with High and Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed Oil in Man I. Introduction II. Digestibility of Hear Oil and Lear Oil by Humans III. Serum Lipid Changes Accompanying the Ingestion of Hear and Lear Oils IV. Hematological Profiles of Subjects Given Hear and Lear Oil Diets V. Energy Metabolism in Young Men Given LEAR and Soybean Oils References21 The Relevance to Humans of Myocardial Lesions Induced in Rats by Marine and Rapeseed Oils I. Historical Background and Regulatory Concern II. The Laboratory Rat as an Experimental Model for Safety Assessment of Rapeseed Oils III. Studies in Humans IV. Safety Assessment Considerations V. Conclusions References22 Some Recent Innovations in Canola Processing Technology I. Introduction II. Cold Processing of Canola Seed III. Chemical Degumming IV. Physical Refining V. ConclusionsIndex