Handbook on Animal-Assisted Therapy

Part I. The Conceptualization of Animal–Human Bond: The Foundation for Understanding Animal Assisted Interventions

• Chapter 1. Understanding Our Kinship with Animals: Input for Health Care Professionals Interested in the Human–Animal Bond
  • 1.1. Introduction
  • 1.2. Introduction to the Human–Animal Bond
  • 1.3. Defining the Human–Animal Bond
  • 1.4. Pets and People: Case Studies Reveal the Importance
  • 1.5. Theories Explaining the Bond
  • 1.6. The Biological Benefits of the Bond
  • 1.7. Final Remarks
• Chapter 2. Animal-Assisted Interventions in Historical Perspective
  • 2.1. Introduction
  • 2.2. Animal Souls and Spiritual Healing
  • 2.3. Animal Powers and Shamanism
  • 2.4. Animism in Classical and Medieval Times
  • 2.5. Animals as Agents of Socialization
  • 2.6. Animals and Psychotherapy
  • 2.7. Animals, Relaxation, and Social Support
  • 2.8. Conclusions
• Chapter 3. Forward Thinking: The Evolving Field of Human–Animal Interactions
  • 3.1. To See Where We Are Headed, We Must See Where We Have Been
  • 3.2. Progression of Animal-Assisted Interventions
  • 3.3. Developing Common Terminology
  • 3.4. Redefining Our Relationship with Animals and the Living World
  • 3.5. What Do Animals Have to Do with Human Health?
  • 3.6. Research Directions
  • 3.7. Professionalizing the AAIS Field
  • 3.8. Into the Future
• Chapter 4. Influence of Cultural and Religious Factors on Attitudes toward Animals
  • 4.1. Introduction
  • 4.2. Cultural and Religious Factors
  • 4.3. A Culturally Responsive Framework for AAI
  • 4.4. Conclusion
• Chapter 5. Animal Therapy on the Community Level: The Impact of Pets on Social Capital
  • 5.1. Introduction
  • 5.2. Animals and Social Capital
  • 5.3. The Absence of Pets and Social Capital
  • 5.4. Estimating Community Pet Populations
  • 5.5. Estimating Unwanted, Abused, and Aggressive Animal Populations
  • 5.6. The Urban Community Link: Pets as Calming Ambassadors of Nature
  • 5.7. Conclusion
• Chapter 6. Recruiting Psychosocial Health Effects of Animals for Families and Communities: Transition to Practice
  • 6.1. Introduction: Expanding Applications of the Human/Animal Relationship
  • 6.2. The Potential of Pets to Enhance the Quality of Life
  • 6.3. Personalized Normalizing of the Environment for People with Special Needs
  • 6.4. For the Health Professions: Leadership in Implementing Animals as Treatment or Social Support
• Chapter 7. The Animal–Human Bond: Health and Wellness
  • 7.1. The Conceptualization of the Animal–Human Bond: The Foundation for Understanding Animal-Assisted Therapy
  • 7.2. Conclusion

Part II. Animal-Assisted Interventions: Conceptual Model and Guidelines for Quality Assurance

• Chapter 8. What’s Love Got to Do with It? Selecting Animals for Animal-Assisted Mental Health Interventions
  • 8.1. Introduction
  • 8.2. Step One: Clarifying the Purpose of Animals in Practice
  • 8.3. Step Two: Determining the Category—and Approach—of Animal Interventions
  • 8.4. Delivery Approach
  • 8.5. Step Three: Developing Working Animal Job Descriptions
  • 8.6. Step Four: MacNamara Animal Capability Assessment Model
  • 8.7. Interplay and Interaction of Animal-Assisted Intervention Factors
  • 8.8. Potential for Animal Stress
  • 8.9. Conclusion
• Chapter 9. Understanding the Other End of the Leash: What Therapists Need to Understand about Their Co-therapists
• Chapter 10. The Role of the Equine in Animal-Assisted Interactions
  • 10.1. History of Equine Interactions
  • 10.2. Role of Equine in EAA/T—The Horse as the Therapist
  • 10.3. Why a Horse?
  • 10.4. Hippotherapy
  • 10.5. Benefits and Outcomes of TR and HPOT
  • 10.6. The Evolution of and Role of the Equine in TR
  • 10.7. Military Trauma and EAA/T
  • 10.8. Evidence-Based Research
  • 10.9. Evidence Involving TR and Children
  • 10.10. Evidence Involving TR and Adults
  • 10.11. Credentials for TR Instruction
  • 10.12. The TR Lesson Team
  • 10.13. Definition, Evolution, and Role of the Equine in HPOT
  • 10.14. Theoretical Base
  • 10.15. Physical Context
  • 10.16. Evidence-Based Research
  • 10.17. The HPOT Team
  • 10.18. HPOT Credentials
  • 10.19. Mental Health Programs
  • 10.20. The Role of the Mental Health Professional in EFP/EAP
  • 10.21. Theoretical Underpinnings
  • 10.22. Evidence-Based Research Involving EFP/EAP for Children and Youths
  • 10.23. Evidence Involving EFP/EAP and Adults
  • 10.24. Evidence Involving EFP/EAP and Victims of Trauma
  • 10.25. Military Trauma and EFP/EAP as Complementary Intervention
  • 10.26. Equine Learning Programs
  • 10.27. Therapeutic Carriage Driving
  • 10.28. Members of the TCD Team
  • 10.29. Therapeutic Carriage Driving Certification
  • 10.30. Military Veterans and TCD
  • 10.31. Therapeutic Vaulting
  • 10.32. Benefits
  • 10.33. Examples of TV Exercises
  • 10.34. Credentials for TV
  • 10.35. General Examples of Safety Considerations for all Types of EAA/EAT
  • 10.36. Who May Participate?
  • 10.37. Conclusion

Part III. Best Practices in Animal-Assisted Interventions: Guidelines for Use of AAI with Special Populations

• Chapter 11. Incorporating Animal-Assisted Interventions into Psychotherapy: Guidelines and Suggestions for Therapists
  • 11.1. Introduction
  • 11.2. The Need for Research
  • 11.3. The Role of AAT in Psychotherapy: Is There Such a Thing as an AAT Rx?
  • 11.4. Consideration 1—Why Clinicians May Find Animals Therapeutically Beneficial
  • 11.5. Consideration 2—The Therapeutic Environment: Animals as an Aspect of Milieu Therapy
  • 11.6. Consideration 3—Incorporating Theory into Practice: AAT from a Life Stage Perspective
  • 11.7. Practical Suggestions for Clinician’s Applying Animals
  • 11.8. Future Directions
  • 11.9. Conclusions
• Chapter 12. Application of Animal-Assisted Interventions in Professional Settings: An Overview of Alternatives
  • 12.1. Introduction
  • 12.2. Professional Applications of AAI
  • 12.3. Professional Practice Foundations
• Chapter 13. Animals in the Lives of Children
  • 13.1. Introduction
  • 13.2. Where Are Animals in Children’s Lives?
  • 13.3. What Do Animals Mean in Children’s Lives?
  • 13.4. Best Practices in AAT with Children
  • 13.5. Guidelines for Best Practices of AAT with Children and Concluding Remarks
• Chapter 14. Animals in Educational Settings: Research and Practice
  • 14.1. Chapter Overview
  • 14.2. Background on Animals in Educational Settings
  • 14.3. Research: What We Know So Far …
  • 14.4. Ways in Which Animals are Incorporated into Classrooms
  • 14.5. Suggested Guidelines for the Inclusion of Animals in Classrooms
  • 14.6. Policy Recommendations for Animals in the Classroom
  • 14.7. Positive, Assertive, Cooperative Kids: An Application in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
  • 14.8. Safety Concerns: Key Elements—Children and Animals
  • 14.9. Concluding Remarks
• Chapter 15. Enhancing Special Education Environments with Animal-Assisted Interventions at Green Chimneys: Opportunities and Practical Considerations
  • 15.1. Introduction
  • 15.2. General Effects of Human–Animal Interaction
  • 15.3. Theoretical Background of Positive Effects of HAI and AAI in an Educational Context
  • 15.4. Animal Interaction at Green Chimneys School
  • 15.5. Implementing Human Animal Interactions
  • 15.6. Enhancing Skills and EF
  • 15.7. Advantages of AAI in Special Education Settings
  • 15.8. Considerations for Program Replication
  • 15.9. Practical Considerations and Lessons Learned at Green Chimneys: Integrating AAI into Primary Services
  • 15.10. Paying for Our Animal Program
  • 15.11. A Unique Animal-Assisted Program Identity
  • 15.12. Time Constraints and Making Room for Animal Programming in a School
  • 15.13. Evaluating the Impact of Our Animal Programming
  • 15.14. Choices in Animal Species for Special Education Settings
  • 15.15. Prior to Considering Animals in an Educational Setting
  • 15.16. Setting Protocols and Program Vision
  • 15.17. Conclusions
• Chapter 16. The Roles of Animals for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder
  • 16.1. Introduction
  • 16.2. Why Animals for ASD?
  • 16.3. Animal-Assisted Intervention for ASD
  • 16.4. Service Animals for ASD
  • 16.5. Companion Animals for ASD
  • 16.6. Animal Welfare Issues
  • 16.7. Conclusions
• Chapter 17. Understanding the Role of Human–Animal Interaction in the Family Context
  • 17.1. Animals in the Family System
  • 17.2. Adaptive HAI in the Family System
  • 17.3. Nonadaptive HAI in the Family System
  • 17.4. Children with Developmental Disorders and Animals in the Family
  • 17.5. Strategies for Clinical Practitioners
  • 17.6. Conclusions
• Chapter 18. Human–Animal Interaction in the Aging Boom
  • 18.1. Introduction
  • 18.2. Human–Companion Animal Interactions and Aging
  • 18.3. Facilitating Relationships between Pets and Older Adults
  • 18.4. Pet Selection
  • 18.5. Guidelines for Animal-Assisted Interventions with Older Adults
  • 18.6. Conclusion
• Chapter 19. Increasing the Effectiveness of Palliative Care through Integrative Modalities: Conceptualizing the Roles of Animal Companions and Animal-Assisted Interventions
  • 19.1. Introduction
  • 19.2. Extending Palliative Care through an Integrative Approach
  • 19.3. The Role of Pet Companions and AAIs in Palliative Care
  • 19.4. Future Avenues of AAI and Palliative Care Research
  • 19.5. Next Steps and Concluding Remarks
• Chapter 20. Pets Bring Comfort and Health: The Evolution of the PAWS Model in San Francisco and the Safe Pet Guidelines
  • 20.1. Introduction
  • 20.2. AIDS: An Overview
  • 20.3. The Psycho-Social Impact of Illness: The AIDS Virus
  • 20.4. The Role of Pets
  • 20.5. The Role of Community
  • 20.6. The Historical Significance of Zoonoses and AIDS
  • 20.7. How PAWS Developed to Help People with AIDS Keep Their Pets
  • 20.8. Services Provided by Pets Are Wonderful Support
  • 20.9. Examples of Other Human/Animal Support Service Programs
  • 20.10. A Generation Later
• Chapter 21. The Human–Animal Relationship in Context of the Juvenile and Criminal Justice Systems
  • 21.1. Introduction
  • 21.2. Controversies
  • 21.3. Therapy Animals Supporting Kids (TASK) Program
  • 21.4. Therapy Animals Assisting in Juvenile Court, Family Court, and Juvenile Detention Programs
  • 21.5. Therapy Animals with Vulnerable Adult Witnesses
  • 21.6. Therapy Animals in Veteran’s Court
  • 21.7. Research
  • 21.8. Laws Addressing Therapy Animal Use
  • 21.9. Conclusion
• Chapter 22. Treating Human Trauma with the Help of Animals: Trauma Informed Intervention for Child Maltreatment and Adult Post-Traumatic Stress
  • 22.1. Psychodynamic Animal-Assisted Psychotherapy for Effects of Interpersonal Trauma
  • 22.2. Warrior Canine Connection Service Dog Training Therapy: Clinical Foundations, Practice Guildlines, and Scientific Rationale
  • 22.3. Conclusion
• Chapter 23. On Call 24/7—The Emerging Roles of Service and Support Animals
  • 23.1. Introduction
  • 23.2. History of Assistance Animals
  • 23.3. Therapeutic Benefits of Contact with Animals: The Possible Psychosocial Benefits of Service Animals
  • 23.4. Definitions of Assistance Animals: Controversy, Confusion, and Clarification
  • 23.5. Psychiatric Service Animals
  • 23.6. Emotional Support Animals
  • 23.7. Case Study—ESA/Service Animal Confusion
  • 23.8. Americans with Disabilities Act Guidelines for Transportation and the Federal Air Carriers Act
  • 23.9. Service Animal Selection and Training
  • 23.10. Animal Welfare Considerations: Service Work Impact on the Animal
• Chapter 24. Animal Visitation Programs in Colleges and Universities: An Efficient Model for Reducing Student Stress
  • 24.1. Introduction
  • 24.2. Overview: Characteristics and Strengths of AVPs
  • 24.3. Supporting Evidence
  • 24.4. Research Agenda
  • 24.5. Summary and Conclusion

Part IV. Special Topics and Concerns in Animal-Assisted Interventions

• Chapter 25. Loss of a Therapy Animal: Assessment and Healing
  • 25.1. Introduction
  • 25.2. Scholarly Research
  • 25.3. Understanding Loss
  • 25.4. Loss of a Special Animal
  • 25.5. Manner of Loss
  • 25.6. Differences between Losing Pet and Therapy Animal
• Chapter 26. Our Ethical and Moral Responsibility: Ensuring the Welfare of Therapy Animals
  • 26.1. Introduction
  • 26.2. Defining Animal Welfare
  • 26.3. Benefits to Animals in AAI
  • 26.4. Measuring Welfare in AAI Research
  • 26.5. Research Applications
  • 26.6. Practical Applications
  • 26.7. Conclusions
  • Appendix 1: Behavioral Instrument for the Assessment of Dog Well-Being before/during/after Therapy Sessions
• Chapter 27. Methodological Standards and Strategies for Establishing the Evidence Base of Animal-Assisted Therapies
  • 27.1. Context: Current Advances in Psychotherapy Outcome Research
  • 27.2. Conceptualizing the Study and Its Focus
  • 27.3. Common Methodological Challenges
  • 27.4. Conclusions
• Chapter 28. A Glimpse at the Future of Animal-Assisted Interventions: Selected Commentaries
  • Part A. 28.1 The Future Status of the Emerging Field of Anthrozoology
  • Part B. 28.2 Public Policy and the Human–Animal Bond
  • Part C. 28.3 The Research Challenge: Threats to the Validity of Animal-Assisted Therapy Studies and Suggestions for Improvement
  • Part D. 28.4 Strengthening the Foundation of Human–Animal Interaction Research: Recent Developments in a Rapidly-Growing Field

The IAHAIO Definitions for Animal-Assisted Intervention and Guidelines for Wellness of Animals Involved

Index