Hematology
Basic Principles and Practice
- 8th Edition - December 2, 2022
- Latest edition
- Editors: Ronald Hoffman, Edward J. Benz, Leslie E. Silberstein, Helen Heslop, Jeffrey Weitz, Mohamed E. Salama
- Language: English
Extensively revised, comprehensive content from leading global contributors ensures that Hematology, 8th Edition, remains your #1 choice for expert guidance in all areas of this… Read more
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Extensively revised, comprehensive content from leading global contributors ensures that Hematology, 8th Edition, remains your #1 choice for expert guidance in all areas of this rapidly advancing subspecialty. This edition reflects the numerous advances that are redefining the field and dramatically influencing new approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes. Well-illustrated and clinically focused, it details the basic science and clinical practice of hematology and hematopoietic cellular therapy—covering virtually all aspects of hematology in one definitive resource.
Covers all hematologic disorders, including comprehensive discussions of hematologic malignancies, individualized patient care, cell-based therapies, transplantation, transfusion medicine, hemostasis, thrombosis, and consultative hematology—in one convenient volume.
Provides state-of-the-art guidance from global experts at the forefront of the latest research and clinical practice.
Provides extensive updates throughout on basic science research, advances in molecular diagnostics, new drugs, immunotherapies, personalized medicine, laboratory medicine, transfusion medicine, stem cell transplantation, and clinical treatment for all hematologic malignancies and non-malignancies
Contains new chapters on gene editing; the impact of mitochondria on hematopoiesis; myelodysplastic syndrome/myeloproliferative neoplasm overlap syndromes; immunotherapy and management of its toxicities; transfusion medicine in sickle cell disease; principles of radiation therapy; and COVID-19, including complications of vaccination and its impact on the hematologic system.
Discusses many new advances in the field, including details and the future of gene therapy for hemophilia, gene editing for sickle cell disease and thalassemia, the evolution of cellular therapy, use of cells, transfusion medicine vs. protein therapy, gene sequencing, immunotherapy, and new targeted drugs.
Includes more decision-making algorithms for formulating diagnoses and personalized treatment plans for those highly complex disorders that require individualized approaches.
Addresses the effects of aging on hematopoiesis and on the manifestations of a variety of hematologic disorders.
Discusses cardio-oncology and its impact on the treatment of patients with hematologic disorders.
Presents relevant basic science as background for clinical application in later sections.
An eBook version is included with purchase. The eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures and references, with the ability to search, customize your content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud.
Practicing hematologists/oncologists, hematology/oncology fellows, vascular medicine specialists and trainees
PART I MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BASIS OF HEMATOLOGY
1. Anatomy and Physiology of the Gene
2. Epigenomics in Hematology
3. Genomic Approaches to Hematology
4. Regulation of Gene Expression in Hematology
5. Genome Editing
6. Signaling Transduction and Metabolomics
7. Protein Architecture: Relationship of Form and Function
8. Pharmacogenomics and Hematologic Diseases
PART II CELLULAR BASIS OF HEMATOLOGY
9. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Biology
10. Mitochondria and Hematopoiesis
11. Cytokines, Chemokines, Other Growth Factors, and Their Receptors
12. Role of Chemokines in Leukocyte Trafficking
13. Stem Cell Model of Hematologic Diseases
14. Hematopoietic Microenvironment
15. Cell Adhesion
16. Current Biology of Stem Cell Homing and Mobilization: Dynamic Interactions Between Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells and Their Surrounding Bone Marrow Microenvironment
17. Control of Cell Division
18. Cell Death
19. Aging and Hematopoiesis
PART III IMMUNOLOGIC BASIS OF HEMATOLOGY
20. Dendritic Cell Biology
21. Natural Killer Cell Immunity and Therapy
22. B-Cell Development
23. Complement and Immunoglobulin Biology Leading to Clinical Translation
24. T-Cell Immunity
25. Unmodified Ex Vivo Expanded T Cells
26. Treatment of Hematologic Malignancies with Genetically Modified T Cells
PART IV DISORDERS OF HEMATOPOIETIC CELL DEVELOPMENT
27. Biology of Erythropoiesis, Erythroid Differentiation, and Maturation
28. Granulocytopoiesis and Monocytopoiesis
29. Thrombocytopoiesis
30. Inherited Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes
31. Aplastic Anemia
32. Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
33. Acquired Disorders of Red Cell, White Cell, and Platelet Production
PART V RED BLOOD CELLS
34. Pathobiology of the Human Erythrocyte and Its Hemoglobins
35. Approach to Anemia in the Adult and Child
36. Iron Homeostasis and Its Disorders
37. Disorders of Iron Homeostasis: Iron Deficiency and Overload
38. Anemia of Chronic Inflammation
39. Heme Biosynthesis and Its Disorders: Porphyrias and Sideroblastic Anemias
40. Megaloblastic Anemias
41. Thalassemia Syndromes
42. Pathobiology of Sickle Cell Disease
43. Clinical Aspects of Sickle Cell Disease
44. Hemoglobin Variants Associated with Hemolytic Anemia, Altered Oxygen Affinity, and Methemoglobinemias
45. Red Blood Cell Enzymopathies
46. Red Blood Cell Membrane Disorders
47. Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
48. Extrinsic Nonimmune Hemolytic Anemias
PART VI NON-MALIGNANT LEUKOCYTES
49. Neutrophilic Leukocytosis, Neutropenia, Monocytosis, and Monocytopenia
50. Lymphocytosis, Lymphocytopenia, Hypergammaglobulinemia, and Hypogammaglobulinemia
51. Disorders of Phagocyte Function
52. Congenital Disorders of Lymphocyte Function
53. Pediatric and Adult Histiocytic Disorders
54. Lysosomal Storage Diseases, Focusing on Gaucher Disease: Perspectives and Principles
55. Epstein-Barr Virus and Associated Lymphoproliferative Conditions
PART VII HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES
56. Progress in the Classification of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Neoplasms: Clinical Implications
57. Conventional and Molecular Cytogenomic Basis of Hematologic Malignancies
58. Pharmacology and Molecular Mechanisms of Antineoplastic Agents for Hematologic Malignancies
59. Pathobiology of Acute Myeloid Leukemia
60. Clinical Manifestations and Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia
61. Myelodysplastic Syndromes
62. Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome in Adults
63. Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Children
64. Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm
65. Myelodysplastic Syndromes and Myeloproliferative Neoplasms in Children
66. Pathobiology of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
67. Clinical Manifestations and Treatment of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
68. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Adults
69. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
70. The Polycythemias
71. Essential Thrombocythemia
72. Primary Myelofibrosis and Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia
73. Myelodysplastic Syndrome/Myeloproliferative Neoplasm Overlap Syndromes
74. Eosinophilia, Eosinophilic Neoplasms, and the Hypereosinophilic Syndromes
75. Mast Cells and Mastocytosis
76. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
77. Hairy Cell Leukemia
78. The Pathologic Basis for the Classification of Non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin Lymphomas
79. Origin of Hodgkin Lymphoma and Therapeutic Targets
80. Hodgkin Lymphoma
81. Origin of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Therapeutic Targets
82. Clinical Manifestations, Staging, and Treatment of Follicular Lymphoma
83. Marginal Zone Lymphomas (Extranodal/MALT, Splenic, and Nodal)
84. Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma of the Central Nervous System
85. High-Grade B-Cell Lymphomas
86. Mantle Cell Lymphoma
87. Virus-Associated Lymphoma
88. Malignant Lymphomas in Childhood
89. T-Cell Lymphomas
90. Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance and Smoldering Multiple Myeloma
91. Multiple Myeloma
92. Waldenström Macroglobulinemia/Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma
93. Immunoglobulin Light-Chain Amyloidosis (Primary Amyloidosis)
PART VIII COMPREHENSIVE CARE OF PATIENTS WITH HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES
94. Key Considerations for Managing Infections in the Compromised Host
95. Principles of Radiation Therapy for Hematologic Disease
96. Grading and Toxicity Management after Immune Effector Therapy
97. Identification and Management of Checkpoint Inhibition Toxicity
98. Psychosocial Aspects of Hematologic Disorders
99. Pain Management and Antiemetic Therapy in Hematologic Disorders
100. Palliative Care
101. Therapy-related Late Effects of Hematologic Malignancies
PART IX TRANSPLANTATION AND OTHER CELL-BASED THERAPIES
102. Practical Aspects of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Harvesting and Mobilization
103. Graft Engineering and Cell Processing
104. Principles of Cell-Based Genetic Therapies
105. Indications, Outcomes, and Donor Selection for Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Hematologic Malignancies in Adults
106. Unrelated Donor Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation
107. Haploidentical Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
108. Cord Blood Transplantation
109. Graft-versus-Host Disease and Graft-versus- Leukemia Responses
110. Supportive Care for the Transplant Patient
PART X TRANSFUSION MEDICINE
111. Human Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
112. Principles of Red Blood Cell Transfusion
113. Clinical Considerations in Platelet Transfusion Therapy
114. Human Leukocyte Antigen and Human Neutrophil Antigen Systems
115. Principles of Plasma and Plasma Derivatives
116. Hemapheresis
117. Transfusion Reactions to Blood and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Therapy Products
118. Transfusion-Transmitted Diseases
119. Pediatric Transfusion Medicine
120. Transfusion and Apheresis Support for Sickle Cell Disease Patients
PART XI HEMOSTASIS AND THROMBOSIS
121. Overview of Hemostasis and Thrombosis
122. Blood Vessels
123. Megakaryocyte and Platelet Structure
124. Molecular Basis of Platelet Function
125. Molecular Basis of Blood Coagulation
126. Evaluation of the Patient with Suspected Bleeding Disorders
127. Laboratory Evaluation of Hemostatic and Thrombotic Disorders
128. Acquired Disorders of Platelet Function
129. Diseases of Platelet Number: Immune Thrombocytopenia, Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia, and Posttransfusion Purpura
130. Thrombocytopenia Caused by Hypersplenism, Platelet Destruction, or Surgery/Hemodilution
131. Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
132. Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura and the Hemolytic Uremic Syndromes
133. Structure, Biology, and Genetics of von Willebrand Factor
134. Hemophilia A and B
135. Rare Coagulation Factor Deficiencies
136. Transfusion Therapy for Coagulation Factor Deficiencies
137. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
138. Hypercoagulable States
139. Antiphospholipid Syndrome
140. Venous Thromboembolism
141. Prevention and Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism in Pregnancy
142. Atherothrombosis
143. Antithrombotic Drugs
144. Stroke
145. Acute Coronary Syndromes
146. Peripheral Artery Disease
147. Atrial Fibrillation
148. Bleeding and Clotting Disorders in Pediatrics
PART XII CONSULTATIVE HEMATOLOGY
149. Hematologic Changes in Pregnancy
150. Hematologic Manifestations of End-Organ Failure
151. Hematologic Manifestations of Solid Tumors
152. Hematologic Manifestations of HIV/AIDS
153. Hematologic Findings and Consequences of Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Infection
154. Hematologic Aspects of Parasitic Diseases
155. Hematologic Problems in the Surgical Patient: Bleeding and Thrombosis
156. The Spleen and Its Disorders
157. Aging and Hematologic Disorders
158. Onco-cardiology: Focus on Cardiac Complications of Hematologic Treatments
159. Resources for the Hematologist: Interpretive Comments and Selected Reference Values for Neonatal, Pediatric, and Adult Populations 2408.e1
Chapter 159 can be found online at Elsevier eBooks for Practicing Clinicians
Index
1. Anatomy and Physiology of the Gene
2. Epigenomics in Hematology
3. Genomic Approaches to Hematology
4. Regulation of Gene Expression in Hematology
5. Genome Editing
6. Signaling Transduction and Metabolomics
7. Protein Architecture: Relationship of Form and Function
8. Pharmacogenomics and Hematologic Diseases
PART II CELLULAR BASIS OF HEMATOLOGY
9. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Biology
10. Mitochondria and Hematopoiesis
11. Cytokines, Chemokines, Other Growth Factors, and Their Receptors
12. Role of Chemokines in Leukocyte Trafficking
13. Stem Cell Model of Hematologic Diseases
14. Hematopoietic Microenvironment
15. Cell Adhesion
16. Current Biology of Stem Cell Homing and Mobilization: Dynamic Interactions Between Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells and Their Surrounding Bone Marrow Microenvironment
17. Control of Cell Division
18. Cell Death
19. Aging and Hematopoiesis
PART III IMMUNOLOGIC BASIS OF HEMATOLOGY
20. Dendritic Cell Biology
21. Natural Killer Cell Immunity and Therapy
22. B-Cell Development
23. Complement and Immunoglobulin Biology Leading to Clinical Translation
24. T-Cell Immunity
25. Unmodified Ex Vivo Expanded T Cells
26. Treatment of Hematologic Malignancies with Genetically Modified T Cells
PART IV DISORDERS OF HEMATOPOIETIC CELL DEVELOPMENT
27. Biology of Erythropoiesis, Erythroid Differentiation, and Maturation
28. Granulocytopoiesis and Monocytopoiesis
29. Thrombocytopoiesis
30. Inherited Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes
31. Aplastic Anemia
32. Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
33. Acquired Disorders of Red Cell, White Cell, and Platelet Production
PART V RED BLOOD CELLS
34. Pathobiology of the Human Erythrocyte and Its Hemoglobins
35. Approach to Anemia in the Adult and Child
36. Iron Homeostasis and Its Disorders
37. Disorders of Iron Homeostasis: Iron Deficiency and Overload
38. Anemia of Chronic Inflammation
39. Heme Biosynthesis and Its Disorders: Porphyrias and Sideroblastic Anemias
40. Megaloblastic Anemias
41. Thalassemia Syndromes
42. Pathobiology of Sickle Cell Disease
43. Clinical Aspects of Sickle Cell Disease
44. Hemoglobin Variants Associated with Hemolytic Anemia, Altered Oxygen Affinity, and Methemoglobinemias
45. Red Blood Cell Enzymopathies
46. Red Blood Cell Membrane Disorders
47. Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
48. Extrinsic Nonimmune Hemolytic Anemias
PART VI NON-MALIGNANT LEUKOCYTES
49. Neutrophilic Leukocytosis, Neutropenia, Monocytosis, and Monocytopenia
50. Lymphocytosis, Lymphocytopenia, Hypergammaglobulinemia, and Hypogammaglobulinemia
51. Disorders of Phagocyte Function
52. Congenital Disorders of Lymphocyte Function
53. Pediatric and Adult Histiocytic Disorders
54. Lysosomal Storage Diseases, Focusing on Gaucher Disease: Perspectives and Principles
55. Epstein-Barr Virus and Associated Lymphoproliferative Conditions
PART VII HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES
56. Progress in the Classification of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Neoplasms: Clinical Implications
57. Conventional and Molecular Cytogenomic Basis of Hematologic Malignancies
58. Pharmacology and Molecular Mechanisms of Antineoplastic Agents for Hematologic Malignancies
59. Pathobiology of Acute Myeloid Leukemia
60. Clinical Manifestations and Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia
61. Myelodysplastic Syndromes
62. Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome in Adults
63. Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Children
64. Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm
65. Myelodysplastic Syndromes and Myeloproliferative Neoplasms in Children
66. Pathobiology of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
67. Clinical Manifestations and Treatment of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
68. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Adults
69. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
70. The Polycythemias
71. Essential Thrombocythemia
72. Primary Myelofibrosis and Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia
73. Myelodysplastic Syndrome/Myeloproliferative Neoplasm Overlap Syndromes
74. Eosinophilia, Eosinophilic Neoplasms, and the Hypereosinophilic Syndromes
75. Mast Cells and Mastocytosis
76. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
77. Hairy Cell Leukemia
78. The Pathologic Basis for the Classification of Non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin Lymphomas
79. Origin of Hodgkin Lymphoma and Therapeutic Targets
80. Hodgkin Lymphoma
81. Origin of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Therapeutic Targets
82. Clinical Manifestations, Staging, and Treatment of Follicular Lymphoma
83. Marginal Zone Lymphomas (Extranodal/MALT, Splenic, and Nodal)
84. Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma of the Central Nervous System
85. High-Grade B-Cell Lymphomas
86. Mantle Cell Lymphoma
87. Virus-Associated Lymphoma
88. Malignant Lymphomas in Childhood
89. T-Cell Lymphomas
90. Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance and Smoldering Multiple Myeloma
91. Multiple Myeloma
92. Waldenström Macroglobulinemia/Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma
93. Immunoglobulin Light-Chain Amyloidosis (Primary Amyloidosis)
PART VIII COMPREHENSIVE CARE OF PATIENTS WITH HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES
94. Key Considerations for Managing Infections in the Compromised Host
95. Principles of Radiation Therapy for Hematologic Disease
96. Grading and Toxicity Management after Immune Effector Therapy
97. Identification and Management of Checkpoint Inhibition Toxicity
98. Psychosocial Aspects of Hematologic Disorders
99. Pain Management and Antiemetic Therapy in Hematologic Disorders
100. Palliative Care
101. Therapy-related Late Effects of Hematologic Malignancies
PART IX TRANSPLANTATION AND OTHER CELL-BASED THERAPIES
102. Practical Aspects of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Harvesting and Mobilization
103. Graft Engineering and Cell Processing
104. Principles of Cell-Based Genetic Therapies
105. Indications, Outcomes, and Donor Selection for Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Hematologic Malignancies in Adults
106. Unrelated Donor Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation
107. Haploidentical Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
108. Cord Blood Transplantation
109. Graft-versus-Host Disease and Graft-versus- Leukemia Responses
110. Supportive Care for the Transplant Patient
PART X TRANSFUSION MEDICINE
111. Human Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
112. Principles of Red Blood Cell Transfusion
113. Clinical Considerations in Platelet Transfusion Therapy
114. Human Leukocyte Antigen and Human Neutrophil Antigen Systems
115. Principles of Plasma and Plasma Derivatives
116. Hemapheresis
117. Transfusion Reactions to Blood and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Therapy Products
118. Transfusion-Transmitted Diseases
119. Pediatric Transfusion Medicine
120. Transfusion and Apheresis Support for Sickle Cell Disease Patients
PART XI HEMOSTASIS AND THROMBOSIS
121. Overview of Hemostasis and Thrombosis
122. Blood Vessels
123. Megakaryocyte and Platelet Structure
124. Molecular Basis of Platelet Function
125. Molecular Basis of Blood Coagulation
126. Evaluation of the Patient with Suspected Bleeding Disorders
127. Laboratory Evaluation of Hemostatic and Thrombotic Disorders
128. Acquired Disorders of Platelet Function
129. Diseases of Platelet Number: Immune Thrombocytopenia, Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia, and Posttransfusion Purpura
130. Thrombocytopenia Caused by Hypersplenism, Platelet Destruction, or Surgery/Hemodilution
131. Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
132. Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura and the Hemolytic Uremic Syndromes
133. Structure, Biology, and Genetics of von Willebrand Factor
134. Hemophilia A and B
135. Rare Coagulation Factor Deficiencies
136. Transfusion Therapy for Coagulation Factor Deficiencies
137. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
138. Hypercoagulable States
139. Antiphospholipid Syndrome
140. Venous Thromboembolism
141. Prevention and Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism in Pregnancy
142. Atherothrombosis
143. Antithrombotic Drugs
144. Stroke
145. Acute Coronary Syndromes
146. Peripheral Artery Disease
147. Atrial Fibrillation
148. Bleeding and Clotting Disorders in Pediatrics
PART XII CONSULTATIVE HEMATOLOGY
149. Hematologic Changes in Pregnancy
150. Hematologic Manifestations of End-Organ Failure
151. Hematologic Manifestations of Solid Tumors
152. Hematologic Manifestations of HIV/AIDS
153. Hematologic Findings and Consequences of Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Infection
154. Hematologic Aspects of Parasitic Diseases
155. Hematologic Problems in the Surgical Patient: Bleeding and Thrombosis
156. The Spleen and Its Disorders
157. Aging and Hematologic Disorders
158. Onco-cardiology: Focus on Cardiac Complications of Hematologic Treatments
159. Resources for the Hematologist: Interpretive Comments and Selected Reference Values for Neonatal, Pediatric, and Adult Populations 2408.e1
Chapter 159 can be found online at Elsevier eBooks for Practicing Clinicians
Index
"The book is a comprehensive hematology textbook. The previous edition was published in 2017. Purchase of the book enables the reader to access the eBook version.", ©Doody’s Review Service, 2024, George M Rodgers, MD, PhD (University of Utah School of Medicine), Doody’s Score: 97 - 5 Stars!
"The breadth and meticulous detail of this book are a testament to its editors, all of whom are internationally regarded experts in hematology." © The ASCO Post 2023, Ronald Piana
"The breadth and meticulous detail of this book are a testament to its editors, all of whom are internationally regarded experts in hematology." © The ASCO Post 2023, Ronald Piana
- Edition: 8
- Latest edition
- Published: December 2, 2022
- Language: English
RH
Ronald Hoffman
Affiliations and expertise
Albert A. and Vera G. List Professor of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New YorkEB
Edward J. Benz
Affiliations and expertise
Richard and Susan Smith Professor of Medicine, Professor of Pediatrics and Genetics, Harvard Medical School; President and CEO, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
Director and Principal Investigator Dana Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MassachusettsLS
Leslie E. Silberstein
Affiliations and expertise
Director, Transfusion Medicine, Professor of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MassachussettsHH
Helen Heslop
Affiliations and expertise
Professor, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine; Dan L. Duncan Chair Director, Adult Stem Cell Transplant Program, The Methodist Hospital; Associate Director Clinical Research, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center; Houston, TexasJW
Jeffrey Weitz
Affiliations and expertise
Prof of Medicine and Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Executive Director, Thrombosis & Atherosclerosis Research Institute (TaARI), Hamilton General Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada