Hazard Assessment of Chemicals

List of Contributors

Preface

Assessment of Toxic Substances Information Sources

I. Introduction

II. Computerized Data Bases

III. Data Compendia and Handbooks

IV. Problems in Data Gathering

V. Future Developments

Recommended Additional Reading

Preconcentration of Trace Metals from Aquatic Environmental Samples

I. Introduction

II. Precipitation Methods

III. Electrodeposition

IV. Evaporation Methods

V. Freezing

VI. Sorption Methods

VII. Solvent Extraction

VIII. Miscellaneous Methods

IX. Conclusion

References

The Reproductive Toxicology of Aquatic Contaminants

I. Introduction

II. Testing Procedures Used to Evaluate Xenobiotics

III. Effects of Xenobiotics on the Reproduction of Aquatic Organisms

References

Partition Coefficient and Water Solubility in Environmental Chemistry

I. Introduction

II. Partition Theory

III. Relationship between Partition Coefficients

IV. Bioconcentration from Water

V. Soil-Water Distribution

VI. Conclusion

References

Chemical Carcinogens: In Vitro Metabolism and Activation

I. Introduction

II. Aromatic Amines

III. Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons

IV. Nitrosamines

V. Hydrazines and Azoxy Compounds

VI. Halogenated Hydrocarbons

VII. Aflatoxins and Substituted Propenylbenzenes: Carcinogenic Natural Products

References

Modeling of Toxic Spills into Waterways

I. Introduction

II. Development of Diffusion Equations

III. Coefficient Selection

IV. Techniques for Solution of Diffusion Equation

V. Available Models

VI. Example of Estimation of Spill Behavior

VII. Conclusions

References

Environmental and Laboratory Rates of Volatilization of Toxic Chemicals from Water

I. Introduction

II. Mechanisms of Air-Water Exchange

III. Equilibrium between Phases

IV. Overall Transport Equation

V. Laboratory Measurements

VI. Conclusions

References

Estimation of Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals

I. Importance of Exposure Estimation as Part of the Chemical Risk Assessment Process

II. Information Required to Characterize Exposure

III. Steps in the Exposure-Assessment Process

IV. Sources of Data for Human Exposure Estimation

V. Environmental Exposure Estimation

VI. Uses of Exposure Estimates

VII. Conclusions

References

Structure-Activity in Hazard Assessment

I. Basic Considerations

II. Development of Structure-Activity Relationship Methods

III. Applications of QSAR Methods to Toxicity Data

References

Azaarenes: Sources, Distribution, Environmental Impact, and Health Effects

I. Introduction

II. Structure and Properties

III. Sources

IV. Environmental Levels

V. Biological Activity

VI. Conclusions

References

Chemical Substance Index

Subject Index