Hazardous Chemicals

Overview, Toxicological Profile, Challenges, and Future Perspectives

1st Edition - September 16, 2024
Imprint: Academic Press
Editors: Jaspal Singh, R.D. Kaushik, Malvika Chawla
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 5 2 3 5 - 4
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 5 2 3 6 - 1

Hazardous Chemicals: Overview, Toxicological Profile, Challenges, and Future Perspectives offers comprehensive coverage of hazardous chemicals and their routes of exposures… Read more

Purchase options

BLOOM INTO SPRING SAVINGS

Save up to 25% on books and eBooks!

Shop now

Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect

Request a sales quote

Hazardous Chemicals: Overview, Toxicological Profile, Challenges, and Future Perspectives offers comprehensive coverage of hazardous chemicals and their routes of exposures, mechanism of toxicity, hazard control measures, handling and storage, emergency guidelines, and safety measures.

The book is organized into specific classifications of chemical hazards: pesticides, fertilizers, insecticides, automotive, paint and paint solvents, chemical manufacturing solvents, dyes, cleaning agents, pharmaceuticals, and radioactive products. It discusses the health risk and environmental impact of these toxic substances. It also provides management strategies including risk assessment, risk management, and risk communication. Hazardous Chemicals is a practical resource for researchers, academics, industry professionals, graduate and postgraduate students in toxicology and environmental science engaged in the evaluation of toxic substances and human health concerns.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
About the editors
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I. Pesticides, fertilizers, and insecticides
Chapter 1. Toxicity of pesticides: Health and environment risk of using Dichlordiphenyltrichloroethane
1.1. Introduction of DDT
1.2. Physiochemical properties of DDT
1.3. Route of exposure, bio-uptake, and bioaccumulation in humans
1.4. Uses of DDT
1.5. Risk assessment of DDT
1.6. Toxicity in humans, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and potential molecular mechanism of toxicity
1.7. Environmental distribution and environmental effects of DDT
1.8. Conventional methods for removal of DDT
1.9. Risk management of DDT
1.10. Standard regulatory aspects of DDT
1.11. Standard treatment of DDT
1.12. Research overview on DDT
1.13. Case studies accidently happened across the globe and animal studies so far
1.14. Safety measures of DDT
1.15. Storage and handling of DDT
1.16. Precautions against DDT
1.17. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 2. Ecological risk assessment of atrazine in relation to its toxicity, hazard and management
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Physicochemical properties of atrazine
2.3. Commercial utilization of atrazine formulations
2.4. Toxicity
2.5. Risk assessment
2.6. Atrazine metabolism in human body
2.7. Risk management
2.8. Standard regulatory aspects
2.9. Current research
2.10. First aid measures to be taken in case of atrazine poisoning
2.11. Prevention and precautionary measures
2.12. Handling and storage
2.13. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 3. Impact of carbendazim on our ecological system and its management strategies
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Occurrence
3.3. Historical background
3.4. Physicochemical properties
3.5. Carbendazim toxicity
3.6. Uses
3.7. Risk assessment
3.8. Environmental effects
3.9. Mammalian metabolism of carbendazim
3.10. Hazardousness
3.11. Treatment
3.12. Risk management
3.13. Current research
3.14. Carbendazim toxicity: Case study
3.15. Standard regulatory aspects
3.16. Safety measures
3.17. Handling and storage
3.18. Precautions
3.19. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 4. Health risk assessment and toxicity management of organochlorine pesticide: With the reference to Aldrin
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Physicochemical properties
4.3. Route of exposure, bio-uptake, and bioaccumulation in humans
4.4. Uses
4.5. Risk assessment
4.6. Environment effect
4.7. Toxicity in humans, signs and symptoms, diagnosis
4.8. Conventional methods for removal
4.9. Risk management
4.10. Standard treatments
4.11. Current research
4.12. Case studies
4.13. Safety measures
4.14. Storage and handling
4.15. Precautions
4.16. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 5. Azinphos-methyl: Probabilistic health and environmental threats
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Physiochemical properties
5.3. Routes of exposure, bio-uptake, and bioaccumulation
5.4. Uses
5.5. Risk assessment
5.6. Toxicity, signs and symptoms, diagnosis
5.7. Environmental effects and degradation
5.8. Environmental fate assessment
5.9. Risk management
5.10. Standard regulatory aspects
5.11. Standard treatments
5.12. Current research
5.13. Case studies
5.14. Storage and handling
5.15. Precautions
5.16. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 6. Neonicotinoids: A potential insecticide of the decade
6.1. Introduction
6.2. History
6.3. Classification of neonicotinoids
6.4. Chemical properties
6.5. Agriculture usage of neonicotinoids
6.6. Mode of action
6.7. Environmental effects due to neonicotinoids
6.8. Clinical symptoms of neonicotinoids
6.9. Neonicotinoids toxicity: Case study
6.10. Risk management and treatment
6.11. Risk assessment
6.12. Regulations
6.13. How to eliminate neonicotinoids
6.14. Handling and storage
6.15. Precautions
6.16. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 7. Environmental contamination and toxicology of benzene-hexachloride (BHC)
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Physicochemical properties
7.3. Route of exposure
7.4. Uses
7.5. Risk assessment
7.6. Toxicity in humans, signs and symptoms, diagnosis: Toxicology and potential molecular mechanism of toxicity
7.7. Environmental distribution/effects
7.8. Conventional methods for removal of BHC
7.9. Risk management
7.10. Federal regulations and recommendations
7.11. Standard treatments
7.12. Current research
7.13. Case studies
7.14. Safety measures
7.15. Storage and handling
7.16. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 8. An expository note on notorious methyl parathion engendering risk evaluation and its redressal
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Physicochemical properties
8.3. Uses
8.4. Sources of contaminants
8.5. Biomonitoring of methyl parathion
8.6. Environmental effects
8.7. Hazardousness
8.8. Conventional methods for removal of methyl parathion
8.9. Treatment
8.10. Risk management
8.11. Standard regulatory aspect
8.12. Current research
8.13. Case studies
8.14. Safety measures
8.15. Storage and handling
8.16. Precautions
8.17. Conclusion
Abbreviation
Chapter 9. Chlordane: Exposure, biohazard, current research, and precautions
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Physicochemical properties
9.3. Exposure and bioaccumulation in humans
9.4. Uses
9.5. Risk assessment
9.6. Toxicity in humans, signs and symptoms, diagnosis: toxicology and potential molecular mechanism of toxicity
9.7. Environmental distribution/effects
9.8. Conventional methods for removal from environment
9.9. Risk management
9.10. Standard regulatory aspects
9.11. Standard treatments
9.12. Current research
9.13. Case studies
9.14. Safety measures
9.15. Storage and handling
9.16. Precautions
9.17. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 10. Toxicological effect, bioaccumulative potential, and risk assessment of endosulfan
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Physicochemical properties
10.3. Route of exposure, bio-uptake, and bioaccumulation in humans
10.4. Uses
10.5. Risk assessment
10.6. Toxicity in humans, signs and symptoms, diagnosis: Toxicology and potential molecular mechanism of toxicity
10.7. Environmental distribution/effects of endosulfan
10.8. Conventional methods for removal of endosulfan from the environment
10.9. Risk management
10.10. Standard regulatory aspects
10.11. Standard treatments
10.12. Current research
10.13. Case studies
10.14. Safety measures
10.15. Storage and handling
10.16. Precautions
10.17. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 11. Naphthalene: Risk assessment and environmental health hazard
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Production
11.3. Physicochemical properties
11.4. Sources of impurities
11.5. Occupational exposure
11.6. Environmental occurrence
11.7. Routes of exposure
11.8. Uses of naphthalene
11.9. Toxicological information
11.10. Therapy and treatment strategies
11.11. Environment effect
11.12. Convention methodology to remove naphthalene
11.13. Physiological role/kinetics
11.14. Health hazard information
11.15. Risk assessment
11.16. Advance research related to naphthalene
11.17. Handling and storage
11.18. Case study
11.19. Safety measure
11.20. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 12. Pyrethroids: Uses, toxicological profile, and its fate in environment
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Physicochemical properties of Pyrethroid
12.3. Mode of action of Pyrethroids
12.4. Uses of Pyrethroids
12.5. Compounds of Pyrethroid
12.6. Pyrethroids and their health effects
12.7. Signs and symptoms of poisoning by Pyrethroids
12.8. Diagnostic tools or methods to identify the signs and symptoms of poisoning by Pyrethroids
12.9. Fate of Pyrethroids in the environment
12.10. Risk assessment
12.11. Risk management
12.12. Standard treatments to treat the poisoning of Pyrethroids
12.13. Statutory guidelines about the usage and risk management of the Pyrethroids
12.14. Current research
12.15. Safe use of Pyrethroids
12.16. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Part II. Automotive
Chapter 13. Asbestos: Magic mineral or fatal menace?
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Physicochemical properties
13.3. Route of exposure, bio uptake and bio accumulation in humans of asbestos
13.4. Uses of asbestos
13.5. Risk assessment of asbestos
13.6. Toxicity in humans, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, toxicology and potential molecular mechanism of toxicity of asbestos
13.7. Environmental distribution/effects
13.8. Conventional methods of removal, (if any, from)
13.9. Risk management
13.10. Standard regulatory aspects
13.11. Standard treatment
13.12. Research related to asbestos
13.13. Case studies
13.14. Safety measures
13.15. Storage and handling of asbestos
13.16. Precautions
13.17. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 14. Ethylene Glycol: Industrial application and risk assessment
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Historical background
14.3. Physicochemical properties of Ethylene glycol
14.4. Route of exposure of Ethylene glycol
14.5. Physiological role of Ethylene glycol
14.6. Uses of Ethlylene glycol
14.7. Toxicity of Ethylene glycol in humans/animals
14.8. Environmental effect of Ethylene glycol
14.9. Conventional methods for removal of Ethylene glycol
14.10. Risk management of Ethylene glycol
14.11. Standard regulatory aspects
14.12. Standard treatment of Ethylene glycol
14.13. Current research on Ethylene glycol
14.14. Case studies on Ethylene glycol toxicity
14.15. Safety measures of Ethylene glycol
14.16. Storage and handling
14.17. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 15. Kerosene: Risk assessment, environmental and health hazard
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Physiochemical properties
15.3. Route of exposure
15.4. Uses
15.5. Risk assessment
15.6. Toxicity in human, signs, symptoms, diagnosis
15.7. Environmental effect
15.8. Separation and distillation of kerosene
15.9. Risk management
15.10. Standard treatment
15.11. Case study
15.12. Current research
15.13. Safety measures
15.14. Storage and handling
15.15. Precautions
15.16. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 16. Potential hazard analysis, bioremediation, and nonbioremediation of trichloroethylene
16.1. Introduction
16.2. Physiochemical properties
16.3. Source of trichloroethylene
16.4. Uses
16.5. Potential environmental effect
16.6. Route of exposure
16.7. Metabolism
16.8. Potential health hazard assessment
16.9. Toxicity
16.10. Case studies
16.11. Remediation
16.12. Current research
16.13. Precautions
16.14. Handling and storage
16.15. Exposure standards and guidelines
16.16. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 17. PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons): Risk assessment and health impacts
17.1. Introduction
17.2. Physicochemical properties
17.3. Route of exposure and bioaccumulation in humans
17.4. Uses
17.5. Toxicity in humans
17.6. Health effects of PAHs exposure in humans
17.7. Environmental impacts of PAHs
17.8. Case studies: accidents happened across the globe
17.9. Conventional methods for removal from the environment
17.10. Risk management
17.11. Standard regulatory aspects
17.12. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Part III. Paints and paint solvents
Chapter 18. Acrylamide: Unveiling toxicity and carcinogenic risks
18.1. Introduction
18.2. Production of acrylamide
18.3. Uses of acrylamide
18.4. Risk of acrylamide
18.5. What happens to acrylamide in the body?
18.6. Toxicity of acrylamide
18.7. Bioremediation of acrylamide
18.8. Environmental effect
18.9. Regulatory limits
18.10. Current research
18.11. Safety measures
18.12. Storage and handling
18.13. Precautions
18.14. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 19. Effects and mechanism of acrylonitrile use related toxicity
19.1. Introduction
19.2. Physiochemical properties
19.3. Route of exposure, bio-uptake and bioaccumulation in humans
19.4. Uses of Acrylonitrile
19.5. Risk assessment
19.6. Toxicity in humans, signs and symptoms, diagnosis
19.7. Environmental effect of acrylonitrile
19.8. Conventional method to remove from environment
19.9. Standard treatments
19.10. Current research
19.11. Case studies
19.12. Safety measures
19.13. Storage and handling
19.14. Precautions
19.15. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 20. The epitome of toxic dichloromethane (methylene chloride): An approach to understand hazards and safety
20.1. Introduction
20.2. Physicochemical properties
20.3. Route of exposure
20.4. Uses
20.5. DCM risk assessment
20.6. Toxicity of DCM
20.7. Environmental effect
20.8. Risk management/regulation
20.9. Drying dichloromethane: A standard laboratory procedure
20.10. Current research
20.11. Case studies of DCM
20.12. Handling
20.13. Safety measures
20.14. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 21. Methyl methacrylate: Utilization, evaluation of potential adverse effects, and toxicity to human health and the environment
21.1. Introduction
21.2. Synthesis methods
21.3. Route of exposure, bio-uptake and bioaccumulation in humans
21.4. Uses
21.5. Risk assessment
21.6. Toxicology and potential molecular mechanism of toxicity
21.7. Environmental distribution/effects
21.8. Methods of removal
21.9. Risk management
21.10. Standard regulatory aspects
21.11. Standard treatments
21.12. Current research
21.13. Case studies
21.14. Safety measures
21.15. Storage and handling
21.16. Precautions
21.17. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 22. A review on interaction of diethyl ether with human health and its effects on the environment
22.1. Introduction
22.2. Physicochemical properties
22.3. Route of exposure, bio-uptake and bioaccumulation in humans
22.4. Uses of diethyl ether
22.5. Risk assessment of diethyl ether
22.6. Toxicology and potential molecular mechanism of toxicity
22.7. Environmental distribution effects
22.8. Conventional methods for removal from environment
22.9. Risk management
22.10. Standard regulatory aspects
22.11. Standard treatments
22.12. Current research
22.13. Animal studies
22.14. Safety measures
22.15. Storage and handling
22.16. Precautions
22.17. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 23. Toluene diisocyanate: Analytical safety assessment
23.1. Introduction
23.2. Physicochemical properties
23.3. Route of exposure
23.4. Uses
23.5. Toxicology of TDI
23.6. Risk management
23.7. Standard treatment
23.8. Case studies
23.9. Current research
23.10. Storage and handling
23.11. Precautions
23.12. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 24. A review on the toxicology of white spirit
24.1. Introduction
24.2. Historical background
24.3. Physicochemical properties
24.4. Physiological role
24.5. Route of exposure, bio-uptake and bioaccumulation in humans
24.6. Uses
24.7. Risk assessment
24.8. Toxicity in humans, sign and symptoms, diagnosis: Toxicology and potential molecular mechanism of toxicity
24.9. Environmental effects
24.10. Risk management
24.11. Standard regulatory aspects
24.12. Standard treatments
24.13. Case studies
24.14. Storage and handling
24.15. Precautions
24.16. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Part IV. Chemical manufacturing solvents
Chapter 25. Pyridine: Exposure, risk management, and impact on life and environment
25.1. Introduction
25.2. Route of exposure, bio-uptake and bioaccumulation in humans
25.3. Use of pyridine
25.4. Risk assessment
25.5. Toxicity in humans, signs and symptoms, diagnosis
25.6. Environmental effects
25.7. Conventional methods to remove pyridine
25.8. Risk management
25.9. Standard treatment
25.10. Current research
25.11. Case assessments
25.12. Safety measures
25.13. Storage and handling
25.14. Precautions
25.15. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 26. Risk assessment of Xylene and its impact on environment and human health
26.1. Introduction
26.2. Physicochemical properties
26.3. Route of exposure, bio-uptake and bioaccumulation in humans
26.4. Uses of xylene
26.5. Risk assessment
26.6. Toxicity in humans, signs and symptoms, diagnosis
26.7. Environmental effects
26.8. Ecological impact
26.9. Conventional methods for removal of xylene
26.10. Risk management
26.11. Industrial settings
26.12. Standard regulatory aspects
26.13. Standard treatments
26.14. Current research
26.15. Case studies
26.16. Safety measures
26.17. Storage and handling
26.18. Precautions
26.19. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 27. Toluene toxicity: Outline, management, and prognosis
27.1. Introduction
27.2. Occurrence
27.3. Historical background
27.4. Physicochemical properties
27.5. Physiological role
27.6. Route of exposure, bio-uptake, and bioaccumulation in humans
27.7. Uses
27.8. Sources of contaminants
27.9. Assessing personal exposure
27.10. Risk assessment
27.11. Toxicity in humans, signs and symptoms, diagnosis
27.12. Environmental effects
27.13. Conventional methods for removal of toluene toxicity
27.14. Hazardousness
27.15. Standard regulatory aspects of toluene toxicity
27.16. Treatment
27.17. Risk management
27.18. Further research
27.19. Toluene toxicity
27.20. Safety measures
27.21. Handling and storage
27.22. Precautions
27.23. Prediction
27.24. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 28. Human health and environmental perspectives on exposure to benzene: A review
28.1. Introduction
28.2. Occurrence
28.3. Historical background
28.4. Physicochemical properties
28.5. Route of exposure
28.6. Biouptake and bioaccumulation of benzene in humans
28.7. Uses
28.8. Benzene toxicity
28.9. Risk assessment
28.10. Signs and symptoms of benzene exposure
28.11. Diagnosis of benzene exposure
28.12. Environmental effects of benzene
28.13. Risk management
28.14. Standard regulatory aspects
28.15. Standard treatments
28.16. Current research
28.17. Case studies
28.18. Safety measures
28.19. Storage
28.20. Precautions
28.21. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 29. Carbon disulfide toxicological overview
29.1. Introduction
29.2. Physicochemical properties
29.3. Route of exposure, bio-uptake, and bioaccumulation of carbon disulfide in humans
29.4. Risk assessment
29.5. Toxicity in humans, signs and symptoms, diagnosis: Toxicology and potential molecular mechanism of toxicity
29.6. Environmental distribution and effects
29.7. Conventional methods for removal from the environment and human body
29.8. Risk management
29.9. Standard regulatory aspects
29.10. Standard treatments
29.11. Research trends
29.12. Case studies
29.13. Safety measures
29.14. Storage and handling
29.15. Precautions
29.16. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 30. Chloroform: Risk assessment, environmental, and health hazard
30.1. Introduction
30.2. Occurrence
30.3. Historical background
30.4. Physicochemical properties
30.5. Route of exposure
30.6. Uses
30.7. Risk assessment
30.8. Toxicity in humans, signs and symptoms
30.9. Environmental distribution/effects
30.10. Conventional methods for removal
30.11. Risk management
30.12. Standard regulatory aspects
30.13. Treatment
30.14. Current researches
30.15. Chloroform poisoning: Case study
30.16. Safety measures
30.17. Handling and storage
30.18. Precautions
30.19. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 31. Exploring Hexane's impact: Toxicological insights, challenges, and forward-looking perspectives
31.1. Introduction
31.2. Production
31.3. Physicochemical properties
31.4. Route of exposure
31.5. Uses
31.6. Risk assessment
31.7. Toxicity in humans, signs and symptoms, diagnosis
31.8. Environmental effects
31.9. Standard treatments
31.10. Case study
31.11. Current research
31.12. Safety measures
31.13. Storage and handling
31.14. Precautions
31.15. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Part V. Dyes
Chapter 32. Toxic potential of azo dyes: A broader understanding
32.1. Introduction
32.2. Classification of dyes
32.3. Physicochemical properties of azo dyes
32.4. Uses of azo dyes
32.5. Route of exposure, bio-uptake and bioaccumulation in humans
32.6. Toxicity of azo dyes
32.7. Environmental distribution and effects
32.8. Conventional methods for removal
32.9. Risk management
32.10. Standard regulatory treatments
32.11. Current research
32.12. Safety measures
32.13. Storage and handling
32.14. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 33. Assessing toxicity of p-chloroaniline: Current research and future perspectives
33.1. Introduction
33.2. Physicochemical properties
33.3. Physiological role
33.4. Route of exposure, bio-uptake and bioaccumulation
33.5. Uses
33.6. Sources of contamination
33.7. Risk assessment
33.8. Environmental effects
33.9. Hazardousness
33.10. Conventional methods of removal
33.11. Risk management
33.12. Standard regulatory aspects
33.13. Treatment
33.14. Current research
33.15. p-Chloroaniline toxicity: Case study
33.16. Safety measures
33.17. Precautions
33.18. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Part VI. Cleaning agents
Chapter 34. Health and safety measures associated with ammonium hydroxide exposure
34.1. Introduction
34.2. Physiochemical properties
34.3. Route of exposure, bio-uptake and bioaccumulation in humans
34.4. Uses
34.5. Risk assessment
34.6. Toxicity in humans, signs and symptoms
34.7. Health effects
34.8. Environmental distribution/effects
34.9. Method of removal from the environment and human body
34.10. Risk management
34.11. Standard regulatory aspects
34.12. Standard treatments
34.13. Advancements in the applications of ammonium hydroxide
34.14. Case studies
34.15. Safety measures
34.16. Storage and handling
34.17. Precautions
34.18. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 35. Sulfamic acid: A risk to both the environment and human health
35.1. Introduction
35.2. Physicochemical properties
35.3. Route of exposure
35.4. Uses
35.5. Risk assessment
35.6. Toxicity in humans, signs and symptoms, diagnosis
35.7. Environmental distributions/effects
35.8. Removal from environment
35.9. Risk management
35.10. Standard regulatory aspects
35.11. Standard treatments
35.12. Research related to sulfamic acid
35.13. Case studies: Accidents happened across the globe and animal studies done so far
35.14. Safety measures
35.15. Storage and handling
35.16. Precautions
35.17. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Part VII. Pharmaceuticals
Chapter 36. Barium sulfate: Human effects assessment and toxicological profile
36.1. Introduction
36.2. Physicochemical properties
36.3. Route of exposure, bio-uptake and bioaccumulation in humans
36.4. Uses
36.5. Risk assessment
36.6. Toxicity in humans, signs and symptoms, diagnosis: Toxicology and potential molecular mechanism of toxicity
36.7. Environmental distribution/effects
36.8. Conventional methods for removal
36.9. Risk management
36.10. Standard regulatory aspects
36.11. Standard treatments
36.12. Research related to barium sulfate
36.13. Case studies: Accidents happened across globe and animal studies done so far
36.14. Safety measures
36.15. Storage and handling
36.16. Precautions
36.17. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 37. Aqua chloral: Assessing risks emanating from its noxiousness
37.1. Introduction
37.2. Physicochemical properties
37.3. Route of exposure, bio uptake, and bioaccumulation in humans
37.4. Uses
37.5. Risk assessment
37.6. Toxicity in humans, sign, symptoms, and diagnosis
37.7. Toxicity studies
37.8. Environmental effects
37.9. Risk management
37.10. Standard treatment
37.11. Research related to Aqua chloral
37.12. Case studies
37.13. Safety measures
37.14. Storage and handling
37.15. Precautions
37.16. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 38. Risk assessment and management studies of uracil mustard
38.1. Introduction
38.2. Physiochemical properties
38.3. Route of exposure
38.4. Uses
38.5. Risk assessment
38.6. Toxicity in humans
38.7. Conventional methods for removal of uracil mustard
38.8. Risk management
38.9. Standard regulatory aspects
38.10. Standard treatment
38.11. Current research on uracil mustard
38.12. Case studies on uracil mustard
38.13. Safety measures
38.14. Storage and handling
38.15. Precautions
38.16. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 39. Selenium sulfide toxicology profile: Sources of contaminations, distribution, and monitoring methods
39.1. Introduction
39.2. Physicochemical properties
39.3. Route of exposure, bio-uptake and bioaccumulation in humans
39.4. Uses
39.5. Risk assessments
39.6. Toxicity in humans, signs and symptoms, diagnosis
39.7. Environmental effects
39.8. Conventional methods for removal from environment and human body
39.9. Risk management
39.10. Standard regulatory aspects
39.11. Standard treatments
39.12. Research related to selenium sulfide
39.13. Case studies
39.14. Safety measures
39.15. Storage and handling
39.16. Precautions
39.17. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 40. Melphalan: Uses, side effects, current research, and precautions
40.1. Introduction
40.2. Physicochemical properties
40.3. Route of exposure, bio uptake and bioaccumulation in humans
40.4. Uses
40.5. Risk assessment
40.6. Toxicity in humans
40.7. Environmental effects
40.8. Conventional methods for removal from environment
40.9. Risk management
40.10. Standard regulatory aspects
40.11. Standard treatments
40.12. Current research
40.13. Case studies
40.14. Safety measures
40.15. Storage and handling
40.16. Precautions
40.17. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 41. Mercuric oxide: Significance in chemistry, ongoing research, and safety evaluation
41.1. Introduction
41.2. Physicochemical properties
41.3. Uses
41.4. Routes of exposure
41.5. Bio-uptake and bioaccumulation in humans
41.6. Risk assessment
41.7. Risk management
41.8. Toxicity in humans
41.9. Effects of mercuric oxide on the environment
41.10. Conventional methods for removal of HgO
41.11. Research related to mercuric oxide
41.12. Standard regulatory aspects
41.13. Standard treatments
41.14. Case study
41.15. Safety measures
41.16. Storage and handling
41.17. Precautions
41.18. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 42. Nicotine and salts: Sedative, stimulants, and toxicological effects
42.1. Introduction
42.2. Occurrence
42.3. Historical background
42.4. Physicochemical properties
42.5. Physiological role
42.6. Route of exposure, bio-uptake, and bioaccumulation in humans
42.7. Uses
42.8. Toxicity in humans, signs and symptoms, diagnosis
42.9. Risk assessment
42.10. Environmental effects
42.11. Treatment
42.12. Risk management
42.13. Current research
42.14. Nicotine toxicity: Case study
42.15. Safety measures
42.16. Handling and storage
42.17. Precautions
Abbreviations
Chapter 43. Understanding silver nitrate: Characteristics, applications, hazard evaluation, and health implications
43.1. Introduction
43.2. Physicochemical properties
43.3. Route of exposure, bio uptake and bioaccumulation in humans
43.4. Uses
43.5. Toxicological effects
43.6. Environmental effects
43.7. Conventional methods of removal
43.8. Risk management
43.9. Standard regulatory aspects
43.10. Standard treatments
43.11. Current research
43.12. Case studies
43.13. Safety measures
43.14. Storage and handling
43.15. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 44. Epinephrine: Clinical uses, interaction, health risk, and future prospective
44.1. Introduction
44.2. Historical background
44.3. Basic structure and molecular formula
44.4. Production of epinephrine
44.5. Human activities and outcomes of epinephrine rushing
44.6. Mechanism of action
44.7. Drug description and dosage
44.8. Administration of epinephrine
44.9. Interaction of epinephrine with others
44.10. Time scale of absorption of epinephrine
44.11. Contraindication conditions of epinephrine
44.12. Clinical uses
44.13. Health risk/side effects of epinephrine
44.14. Precautionary measures
44.15. Future prospective
Abbreviations
Chapter 45. The influence of alkylating agent on environment: Cyclophosphamide
45.1. Introduction
45.2. Occurrence
45.3. Historical background
45.4. Physicochemical properties
45.5. Uses
45.6. Sources of contaminants
45.7. Bioaccumulation
45.8. Analysis of cytostatic agents
45.9. Risk assessment
45.10. Toxicity in humans
45.11. Environmental effects
45.12. Removal of cyclophosphamide toxicity
45.13. Risk management
45.14. Standard regulatory aspects
45.15. Treatment
45.16. Current research
45.17. Case studies
45.18. Safety measures
45.19. Precautions
45.20. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 46. Arsenic trioxide: Therapeutic uses, environmental impact, and risk management
46.1. Introduction
46.2. Historic background
46.3. Uses
46.4. Toxicity
46.5. Risk assessment
46.6. Environmental risk of arsenic
46.7. Symptoms and diagnosis of arsenic poisoning
46.8. Treatment
46.9. Conventional methods for removal of arsenic
46.10. Risk management for arsenic trioxide medac
46.11. Standard regulatory aspects
46.12. Current research
46.13. Case studies
46.14. Safety measures
46.15. Storage and handling
46.16. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 47. Toxicology of daunomycin: A logical approach to risk assessment and management
47.1. Introduction
47.2. Physicochemical and pharmacokinetic data
47.3. Physiological role
47.4. Uses
47.5. Sources of contaminants
47.6. Risk assessment
47.7. Environmental effects
47.8. Hazardousness
47.9. Risk management
47.10. Current research
47.11. Daunomycin toxicity: Case study
47.12. Safety measures
47.13. Handling and storage
47.14. Precautions
47.15. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 48. Toxicological aspects of hazardous vanadium oxide (V2O5): Direction on human health, environment issue, and future research
48.1. Introduction
48.2. Physicochemical properties
48.3. Physiological role
48.4. Route of exposure, bio-uptake and bioaccumulation in humans
48.5. Uses
48.6. Sources of contaminants
48.7. Risk assessment
48.8. Environmental effects
48.9. Hazardousness
48.10. Conventional method of removal from environment and human body
48.11. Risk management
48.12. Standard regulations
48.13. Standard treatments
48.14. Current research
48.15. V2O5 toxicity: Case study
48.16. Safety measures
48.17. Storage and handling
48.18. Precautions
48.19. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 49. Fate of nitroglycerin in human body and environment
49.1. Introduction
49.2. Physicochemical properties
49.3. Route of exposure, bio-uptake, and bioaccumulation in humans and environment
49.4. Uses of nitroglycerin
49.5. Toxicity in humans, signs and symptoms, and diagnosis
49.6. Environmental distribution and effects
49.7. Conventional methods for removal from the environment
49.8. Risk management
49.9. Standard regulatory aspects
49.10. Standard treatments
49.11. Storage and handling
49.12. Precautions
49.13. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Part VIII. Radioactive products
Chapter 50. Nuclear reactor fuel: Uranium toxicological mechanism and emerging health risks
50.1. Introduction
50.2. History
50.3. Physicochemical properties
50.4. Uses
50.5. Risk assessment
50.6. Emerging health risks of uranium contamination
50.7. Mechanisms of toxic fuel metal toxicity
50.8. Diagnosis
50.9. Risk management
50.10. Standard regulatory aspects
50.11. Standard treatments
50.12. Conventional methods for toxic uranium removal
50.13. Environmental contamination of uranium and its compound
50.14. Uranium exposure: Case studies
50.15. Current research
50.16. Safety measures
50.17. Storage and handling
50.18. Precautions
50.19. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 51. Need to remove radio cesium poisoning
51.1. Introduction
51.2. Physiochemical properties
51.3. Route of exposure
51.4. Risk assessment
51.5. Toxicity in humans, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and potential molecular mechanisms of toxicity
51.6. Environmental distribution and effects
51.7. Conventional methods for removal from the environment and human body
51.8. Risk management
51.9. Standard regulatory aspects
51.10. Standard treatments
51.11. Research trends
51.12. Case studies
51.13. Safety measures
51.14. Storage and handling
51.15. Precautions
51.16. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 52. Health and environmental risk of alpha emitter radium
52.1. Introduction to alpha emitters
52.2. What are alpha emitters?
52.3. Historical background of alpha emitters
52.4. How alpha particles are emitted
52.5. Some common methods for emission of alpha particles
52.6. Health effect of alpha emitters
52.7. Environment effects of alpha emitters
52.8. Applications of alpha emitters
52.9. Risk assessment
52.10. Cancer radioimmunotherapy
52.11. Recent research
52.12. Safety and precautions from alpha emitters
52.13. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 53. Indium: Pollution potential, applications, adverse effects, and control measures
53.1. Introduction
53.2. Physicochemical properties of Indium
53.3. Bio-cycle of Indium
53.4. Potential applications of Indium
53.5. Environmental effects of Indium
53.6. Toxicity of Indium in humans
53.7. Case studies of Indium
53.8. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 54. Health effects and toxicity mechanism of thorium: Knowledge gaps and research prospects
54.1. Introduction
54.2. Physicochemical properties of thorium
54.3. Earlier research on the thorium fuel cycle
54.4. Route of exposure
54.5. Environmental occurrence of thorium
54.6. Potential uses of thorium
54.7. Health effects of thorium exposure to animals and humans
54.8. Disposals and safety measures
54.9. Future perspective in thorium research
54.10. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Part IX. Miscellaneous
Chapter 55. Potential of lignocellulolytic actinomycete isolates in the degradation of rice straw
55.1. Introduction
55.2. Lignocellulose degrading actinomycetes
55.3. Material and methods
55.4. Results and discussion
55.5. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 56. Environmental toxicants and hazardous chemicals: Paramount threat to mental health
56.1. Introduction
56.2. Understanding environmental toxicants
56.3. Impact on human mental health
56.4. Link between environmental toxicants and mental health
56.5. Epidemiological evidence
56.6. Vulnerable populations
56.7. Psychiatric disorders and toxicant exposure
56.8. Environmental justice and disparities
56.9. Protecting mental health in a toxic world
56.10. Preventive measures and mitigation
56.11. Case studies
56.12. Future challenges and research directions
56.13. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 57. Exposure to indoor household air pollution and its impact
57.1. Introduction
57.2. Status of indoor air pollution
57.3. Factors affecting IAQ in residual areas
57.4. Main pollutants in indoor air environment
57.5. Effects of indoor air pollution on human health
57.6. IAQ guidelines and standards
57.7. Control measures
57.8. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 58. A symphony of decay: Unraveling the chemical tapestry threatening heritage across the globe
58.1. Introduction
58.2. Harmful effects of pollution on cultural heritage
58.3. Intersection of air pollution and biodeterioration
58.4. Innovative conservation techniques
58.5. Risk management for cultural heritage
58.6. Case study
58.7. Safety measures
58.8. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 59. Possible health effects of radiation exposure on unborn babies
59.1. Introduction
59.2. Clinical scenarios and considerations
59.3. Potential health effects
59.4. Risk assessment
59.5. Risk management
59.6. Regulations
59.7. Case study
59.8. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 60. Antibiotic resistance: Pathophysiology, implications of overuse, and strategies for recovery
60.1. Introduction
60.2. Historical perceptive
60.3. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance
60.4. Bioaccumulation in humans
60.5. Antibiotic resistance in the environment
60.6. Risk assessment of antibiotic resistance
60.7. Toxicity and molecular mechanism of toxicity
60.8. Implications of overuse
60.9. Strategies to minimize antibiotic resistance
60.10. Risk management
60.11. Standard regulatory effects
60.12. Research trends
60.13. Case studies
60.14. Novel antibiotics production
60.15. Way to treat MDR microorganisms
60.16. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Index

Jaspal Singh

Dr. Jaspal Singh, MTech, PhD, is an Associate Professor at the Department of Chemistry, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to be University), Haridwar, India. He has over two decades of research and academic expertise in chemical kinetics, pioneering drug synthesis, and specialization in biopolymer with a focus on emulsion technology and dendrimers. Beyond academia, Dr. Singh has authored numerous book chapters, over 60 articles in esteemed international and national scientific journals and has a history of editing internationally recognized books. He has also chaired numerous technical sessions, organized conferences, and presented talks on national and international platforms.

Affiliations and expertise

Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Uttrakhand, India

R.D. Kaushik

Professor R.D. Kaushik, MSc, PhD, has over 45 years of academic and research experience, including over 21 years as a full Professor. He was acting Professor and Head of the Department of Chemistry and Dean at Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to be University), Haridwar, India, as well as Dean, R & D at S.G.T. University, Gurugram, Haryana, India. With over 140 international publications and 5 completed research projects, Prof. Kaushik has worked with institutions in South Korea, Spain, and Bulgaria as an invited/visiting scientist. He has delivered several key notes/plenary lectures and chaired scientific sessions in several international and national conferences, workshops, and symposia. Prof. Kaushik has also served as a reviewer in over 25 reputed international journals.

Affiliations and expertise

Dean, Research and Development, S. G. T. University, Chandu-Budhera, Gurugram, Haryana, India

Malvika Chawla

Dr. Malvika Chawla, MPharm, PhD, is a distinguished expert in the field of chemistry and pharmaceutical sciences, renowned for her groundbreaking research and innovative contributions to the study of toxicology and novel drug delivery systems. Dr. Chawla has authored and co-authored numerous peer-reviewed research papers and influential books in the realms of environmental science and toxicology. As the founder of Academic Editing, Dr. Chawla has dedicated her career to advancing scientific knowledge and fostering academic excellence.

Affiliations and expertise

Founder, Academic Editing, India

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Hazardous Chemicals

Overview, Toxicological Profile, Challenges, and Future Perspectives

Purchase options

BLOOM INTO SPRING SAVINGS

Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect

Jaspal Singh

R.D. Kaushik

Malvika Chawla

Related books