Handbook on New Paradigms in Smart Charging for E-Mobility
Global Trends, Policies, and Practices
- 1st Edition - March 21, 2025
- Imprint: Elsevier
- Editors: Abhishek Kumar, Ramesh C. Bansal, Praveen Kumar, Xiangning He
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 5 2 0 1 - 9
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 5 2 0 2 - 6
Handbook on New Paradigms in Smart Charging for E-Mobility: Global Trends, Policies and Practices provides a complete package for understanding and developing smart chargers… Read more
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Request a sales quoteHandbook on New Paradigms in Smart Charging for E-Mobility: Global Trends, Policies and Practices provides a complete package for understanding and developing smart chargers for e-mobility applications. It discusses various concepts required for developing charging infrastructure and usage of different kinds of storage technologies, power electronics converters, controllers, communication requirements, grid infrastructure, sustainable technologies, policy frameworks, and all other related crucial aspects of E-mobility.
Each part of the book covers a subdomain of e-mobility, beginning with an introductory chapter reviewing existing literature; the subsequent chapters are arranged to each follow the previous one. Other available books focus on specific technical subdomains of e-mobility, but none provides the wider outlook to meet the requirements of all audiences. This book uniquely brings together topics that are not otherwise easily accessible or available to these audiences.
This book will be beneficial for engineers, scientists, and researchers, providing them with a comprehensive standard benchmark work to explore the evolving aspects of charging infrastructure for e-mobility. Further, it will also help policymakers, practitioners and government entities formulate policies for successful implementations of e-motility for their masses. The techno-socio-economic focus will serve as standard literature for all.
- Takes a modular approach, with each module catering to a different sub-domain of e-mobility
- Includes standalone chapters that cover out-of-the-box work related to e-mobility
- Presents the latest advances and detailed technical descriptions of smart charging infrastructures
Researchers/postgraduate students in transportation; industrial practitioners such as engineers, plant managers, planning engineers, financial managers, and data security experts, policymakers
- Handbook on New Paradigms in Smart Charging for E-Mobility
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Contributors
- Part I: EV charging technologies and integration
- Chapter 1 Integration of PV to EV charging systems—State of the art
- Abstract
- Keywords
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.1.1 Background of PV and EV technology
- 1.1.2 Importance of integrating PV and EV charging systems
- 1.1.3 Objectives of the chapter
- 1.2 Integrating PV systems with EV charging
- 1.2.1 Types of PV systems for EV charging
- 1.2.2 Components of PV systems for EV charging
- 1.2.3 Advantages of PV system integration with EV charging
- 1.3 EV charging technologies
- 1.3.1 Types of EV charging systems
- 1.3.2 Components of EV charging systems
- 1.3.3 Charging plugs and standards
- 1.4 Advancements in PV system integration for sustainable e-mobility
- 1.4.1 Case studies
- 1.4.2 Challenges in PV system integration with EV charging
- 1.4.3 Future prospects of PV system integration with EV charging
- 1.5 Summary and conclusion
- References
- Chapter 2 Emerging electric vehicle technologies: Topologies, charging infrastructure, grid stability, and economic impacts
- Abstract
- Keywords
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Power electronics in electric vehicles
- 2.3 Electric vehicle topologies
- 2.3.1 Battery electric vehicles
- 2.3.2 Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
- 2.3.3 Fuel cell electric vehicles
- 2.3.4 Comparison of different electric vehicle topologies
- 2.4 Charging infrastructure
- 2.4.1 Levels of charging
- 2.4.2 Wireless charging
- 2.4.3 Vehicle-to-grid
- 2.5 Impacts of electric vehicles on grid stability
- 2.6 Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 3 Electric vehicle charger technologies
- Abstract
- Keywords
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Types of electric vehicle charging
- 3.2.1 DC-coupled charging stations
- 3.2.2 AC-coupled charging stations
- 3.3 Requirement of power factor correction
- 3.3.1 Interleaved power factor correction charger circuit
- 3.3.2 Totem pole or bridgeless power factor correction charger circuit
- 3.4 On the basis of the placement of the EV charger
- 3.4.1 Onboard chargers
- 3.4.2 Offboard chargers
- 3.5 Standards and levels of electric vehicle charging stations
- 3.5.1 Standards with respect to modes of charging
- 3.5.2 Standards with respect to electric vehicle charging connectors
- 3.5.3 Standards with respect to power level
- 3.5.4 Standards with respect to THD for power factor correction
- 3.5.5 Standardization initiatives in electric vehicle charging
- 3.6 Electric vehicle charging stations
- 3.6.1 Power stages of electric vehicle charging stations
- 3.6.2 Converter topology for AC-DC (PFC)
- 3.6.3 DC-DC converter topologies for charging stations
- 3.7 Electric vehicle charger topologies integrating renewable sources
- 3.7.1 General configuration of photovoltaic-integrated electric vehicle chargers
- 3.7.2 Modes of power flow
- 3.7.3 Control methods used in photovoltaic-integrated electric vehicle charging systems
- 3.7.4 Latest multiport topologies for electric vehicle charging stations
- 3.8 Case study: Electric vehicle charging station architecture based on RES with grid support
- 3.8.1 Proposed charging station architecture
- 3.8.2 Simulation results
- 3.8.3 Key features and advantages
- 3.8.4 Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 4 Power converter topologies for electric vehicle chargers: Future technology, challenges, and trends
- Abstract
- Keywords
- 4.1 State of the art of power electronic converters used in electric vehicle chargers
- 4.1.1 Charging level requirements
- 4.1.2 AC-DC conversion stage
- 4.1.3 DC-DC conversion stage
- 4.1.4 Bidirectional chargers
- 4.2 New converter topologies for charger applications
- 4.3 Potential of wide bandgap devices in electric vehicle chargers
- 4.3.1 Wide bandgap materials
- 4.3.2 Silicon carbide devices
- 4.3.3 Gallium nitride devices
- 4.3.4 Power device selection
- 4.3.5 Wide bandgap devices in power electronic converters of electric vehicle chargers
- 4.4 High-power converters for wireless and fast chargers
- 4.4.1 Wireless chargers
- 4.4.2 High-power converters for fast chargers
- 4.4.3 Tradeoffs in designing efficient power converters
- 4.5 Future technology, challenges, and trends
- 4.5.1 Adaptation of power converters for future advancements in batteries
- 4.5.2 Electric vehicle charging station impacts on the grid
- 4.5.3 Sustainability of electric vehicles
- 4.5.4 Charging with renewable energy
- 4.5.5 Government policies and incentives
- 4.5.6 Environmental impacts of manufacturing and disposal of power converters
- 4.6 Research recommendations for the future
- 4.7 Conclusions
- References
- Chapter 5 Advancements in fast charging systems for electric vehicles
- Abstract
- Keywords
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Electric vehicles and their classification
- 5.2.1 Electric vehicle architecture
- 5.2.2 Classification of electric vehicles
- 5.2.3 Electric vehicle charging power conversion: Topologies
- 5.3 Areas of research on charging stations
- 5.4 Key points to consider when establishing an electric vehicle charging station
- 5.5 Common fast-charging solutions available for electric vehicles
- 5.6 Challenges faced in implementing fast-charging solutions for electric vehicles
- 5.7 Research on scheduling optimization
- 5.8 Integration with renewable energy sources for fast charging of electric vehicles
- 5.9 Energy management strategies in electric vehicle fast charging
- 5.10 Battery degradation issues in electric vehicle fast charging
- 5.11 Trends in fast-charging solutions and future scope
- 5.12 Vehicle-to-grid technology
- 5.13 Conclusion
- References
- Part II: Energy management and infrastructure
- Chapter 6 Requirement of integration of renewable energy sources (RES) with charging infrastructure
- Abstract
- Keywords
- 6.1 Overview of renewable energy sources and charging infrastructure
- 6.1.1 Renewable energy source scenario
- 6.1.2 EV acceptance, forecast, and charging infrastructure
- 6.2 Challenges ahead in charging infrastructure
- 6.2.1 Insufficient charging stations and grid capacity
- 6.2.2 Effect on grid stability and load management
- 6.2.3 High initial cost and inconsistencies in charging standards
- 6.3 Enabling renewable energy integration for EV charging infrastructure
- 6.3.1 Sustainable power generation and reduced emission
- 6.3.2 Grid capacity and upgradation
- 6.3.3 V2G and energy storage systems for grid stabilization
- 6.4 Policy and regulatory frameworks
- 6.4.1 Feed-in tariffs and power purchase agreements
- 6.4.2 Renewable portfolio standards and renewable energy targets
- 6.4.3 Net metering and feed-in premiums
- 6.4.4 Green certificates and tradable renewable energy certificates
- 6.4.5 Carbon pricing and carbon offsetting
- 6.4.6 Zero-emission vehicle mandates and incentives
- 6.4.7 Investment incentives and tax benefits
- 6.5 Success stories
- 6.6 Future recommendations
- 6.7 Summary
- References
- Chapter 7 RES and EV potential technology in Indian scenario
- Abstract
- Keywords
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Related works
- 7.3 Proposed work
- 7.4 Modeling of system components
- 7.4.1 Modeling of a solar photovoltaic system
- 7.4.2 Modeling of a bidirectional DC-DC converter
- 7.4.3 Modeling of bidirectional AC-DC converters
- 7.4.4 Modeling of a permanent magnet synchronous motor
- 7.5 Design of system components
- 7.5.1 Design of capacitor for a solar photovoltaic system
- 7.5.2 Design of a bidirectional DC-DC converter
- 7.5.3 Design of the LCL filter
- 7.6 Modeling of controller for system components
- 7.6.1 Modeling of a controller for a bidirectional DC-DC converter
- 7.6.2 Modeling of controller for a bidirectional AC-DC converter
- 7.6.3 Generation of switching pulses for SW1, SW2, and SW3
- 7.7 Simulation and results
- 7.7.1 Case I: Sunny day
- 7.7.2 Case II: Cloudy day
- 7.8 Conclusion and future scope
- References
- Chapter 8 Energy storage systems for electric vehicle chargers
- Abstract
- Keywords
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.1.1 Overview of energy storage systems and electric vehicle chargers
- 8.1.2 Importance of energy storage systems for electric vehicle chargers
- 8.1.3 Significance of the chapter
- 8.2 Energy storage technologies for electric vehicle charging
- 8.2.1 Types and classification of energy storage systems
- 8.2.2 Battery-based energy storage systems
- 8.2.3 Capacitor-based energy storage systems
- 8.2.4 Flywheel-based energy storage systems
- 8.2.5 Fuel cell-based energy storage systems
- 8.3 Design considerations for energy storage systems
- 8.3.1 Power and energy capacity
- 8.3.2 Charging and discharging rates
- 8.3.3 Scalability
- 8.3.4 Efficiency and roundtrip efficiency
- 8.3.5 System safety and reliability
- 8.3.6 Cost considerations
- 8.4 Integration of energy storage systems with electric vehicle chargers
- 8.4.1 DC fast charging systems
- 8.4.2 AC Level 2 chargers
- 8.4.3 Bidirectional charging systems
- 8.4.4 Control strategies
- 8.4.5 Technical considerations
- 8.4.6 Communication protocols and interoperability
- 8.5 Benefits of energy storage systems for electric vehicle chargers
- 8.6 Case studies
- 8.6.1 Tesla Supercharger
- 8.6.2 Duke energy’s energy storage project in North Carolina
- 8.6.3 Pacific gas & electric’s smart grid program in California
- 8.6.4 EESL project in India
- 8.7 Challenges and opportunities
- 8.7.1 Regulatory and policy barriers
- 8.7.2 Technical and engineering challenges
- 8.7.3 Market and economic opportunities
- 8.8 Summary and conclusion
- 8.8.1 Key takeaways
- References
- Chapter 9 Charging infrastructure as an enabler for electric mobility
- Abstract
- Keywords
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Technical overview of charging devices
- 9.2.1 Level 1 charging
- 9.2.2 Level 2 charging
- 9.2.3 Level 3 charging
- 9.2.4 Level 4 charging
- 9.3 Charging infrastructure and electric vehicle acceptance
- 9.3.1 Conventional charging stations
- 9.3.2 DC and AC bus-based charging stations
- 9.3.3 Renewable energy integrated charging stations
- 9.4 Charging station identification
- 9.4.1 Node-based approach
- 9.4.2 Path-based approach
- 9.4.3 Tour-based method
- 9.5 Innovations in charging technology
- 9.5.1 Battery-swapping stations
- 9.5.2 Ultra-fast charging technologies
- 9.5.3 Vehicle-to-everything (V2X)
- 9.6 Factors influencing charging infrastructure
- 9.6.1 Technical factors
- 9.6.2 Management factors
- 9.6.3 Factors influencing plug-in electric vehicle policies
- 9.6.4 Charging time of electric vehicles
- 9.6.5 Influences of renewables integration
- 9.7 Future trends and challenges
- 9.8 Conclusion
- References
- Part III: Policy, management, and socio-economic impacts
- Chapter 10 Innovative approaches to e-Mobility charging in a renewable world
- Abstract
- Keywords
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 e-Mobility charging infrastructure and technologies
- 10.2.1 Inductive charging
- 10.2.2 Battery swapping methodology
- 10.2.3 Conductive charging
- 10.2.4 AC charging
- 10.2.5 DC fast chargers
- 10.2.6 EV charging connectors [43–47]
- 10.3 Impacts on the grid, management, and control approaches
- 10.3.1 Impact on the grid
- 10.3.2 Impact management and control
- 10.4 Typical configuration of electric vehicle charging stations
- 10.5 Opportunities and challenges
- 10.5.1 Grid integration
- 10.5.2 Renovation of existing infrastructures
- 10.5.3 Grid renovation for highway charging
- 10.5.4 Lack of distribution grid transparency
- 10.5.5 Inadequate market framework
- 10.5.6 Lack of standardization
- 10.5.7 Maintenance
- 10.5.8 Biodiversity
- 10.5.9 Electronic waste management
- 10.5.10 Network security
- 10.5.11 Availability
- 10.5.12 Resource optimization
- 10.6 Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 11 Demand-side management and managing electric vehicles and their optimal charging locations and scheduling in smart grids
- Abstract
- Keywords
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 Demand-response techniques
- 11.2.1 Incentive-based demand response
- 11.2.2 Price-based demand response
- 11.3 Parameters for modeling electric vehicle customer behavior
- 11.4 Electric vehicle charging and discharging patterns
- 11.5 Coordination-based electric vehicle charging for grid load management
- 11.6 Smart charging
- 11.7 Unidirectional vs bidirectional charging in electric vehicles
- 11.7.1 Unidirectional charging
- 11.7.2 Bidirectional charging
- 11.7.3 Vehicle-to-grid technology and grid stability
- 11.8 The four essential layers of smart charging
- 11.8.1 Technical layer
- 11.8.2 Communication layer
- 11.9 The importance of open communication standards
- 11.9.1 Open charge point protocol
- 11.9.2 ISO 15118
- 11.9.3 The open automated demand response
- 11.9.4 Organizational layer
- 11.10 Results for testing metaheuristic optimization algorithms
- 11.10.1 Orderly charging using genetic algorithm
- 11.11 Strategies for planning optimal location for electric vehicle charging and discharging in the grid
- 11.11.1 Proposed solution
- 11.12 Conclusion
- 11.12.1 Stakeholder interests
- 11.12.2 National importance
- 11.13 Future work
- References
- Chapter 12 Reinforcement learning-based dynamic pricing models for electric vehicle charging stations
- Abstract
- Keywords
- 12.1 Introduction
- 12.1.1 EV charging and discharging strategies
- 12.1.2 Existing electric vehicle charging tariffs
- 12.1.3 Artificial intelligence in pricing
- 12.2 Dynamic pricing for electric vehicle charging/discharging
- 12.2.1 Price elasticity of electricity demand
- 12.2.2 Availability of electric vehicle charging ports
- 12.2.3 Target electricity price for electric vehicle charging and discharging
- 12.2.4 Overall electric vehicle dynamic pricing model
- 12.3 Robustness of electric vehicle charging/discharging pricing model
- 12.3.1 Upper and lower bound of electricity tariff
- 12.4 Reinforcement learning algorithms
- 12.4.1 Deep Q Network
- 12.4.2 Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient
- 12.4.3 Soft Actor-Critic
- 12.5 Simulation results
- 12.5.1 Simulation setup and evaluation metrics
- 12.5.2 Simulation results and discussions
- 12.5.3 Limitations and future implementations
- 12.6 Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 13 Socio-techno-economic-environmental analysis of vehicle-to-grid-integrated E-mobility in achieving sustainable development goals: A case study
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Acknowledgments
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 Socio-techno-economic-environmental investigation of vehicle-to-grid technologies
- 13.2.1 Review of socio-technical-economic-environmental analysis with a focus on V2G-integrated energy planning
- 13.3 Prospects of vehicle-to-grid-integrated E-mobility
- 13.3.1 Socio-technical prospects
- 13.3.2 Socioeconomic and business prospects
- 13.3.3 Socio-environmental prospects
- 13.3.4 Significant prospects of vehicle-to-grid-integrated E-mobility
- 13.4 Potential challenges (or) barriers to vehicle-to-grid adoption and implementation
- 13.4.1 Socio-technical challenges
- 13.4.2 Socioeconomic challenges
- 13.4.3 Socio-environmental challenges
- 13.4.4 Significant challenges (or) barriers to V2G implementation
- 13.5 Case study on socio-technical-economic-environmental analysis of renewable integrated electric three-wheeler: An Indian perspective
- 13.5.1 Carbon emission savings estimation
- 13.5.2 Economic viability
- 13.6 Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 14 Policies for the future: Promoting electric vehicle deployment
- Abstract
- Keywords
- 14.1 Introduction
- 14.2 Intelligent transportation system
- 14.3 Electric vehicles
- 14.3.1 Classifications of electric vehicles
- 14.4 Obstacles to implementing electric vehicles
- 14.4.1 Charging infrastructure
- 14.4.2 Interconnected public policies
- 14.4.3 Business-based policies
- 14.4.4 Lack of environmental awareness
- 14.4.5 Psychological barriers
- 14.4.6 Limited mobility choices
- 14.4.7 Purchase price problems
- 14.4.8 Inadequate incentives for electric vehicles
- 14.5 Strategies for overcoming challenges
- 14.5.1 Charging infrastructure
- 14.5.2 Auxiliary loads balancing
- 14.5.3 Improved battery technology
- 14.5.4 Research and development grants
- 14.5.5 Business models innovation
- 14.6 Future research recommendations
- 14.6.1 EV batteries: New advancements and concepts
- 14.6.2 Artificial intelligence in electric vehicles
- 14.6.3 Public policies
- 14.7 Conclusions
- References
- Chapter 15 Economic viability of cloud energy storage with e-mobility in residential mini-grid
- Abstract
- Keywords
- 15.1 Introduction
- 15.2 Cloud energy storage
- 15.3 CES infrastructure components
- 15.4 Problem development
- 15.4.1 Scenario 1: Grid-connected mode
- 15.4.2 Scenario 2: CES mode
- 15.4.3 Scenario 3: CES with e-scooter mode
- 15.5 Forecasting approach
- 15.5.1 Convolutional neural network
- 15.5.2 Gated recurrent unit
- 15.6 Simulation material
- 15.6.1 Simulation data
- 15.6.2 Simulation parameters
- 15.7 Results and discussion
- 15.7.1 Load and PV power forecasting analysis
- 15.7.2 CES operation
- 15.8 Potential challenges
- 15.9 Socioeconomic impact
- 15.10 Conclusion
- References
- Index
- Edition: 1
- Published: March 21, 2025
- No. of pages (Paperback): 582
- No. of pages (eBook): 850
- Imprint: Elsevier
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN: 9780323952019
- eBook ISBN: 9780323952026
AK
Abhishek Kumar
Dr. Abhishek Kumar is currently a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University (ZJU), China. He also served as an Assistant Professor at the National Institute of Technology (NIT), Yupia, India from 2012-2014. His research includes Sustainable Rural Electrification Systems, Microgrids, Power Electronics & applications in Renewable Energy Systems, Optimization and application of Decision Analysis in Energy Planning, Smart Grids and E-mobility solutions, State of the art algorithm development for Power & Energy Applications, and more. He was awarded TEQIP India Government Master Scholarship in 2010 and Chinese Government Scholarship for Doctoral Degree study at Zhejiang University in 2014 respectively. He acquired special First Category Merit-based Funding from Zhejiang Provincial Government under Provincial Postdoctoral Advance Program in 2020. He has contributed as a role of Outstanding Reviewer for many prestigious journals and also as a Review Editor of Frontiers in Sustainability.
Affiliations and expertise
Postdoctoral Research Fellow, College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University (ZJU), ChinaRB
Ramesh C. Bansal
Ramesh C. Bansal is a Professor at University of Sharjah and Extraordinary Professor at University of Pretoria. He has over 25 years of teaching and research experience, and previously worked at University of Pretoria, University of Queensland, University of South Pacific, and BITS, Pilani. He has published over 400 journal/conf. papers, books/book chapters, and is he AE/Editor of many reputed journals. He has Google citations of over 16000 and h-index of 60. He has supervised 25 PhD, 5 Post Docs. He is a Fellow of IET-UK, IE (India), SAIEE (South Africa).
Affiliations and expertise
Professor, University of Sharjah, United Arab EmiratesPK
Praveen Kumar
Prof. Praveen Kumar did his BTech from REC Hamirpur (now NIT Hamirpur) in electrical engineering, MTech from IIT Delhi in Energy Studies, and Ph.D. from TU Delft with a specialization in electrical machine design. Earlier, he was Team Leader of the Hybrid Systems group in Drive Trains Innovation BV, The Netherlands; Co-Founder of elmoCAD GmbH, Germany; Development Engineer at Trimeric GmbH, Germany and Durr AG, Germany. Prof. Kumar’s research activities are in optimizing electrical motors and drives; state-of-the-art algorithm development for multi-objective optimization and simulation, and design of electrical motors and actuators using Finite Element Methods. In 2009 he established the e-mobility lab at IIT Guwahati. Recently he launched an MS by Research Programme in e-mobility, the first of its kind in India. Prof. Kumar also heads the intellectual property rights cell of IIT Guwahati and is an advocate of the importance of IPR in the new economy.
Affiliations and expertise
Indian Institute of Technology, IndiaXH
Xiangning He
Dr. Xiangning He received B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from Nanjing University of Aeronautical and Astronautical, Nanjing, China, and his Ph.D. from Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. Since 1996, he has been a Full Professor in the College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University. He was Director of the Power Electronics Research Institute, Head of the Department of Applied Electronics, Vice Dean of the College of Electrical Engineering, and is currently the Director of the National Specialty Laboratory for Power Electronics, Zhejiang University. Dr. He has worked as a visiting/guest professor in the U.K., U.S.A., and Australia. He is PI of 12 international joint projects with universities and companies and PI for more than 50 national, provincial and industrial research and development projects. His work has won the State Natural Science Award, State Technology Invention Award, Golden Prize of Geneva International Invention Exhibition, and four provincial and ministerial Scientific and Technological Progress awards.
Affiliations and expertise
Professor, College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, ChinaRead Handbook on New Paradigms in Smart Charging for E-Mobility on ScienceDirect